Tony L Smith DNP MSN RN ACNP Vanderbilt LifeFlight Flight Nurse/Clinical Educator
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Transcript of Tony L Smith DNP MSN RN ACNP Vanderbilt LifeFlight Flight Nurse/Clinical Educator
Tony L Smith DNP MSN RN ACNP Vanderbilt LifeFlight
Flight Nurse/Clinical Educator
Primary PurposeIncidence of pneumonia in the first 48 hours post intubation in patients who were admitted to the Vanderbilt Trauma ICU and intubated by Vanderbilt LifeFlight Nurses based on radiology reports
Secondary Purpose
• Overall incidence of pneumonia post intubation in patients who were admitted to the Vanderbilt Trauma ICU and intubated by Vanderbilt LifeFlight Nurses based on positive BAL during hospitalization
Why 48 Hours Postintubation?
• To distinguish if there is a pneumonia that develops within the first 48 hours related to the injury/trauma and risk factors such as type of injury, location of intubation, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) prior to intubation and Injury Severity Score (ISS)
Classifications: Pneumonia
• Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): pneumonia caused by an infection that was currently present in the community and diagnosed within the first 48 hours of admission.
• Common Pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza
Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, et al: Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia .
Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1405-1433.
• Hospital Acquired (HAP): an infection of lungs–bronchoalveolar unit in a patient who has been hospitalized ≥ 48 hours, and acquired during the hospital visit
• Common pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. Coli.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors, microbiology, and
treatment. Chest. 119: 2001; 373S-384S.
Is there a third?
Trauma Acquired Pneumonia TAP
• The concept that pneumonia develops within the first 48 hours after intubation posttraumatic event and related to risk factors such as injury (trauma), location of the prehospital intubation, GCS and ISS.
Relevance• Vanderbilt LifeFlight transport
• > 2800 critically ill patients per year• Wide range in age, acuity and diagnoses (Medical and
Trauma)
• 400 patients required intubation during study period
• neonate (n=59, 14%) pediatric medical (n=18 4%)/trauma (n=19=5%) and adult medical (n=108,27%)/trauma
• Adult trauma (n=196, 49%) intubations admitted to Vanderbilt Trauma Intensive Care Unit (TICU)
Review of Literature• Pneumonia has accounted for
approximately 15% of all hospital-associated infections
• The second most common hospital-associated infection
• Primary risk factor for the development of hospital-associated bacterial pneumonia is mechanical ventilation
• Median rate of ventilator-days is 14.7 in trauma ICUs
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). Guidelines for preventing health-care associated pneumonia, 2003
Review of Literature
• Trauma patients + Intubation= Pneumonia → ↑morbidity and mortality (Bochicchio et al 2003)
• Severe Head Injury, GCS <8, and location of intubation → ↑mortality (Murray et.al. 2000)
• Emergent & Prehospital intubations→↑ mortality &pneumonia (Croce et al. 2001;Eckert et al. 2006)
Review of Literature• One of the most common complications that
can occur post intubation → pneumonia (Eckert et al., 2006)
• Higher ISS, less than optimal location of intubation prehospital setting → ↑pneumonia & mortality (Sing et al. 1999)
• Location of intubation, Higher ISS, and Low GCS→Pneumonia (Miller et al. 2008)
• Bacterial Origin is different in prehospital intubation & support early antibiotics (Miller et al. 2008)
Improvement ProjectPLAN/DO
• Explored the incidence of TAP in trauma patients intubated by Vanderbilt Medical Center’s LifeFlight nurses and admitted to Vanderbilt TICU within the first 48 hours postintubation and identify risk factors
• Retrospective data from a 142 trauma patients intubated by LifeFlight personnel and admitted to Vanderbilt TICU from July 1, 2008 through June 31, 2009
Inclusion Criteria• All trauma patients intubated by LifeFlight
Nurses and admitted to the Trauma Intensive Care Unit at Vanderbilt Medical Center within the set time frame
Exclusion Criteria:
• Patients unsuccessful oral intubation requiring a rescue airway (Laryngeal Mask Airway -LMA), Combi-tube, Surgical or needle cricothyrotomy
• Burn patients
Variables• Flight Number• Medical record
number• Age• Gender• Month of intubation• Location of
intubation • Attempts prior to LF
crew• Attempts per LF• Glasgow coma scale
(GCS) at intubation
• Initial CXR report • Pneumonia
diagnosis by CXR• Antibiotic name,
date, time, route, dosage
• Date of positive bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) report
• BAL organism• Injury severity score
(ISS)
Data Analysis
• Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test to determine the incidence of pneumonia in this study sample
RESULTS
ResultsAge: <=40 65%41-50 15%51-60 13%>60 9%
•Ethnicity•1% Hispanic (2)•8% Af. American (11)•91% Caucasian (129/142)
•Gender•30% Female (43)•70% Male (99/142)
•GCS Mean 8•ISS Mean 27
Age <=40
Age (41-50)
Age (51-60)
Age >60
Male
Female
Caucasian
Af. Amer.
