Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum · Tomato fruit is a good source of vitamin A and C. It contains...

Tomato

Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato is one of the most important and popular vegetable in our country. It is botanically a

fruit but considered as vegetable for culinary purposes. It is herbaceous annual plant belongs to

the family, Solanaceae. It is widely grown in our country during winter season. At present, it

occupies 25,000 ha of land and producing about 2.35 lac metric tons with an average yield of

fruit about 9.39 t ha-1. Chittagong, Comilla, Sylhet, Jessore, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur are

the pioneer district of producing tomato.

Tomato fruit is a good source of vitamin A and C. It contains most powerful antioxidant namely

‘lycopene’ which prevent cancer. It has diverse uses due to its taste, flavor and nutritive value.

It is used as curry, salad and side dishes. It acts as a promoter of blood purifier and stimulates

torpid liver. Also used as raw materials in different agro-based industry for producing jam, jelly,

soup, sauce, pickle and ketchup.

Origin

Tomato is said to be the native of tropical America especially Mexico. From tropical America it

spread to other parts of the world in the 16 th century and it became popular in Indian

subcontinent within the last six decades. Some of the scientists think that, the probable origins

of tomato are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.

Variety

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has developed tomato varieties for both

winter and summer season are given below-

1. BARI Tomato 1 (Manik)

➢ Plant height 100-110 cm

➢ Indeterminate growth habit

➢ Fruits are slightly longish

➢ Grow well in winter season

➢ Fruits begin to ripe 75-80 days after transplanting

(30-35 days after fruit setting)

➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to one month

➢ Single fruit weight 85-90 g

➢ 25-30 fruits plant-1

➢ Yield 85-90 t ha-1

➢ Life cycle 105-110 days

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae

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2. BARI Tomato 2 (Ratan)


➢ Fruits are round and red in color

➢ Determinate growth habit



(35 days after fruit setting)

➢ Fruits can be harvested 2-3 times up to 20 days


➢ 30-35 fruit plant-1



➢ Tolerant to Bacterial wilt

3. BARI Tomato 3


➢ Fruits are fleshy, often flattened and deep red in color



(35 days after fruit setting)

➢ Fruits can be harvested 7-8 times





4. BARI Tomato 4

➢ Fruits are round and red in color

➢ Heat tolerant variety

➢ Can be grown throughout the year






5. BARI Tomato 5

➢ Fruits are heart shape and red in color






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6. BARI Tomato 6 (Chaiti)


➢ High yielding and heat tolerant variety





➢ Fruits are round and light red in color

➢ Ridges present partially on the fruit skin



➢ Yield during summer season 45-50 t ha-1

➢ Yield during winter season 80-90 t ha-1


7. BARI Tomato 7 (Apurba)




➢ Fruits can be harvested 6-7 times up to one month

➢ Fruits are often flattened and deep yellow to orange in

color

➢ Fruit have star-like an appendage at the base of petiole

➢ Rich in beta carotene (7 mg per 100 g tomato)



➢ Yield 100-105 t ha-1


8. BARI Tomato 8 (Shila)

➢ High yielding variety and dwarf type




➢ Fruits are square to round in shape and light red in color

➢ Fruits are fleshy and have very thick and tough skin

➢ Shelf life of fruit: 15-20 days at room temperature



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9. BARI Tomato 9 (Lalima)

➢ Dwarf type plant




➢ Fruits are oval and red in color

➢ Lower portion of fruit is slightly narrow

➢ Fruits have thick skin

➢ Shelf life of fruit: more than 3 weeks at room temperature




10. BARI Tomato 10 (Anupoma)

➢ High yielding heat tolerant variety

➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60 days after transplanting


