Tools of Research (Interview and Observation)
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Transcript of Tools of Research (Interview and Observation)
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Tools of Research
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In this section you will learn about different
tools used for data collection:
i.e. questionnaires, interviews, observations.
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Interview.
A less technical tool for the collection of data in the formof formal conversation.
o Can be used in survey researches.
o Can be structured and unstructured
o Can be One to One: meeting between one researcher and onerespondent.
o Group interview: meeting between one researcher and morethan one respondents.
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Interview.
o Can be Face-to-Face Interv iewo Can be Teleph one Interview
o Can be Computer Ass isted Interv iew
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Unstructured Interview
Interviews in which neither the question nor
the answer are predetermined and rely onsocial interaction between the researcher andRespondent to bring out information.(Minichiello 1990)
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Unstructured Interview (cont)
Objective of UI is to bring some preliminaryissues to the surface so that the researcher
can determine what variables need further in-
depth investigation.
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Unstructured Interview (cont)In several situations where the manager might
consider a vague idea of certain changestaking place in the situation without knowing
what exactly they are.
Such situations call for unstructured
interviews with the people concerned.
To understand situation in its totality, the
researcher will interview employees at
several levels.
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Unstructured Interview (cont)
Levels of Interview
Top and middle level managers might be askedmore direct questions about their perceptionabout the problem and situation.
Clerical and other employees at lowerhierarchical levels may be asked broad, open
ended questions about their jobs, and the work
environment.
Supervisors may be asked broad questionsrelating to their department , employees undertheir supervision, and the organization.
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Unstructured Interview (cont)Examples;
Tell me something about your unit and department,
and perhaps even the organization as a whole in terms
of work, employees, and whatever else you think is
Important
Some respondents give crisp and short reply that isnot informative. Then interviewer might phrased
questions such as:
I would like to know something about your job,Please describe to me in details the things you do
on a typical day, from eight in the morning to four in
the afternoon.
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Unstructured Interview (cont)Examples;
Several questions then might be asked as a followupto the answer e.g.,
Compared to other units in this organization, what
are the strengths and weakness of your unit?
Ifyou would like to have a problem solved in your
unit that block your effectiveness, what wouldthat be?
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Unstructured Interview (cont)
Encouraging the respondent to talk about boththe good things and those not so good in the
unit can bring out a lot of information.
Some respondents may show reluctance to be
interviewed, the wish of such people must be
respected and the interviewer should
pleasantly terminate such interview.
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Unstructured Interview (cont)
Interview at non-managerial, non-supervisory
level employees might include very broadquestions; like:
Tell me something about the reward system in
this place.
If you were offered a similar job elsewhere, how
willing you be to take it and why?
What you like more and what you do not like in
your job?
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Unstructured Interview (cont)
After conducting a sufficient number ofunstructured interviews with employees at several
levels and studying the data obtained, the
researcher would know the variables that need
greater focus and call for more in-depth
information.
This sets the stage for interviewer to conduct
further Structured Interviews, for which thevariables would have been identified.
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Structured InterviewThese interviews are conducted when it is known
at the outset what information is needed.
Questions are likely to focus on factors that had
surfaced during the unstructured interviews and are
considered relevant to the problem.
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Structured Interview (Cont) Interviewer adheres to a strict script.
Interviewer has list of predetermined questionsto be asked of respondents either personally,through the telephone, or PC.
Interviewers can be less experienced orknowledgeable.
Easier to compare or analyzedata
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Structured Interview (Cont)
Visual aids.
Visual aids like line drawings, cards, pictures andother material also sometimes come in handy
while seeking to bring out certain thoughts and
ideas that are difficult to express or awkward to
articulated.
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Structured Interview (Cont)
When sufficient number of structured interviewshas been conducted and adequate information
obtained to understand and describe the
important factors operating in the situation, the
researcher would stop the interviews.
The information would then be tabulated and the
data analyzed.
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Questioning Technique for Structured
Interview.
1. Funneling.In the beginning of SI, it is advisable to ask open-
ended questions to get a broad idea and form
some impressions about the situation.
What are some of your feelings about working forthis organization?
From the responses to this broad question, furtherquestions that are progressively more focused may be
asked.
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Questioning Technique for Structured
Interview.