Hispanic
GCS (Mean)
ISS (Mean)
89
22
18
13
99
43
129
11
2
8
27
Sample Characteristics
SAMPLE Location and Attempts
EMS Unit Aircraft Referring ED
Scene
78 (55%)
53 (37%)
8 (5%)
3 (2%)
1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH
117 (82%)
14(10%)
8(5%)
3(2%)
LOCATION ATTEMPTS
Comparison: TAP vs. Non-TAP
Variable TAP n=11 Non-TAP n=131
Male 8 (73%) 91 (70%)
Female 3 (27%) 40 (30%)
Caucasian 11 (100%) 118 (90%)
Af. American 0 11 (8%)
Hispanic 0 2 (2%)
Age (Mean) 41 40
GCS (Mean) 6 9
ISS (Mean) 27 26p= 0.02
TAP vs. Non TAPLocation and Attempts
LocationLocation ED EMS Scene ACTAP n=11 0 10
(91%) 0 1(9%)
Non-TAPn=131
9(7%)
68(58%)
3(2%)
52(40%)
Attempt1st 2nd 3rd 4th
TAPn=11
8(73%)
3(27%)
0 0
Non-TAPn=131
108(82%)
12(9%)
8(5%)
3(2%)
Trauma-Associated PneumoniaTAP: Antibiotics 1st 48 hours
• 58% (6/11) – (5/6): Cefazolin 84%– (1/6): Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) 16%
• (2/11) TAP had BAL procedure;1 Reported (+)– 18 yo Caucasian Male; GCS 3; ISS 29– Reported (+) Acinetobacter– Did not receive antibiotics first 48 hours– Vent days Prior to BAL report: 3
** Miller et al (2008) bacterial variations in prehospital intubations
Non-TAP• 22/131: Bronchoscopy• 19/22: (+) BAL reported 48 hours post-
bronchoscopy• Organisms Identified:
– Haemophilus influenza **– Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus**– Acinetobacter baumannii – Streptococcus pneumoniae **– Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis – Klebsiella – Pseudomonas and E coli ** Miller et al (2008) bacterial variations in
prehospital intubations
Non-TAPAntibiotics 1st 48 hours
• 38% (50/131)– 84% (42/50) Cefazolin– 36% (18/50) Gentamycin– 8%(4/50) Vancomycin– 6%(3/50) Clindamycin– 4%(2/50) PCN G **– 4% (2/50) Tobraymycin– 2% (2/50) Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) **– 2% (1/50) Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) **
Notation: some patients received combination therapy
Discussion
• 7.7% (11/142)Patients intubated by LF Nurses developed TAP in the 1st 48 hours per CXR reports
• Not congruent with Sloane et al (2001) prehospital patients had 4X higher pneumonia rate
• Not Consistent with Eckert et al (2004) prehospital emergently intubated 25% higher incidence of pneumonia
• Limitations: 48 hours limiting factor should be re-evaluated; CXR alone is not a reliable tool in dx of TAP in Trauma Patients
DiscussionRISK FACOTRS
• AGE: (TAP M=41, Non-TAP M=40)• ISS: (TAP M=27, Non-TAP M=26)
– Increase risk for hospital complications r/t injury Bochicchil et al (2003);Croce et al(2001);Baker et al(1974)
– 21% Mortality rate age <49 and 42% 50-69(Pohlman et al. 2009)
• AGE & ISS where not risk factors r/t TAP in this sample
• GCS: (TAP M=6, Non-TAP M=9)– Found to be a risk factor (p=0.02) (t-test)
Sloane et al (2000);Croce et al(2001);Rello et al(1999)
Secondary OutcomeSAMPLE
• Incidence of pneumonia associated with community acquired bacteria based on + BAL reports– 24/142 (17%) Bronchoscopy Procedure in the TICU– 19/24 (79%) +BAL Reports
• Limitation: Inconsistency among Practitioners
Organisms +BAL Reports
Organism ID TAPNon-
TAPE coli 1 Klebsiella Pseudomonas 1Acinetobacter baumannii 1 2Enterobacter aerogenes 2Haemophilus influenza ** 4Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus** 4Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis 1Streptococcus pneumoniae ** 2
** Miller et al (2008) bacterial variations in prehospital intubations
RecommendationsACT
• Future Research:– Examine time frame from 48 to 72 Hours– Use strict CDC criteria for the diagnosis of
Pneumonia– Improve consistency of timing of the
Bronchoscopy among Practitioners• Post successful resuscitation and within the 1st 48
hours
References
• Carr, B. G., Kaye, A. J., Wiebe, D. J., Gracias, V. H., & Schwab, W. C. (2007). Emergency department length of stay: A major risk factor for pneumonia in intubated blunt trauma patients. Journal of Trauma injury, Infection and Critical Care, 63, 9-12.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Guidelines for preventing health-care associated pneumonia, 2008. Retrieved June10, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/id_pneumonia.html
• Eckert, M. J., Davis, K. A., Reed, L., Esposito, T. J., Santaniello, J. M., & Poulakidas, S. (2006). Ventilator-associated pneumonia, like real estate: Location really matters. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 60, 104-110.
• Manangan, L. P., Banerjee, S. N., & Jarvis, W. R. (2000). Association between implementation of CDC recommendations and ventilator-associated-pneumonia at selected US hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, 28(3), 222-227.
• Matsushima, A., Tasaki, O., Shimizu, K., Tomono, K., & Ogura, H. (2008). Preemptive antibiotic treatment based on gram staining reduced the incidence of ARDS in mechanically ventilated patients. The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 65, 309-315.
• Miller, R. S., Carnevale, R. J., Norris, P. R., Riordan, W. P., Jenkins, J. M., & Morris, J. A. (2008). Quantitative microbiology in trauma patients with ventilator associated pneumonia: Implications for early bronchoscopy and empiric antibiotic therapy (). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Medical Center.