➢ Fruits are oval and light red in color

➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin

➢ Shelf life: 2-3 weeks at room temperature





11. BARI Tomato 11 (Jhumka)

➢ Plants are tall and less bushy



➢ Fruits are small (8-10 g) like as grape and red in color

➢ Fruits are more sweet than other tomato

➢ Shelf life: 2 weeks at room temperature

➢ Plant produce fruit in cluster where each cluster contain

15-20 fruit


➢ Yield during summer season 2-3 t bigha-1

➢ Yield during winter season 5-6 t bigha-1



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12. BARI Tomato 14



➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 45-60 days

➢ Fruits are large and round

➢ Flesh attractive red in color


➢ Shelf life of fruit: more than 3 weeks at room temperature




➢ Tolerant to bacterial wilt

13. BARI Tomato 15

➢ High yielding variety




➢ Fruits are oval and light red in color



➢ Fruits contain lesser number of seeds





➢ Resistant to TYLCV

14. BARI Tomato 16





➢ Fruits are often oval and deep red in color


➢ Fruits contain lesser number of seeds

➢ Shelf life of fruit: 17-21 days at room temperature





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15. BARI Tomato 17


➢ Flowering begins from 45 to 47 days after transplanting



➢ Fruits are large, longish and red in color


➢ TSS 4.45%

➢ Fruits are fleshy, compact and have 8 locules




16. BARI Tomato 18


➢ Virus and insect resistant variety



➢ Rich in lycopene content

➢ 37 fruits plant-1


17. BARI Tomato 19


➢ Flowering begins from 44 to 45 days after transplanting



➢ Fruits are medium sized, longish and red in color

➢ Fruits are fleshy, compact and have 3 locules




18. BARI Hybrid Tomato 3

➢ High temperature tolerant variety

➢ Fruits like as kulboroi and red in color

➢ Skin is tough and highly thick

➢ Very good shelf life





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➢ Fruits are medium size, round and red in color


➢ Good shelf life






➢ Fruits are large, flattened round





➢ Yield 95-100 t ha-1


➢ Resistant to bacterial wilt and TYLCV



➢ Fruits are large, flattened round with attractive red flesh

color






➢ Resistant to bacterial wilt and TYLCV



➢ Fruits are medium size, round with attractive color

➢ Thick pericarp with high shelf life




➢ Resistant to TYLCV


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➢ Flattened round fruit shaped

➢ Fruit size bigger than other summer hybrid tomato

➢ Attractive red colored fruit with thick flesh





➢ Flowering begins from 47-50 days after transplanting


➢ Fruits are medium sized and round

➢ Attractive red colored fruit with thick and tough skin





➢ High yielding summer variety


➢ Fruits are medium sized and round

➢ Attractive red colored fruit with

➢ Single fruit weight 66 g

➢ 19 fruits plant-1

➢ Yield 41 t ha-1

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) has released some varieties they are-

1. BINA Tomato 1 (Bahar)

High yielding winter variety. Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are large, fleshy,

tastier and contain lesser number of seeds. Yield is 65 t ha-1.

2. BINA Tomato 2

Summer variety that does not require any hormone for fruit setting. Fruits are round and

yield is 38 t ha-1.

3. BINA Tomato 3

Summer variety that also does not require artificial hormone for its fruit setting. Fruits

are oval and yield is 40 t ha-1.

4. BINA Tomato 4

High yielding winter variety. Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are round, fleshy,

smooth and tasty. Yield is 77 t ha-1.


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5. BINA Tomato 5

High yielding winter variety. Fruits are large, fleshy, smooth and tasty. Yield is 69 t ha-1.

6. BINA Tomato 6

Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are medium, fleshy, tasty and contain lesser

number of seeds. Self life is 25-30 days. Fruit is round, pointed at the opposite of calyx

and red in color at ripening. Average yield is 85 t ha-1 in winter and 40 t ha-1 in summer.

It is moderately resistant to wilt, early blight and leaf curl, tolerant to mild salinity and

water stress.

7. BINA Tomato 7

Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are medium, fleshy, tasty and contain lesser

number of seeds. Self life is 20-25 days. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening.

Average yield is 87 t ha-1 in winter and 43 t ha-1 in summer. It is moderately resistant to

wilt, early blight and leaf curl, tolerant to mild salinity and water stress.

8. BINA Tomato 8

Fruits are small. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening. Average yield is 90 t ha-1.

9. BINA Tomato 10

Fruits are small and look like grape. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening. Average

yield is 80 t ha-1.

