Tools of Particle Physics Kevin Giovanetti James Madison University.
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Transcript of Tools of Particle Physics Kevin Giovanetti James Madison University.
Tools of Particle Physics
Kevin GiovanettiJames Madison University
Equations of MotionNewtonAbstract idea of Natural MotionIntroduce interaction F=maAction = Reaction {essentially energy transfer}
Energyenergy conservation
Energyenergy conservation
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SYMMETRY
The Lagrangian L can be calculated at several instants of time t, and a graph of L against t can be drawn. The area under the curve is the action. Any different path between the initial and final positions leads to a larger action than that chosen by nature.
Nature chooses the smallest action - this is the
Principle of Least Action.
a
Require Nature to be Rotationally symmetric
Require Nature to be Rotationally symmetric
Equation of motion must be invariant under rotation
Time translation Energy Conservation
Add a new symmetry SU(2)Proton same as Neutron
Interchange proton with a neutron and nothing changes
Throw away the charge
Rotate by different amounts at different locations
Strange IDEA
Add a force to compensate
Take my internal SU(2) symmetry and require it to be valid even if I vary the
amount as a function of x
Strange IDEA
Add a force to compensate
Get WEAK & E&M UNIFIED
Take my internal SU(2) symmetry and require it to be valid even if I vary the
amount as a function of x
Strange IDEAAdd a force to compensate
Get WEAK & E&M UNIFIED
Interacting fields must have 0 mass
Symmetry Breaking
HIGGS
Symmetry BreakingHIGGS
Most mass E=mc2
quark masses are few MeVProton mass is 938 MeV
Neglect Dark Matter & Dark Energy
Point particle mass, chargeSpace-time ==> separate ingredient but transformations via Lorentz transformations.Standard notions [infinite, continuous]
Basic mathematics for some underlying rules [vectors, derivatives…]Basic mechanicsRelativezed Newton’s Laws ==>energy, momentum cons…Lagrangian, Hamilton formulations are equivalent
InteractionsMaxwell’s equations ==> E, B fieldsNewtonian Gravity
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Higgs Mass
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ScintillatorPhotomultiplierSiPM
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TOFE&M showers (high speed ==> Bremstrahlung)Hadronic Showers (neutron Nucleus collision)Ionizationtrack through a low mass ==> gas + wiresPb/scintillator Sample a showerChernkov radiation
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