2. Unbiased Questions.It is important to ask questions in a way that
would ensure the least bias in the response.
For example,
Tell me how you experience your job is better
question than,
The work you done must be really boring; let me
hear how you experience it.
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Questioning Technique for Structured
Interview.
3. Clarifying Issues.It is advisable to restate or rephrase important
information given by the respondent.
For instance, if the interviewee says There is an
unfair promotion policy in this organization;
seniority does not count at all. It is juniors who
always get promoted,.
The researcher might interject, So you are saying
that juniors always get promoted over the heads of
even capable seniors
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Questioning Technique for Structured
Interview.
4. Taking Notes.When conducting interviews, it is important that
the researcher makes written notes as the
interviews are taking place, or as soon as theinterview terminated.
Interview can be recorded on tape if the
respondent has no objection.
5. Helping the respondent to think
through issues.
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Observation
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Observation.
o It is the recording of the behavior of thesample.
o It relies on what the researcher has witnessed
not on what people say or think about issues.
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Observation
Involves all 5 senses:sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste
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Purpose and Benefits of Observationas Data Collection Method
It is unobtrusive
You can see things in their natural context
You can see things that may escape consciousawareness, things that are not seen by others
You can discover things no else has ever really paidattention to, things that are taken for granted
You can learn about things people may be unwilling totalk about
You can be totally creative flexibility to yield insightinto new realities or new ways of looking at oldrealities
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Observation is useful when
You want direct information
You are trying to understand an ongoing behavior,process, unfolding situation, or event.
There is physical evidence, products, or outcomesthat can be readily seen.
Written or other data collection methods seem
inappropriate
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Observation types.
Participative ObservationWhen you as researcher become the part of some
social set-up and people know that they are being
observed.
Non-participative Observation (Systematic)
When you dont interfere the social set-up, or do
not disturb natural settings of the sample to be
observed.
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ParticipativeObservation
Behavior of sample can
be affected.
Use direct observation
Requires to achieve theconfidence ofrespondents to beobserved.
Non-ParticipativeObservation
Sometimes it
becomes difficult forthe researcher to findout the reason forsome specificbehavior.
Use in-directobservation
Researcher issupposed not todisturb the settingsor interact withpeople.
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Who/What can you observe
People (individuals, groups,communities)
Characteristics
Interactions
Behaviors
Reactions
Physical settings
Environmental features
Products/physical artifacts
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Recording Your Observations
It is not good enough to just observe, youneed to record your observations.
You might use:
Observation guide
Observation Checklist
Field note
Picture Combination of the above
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Observational Checklist can be based onfollowing categories:
Duration recording.Length of time inoccurrence of some behavior.
Frequency recording. Number of occurrence of
behavior.
Interval recording. Observation of one subject
during a fixed period of time.
Continuous recording. each and everyhappening is recorded.
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Checklist
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Is Observation is culturally
appropriate?
Things to consider:
Discomfort, threat of being observed
Issue of being an outsiderObserver effect
Possibilities for
misinterpretations
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Observation Ethical issuesUnobtrusiveness is its greatest strength; also
potential for abuse in invasion of privacy.
You can venture into places and gather data
almost anywhere so be ethical.
Remember our Human Subjects Protection
guidelines.
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Checking in (Exercise)
What do you think?Answer YES or NO to each of the following
1. Observation involves seeing and listening
2. People may behave differently when they knowthey are being observed so it is better not to tell them
3. Structured observations provide more accurate and useful
information4. As long as you see it, it doesnt matter if you record what you
saw
5. You, as someone who knows the program and theparticipants, are best suited to conduct the observations
6. The same principles of sampling apply to observation as toother forms of data collection
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Answers
1. Observation involves seeing and listening YES
2. People may behave differently when they know they are being observed so it
is better not to tell them NO they often DO behave differently but that is
not a reason not to tell them they are being observed.
3. Structured observations provide more accurate and useful information NO
unstructured observation also can be very useful
4. As long as you see it, it doesnt matter if you record what you saw NO you
must record your observations to have evidence of it existing
5. You, as someone who knows the program and the participants, are best
suited to conduct the observations NO various people might be well suited,
though training may be necessary
6. The same principles of sampling apply to observation as to other forms of
data collection YES