Tools used in Biological Research. Microscopes Any tool used to magnify the image of a close object.
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Transcript of Tools used in Biological Research. Microscopes Any tool used to magnify the image of a close object.
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Tools usedin Biological
Research
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MicroscopesAny tool used to
magnify the image of a close object.
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Light Microscopes
All use rays of light, either transmitted through a thin slice or section or bounced off the surface of a specimen.
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Dissecting MicroscopeAKA
Stereomicroscope
• Light source above stage – Light bounces off of specimen.
• Can be used with opaque specimens.
• Two oculae allow for binocular, 3-D image.
• No image “flip.”
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Phase Contrast Microscope
• Uses polarized light to give good contrast.
• No stains necessary• Used on clear specimens• Can view living
specimens.
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Electron MicroscopeDifferent from light microscopes : Use beams of electrons rather
than beams of light.
Gives High Magnification andExcellent ResolutionTwo Types:
Transmission aka TEM : electron beams pass through the specimen
Scanning aka SEM : electron beams bounce off of the specimen
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TEM
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SEM
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Scanning Electron
Micrographs
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What are these?
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How does a person eat an elephant?
• One bite at a time• Science is often reductionist aka empirical.• Complex problems can be understood by
breaking them down into all of the parts and trying to understand each individual part.
• Put the understood parts together and you come closer to understanding the whole problem.
Picture: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:African_Elephant_8.jpg
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Separation Techniques
These separate mixturesof substances for analysis
1. Centrifuge
2. Chromatography
3. Electrophoresis
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Centrifuge
Used to spin a solution to separate the particles based on their density.
Heavy to the bottom, light on top
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ChromatographyThe process of separating chemicals based on their molecular size by using
special filter paper.
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A few drops of different inks at the bottom produced these bands of color showing what colors make up the ink
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ElectrophoresisA process that is used to separate pieces of
DNA by placing the DNA in a special gel and adding electricity.
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First the strand of DNA is cut into pieces by special chemicals called Restriction Enzymes
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Then the pieces are loaded into the gel
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Other Tools and TechniquesIndicators:
-Compounds that show chemical properties, usually by a color change.
-”Low Tech”
-examples: pH paper, pool water test kits.
Image from: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:PH_indicator_paper.jpg
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Tissue Cultures• Growing tissue
outside the body• Skin is grown
outside the body to help burn victims
• One day many organs may be grown for transplant
• Ethical alternative to animal testing
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Micro-Dissection
Using very small tools to dissect objects as small as
individual cells
This technique is used when cloning cells or in-vitro
fertilization.
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Diagnostic ToolsUsed in medicine and
research to help investigate problems.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Positron Emission Tomography
PET