10. BINA Tomato 11

High yielding winter variety. Fruits are slightly wavy to the base of petiole. Fruits are red

in color. Average yield 95-100 t ha-1.

11. BINA Tomato 12

High yielding winter variety. Fruits are medium sized and look oval. Fruits are yellowish

to red in color. Average yield is 90-95 t ha-1.

Production technology

Climate

Moderately warm and dry weather is suitable for tomato cultivation. The optimum temperature

required for tomato is 20-250C for better production. Temperature above 300C and below 100C

is both harmful for proper fruit setting. Temperature at day 25-300C and at night 15-200C is the

best for fruit setting. Night temperature is very sensitive for fruit setting because if it exceeds

220C causes lesser fruit setting and small size fruit.

Soil

High to medium high land is suitable for tomato cultivation. Tomato may be grown on a wide

range of soil from sandy to clay. The optimum soil pH required for tomato is 6.5-7.0. In acidic

soil, liming is required.

Seed Rate: About 200-220 g ha-1.


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Seed treatment

Provax 200/Thiram 75% dust @ 3g mixed with 1 kg seed and shake well before sowing.

Sowing time

September-October during winter and April-May during summer is the optimum time for sowing.

Seedbed preparation

Tomato seedlings are raised in the nursery bed. Seedbeds are prepared about 3×1 m size and

raised up to 10-15 cm keeping 75 cm between two beds. Seedbeds are prepared with the

mixture of sand, compost and soil. Tomato seeds are sown in the line on well prepared

seedbeds and lightly covered with soil. The watering should be done by water can as per the

need till germination is completed.

Land preparation

Tomato should be planted in well pulverized field with 4-5 times ploughing followed by laddering. About 1m wide and 15 cm raised bed should be prepared on the field keeping 30 cm wide channel between two beds that will help in irrigating the crop as well as in drainage. Farmyard manure or compost and recommended dose of chemical fertilizer are incorporated into soil during final ploughing.

Transplanting time

During winter season: October-December and during summer season: May-July.

Spacing

60 x 40 cm

Transplanting of seedling

The seedbed should be watered before uprooting the seedlings to minimize the damage of

roots. Healthy and uniform seedlings about 30-35 days aged during winter season and about

25-30 days aged during summer season should be transplanted in the main field and then

seedlings are watered.

Fertilizer dose and application method

Cowdung 10 t ha-1, Urea 550 kg ha-1, TSP 450 kg ha-1, MoP 250 kg ha-1, Gypsum 120 kg ha-1,

Boron 2 kg ha-1. Half of cowdung, half of TSP and entire amount of gypsum and boron should

be applied during land preparation. The remaining half of cowdung and TSP should be applied

during pit preparation before a week of transplanting. The entire urea and MoP are to be

applied in 3 equal installments of 21, 35 and 50 days after transplanting.

Intercultural operation

Gap filling

If the plants not survive in the field after transplanting, in such condition it should be filled up

with the healthy seedlings.


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Stalking

Tomato plants fall down on ground due its weak stem. To overcome such situation stalking is

so necessary. It is done by stick of bamboo, both the sides of plants like as “A” shape. Stacking

leads to higher yield of marketable fruits and facilitate management operations such as

irrigation, intertillage, pest control and harvesting.

Training

Training of tomato plants with the help of ropes. It is claimed to have resulted in early ripening,

higher yield of better-quality fruits and seeds, lesser disease incidence, easier intercultural

operation and harvesting.

Pruning of branch

Determinate type of plants produces large number of branches and flower clusters. So, pruning

of all side suckers except the sucker just below the first flower cluster are to be done. But it is

not common practice in our country, though it has claimed to have higher yield, uniform and

large fruit.

Weeding

Weeding should be done when it is necessary to keep the crops free of weeds.

Fruit thinning

Fruit thinning is so important in tomato production for getting quality and maximum fruit size.

Sometimes, plants produce huge quantity of fruits at the same branch and plants can not bear

the weight, resulting breaking of branches. So, some fruits should thin out from the branch.

Earthing up

The plants are supported with the soil around the plant base.

Irrigation

First irrigation is given just after transplanting of seedlings and subsequent irrigations are given

at an interval of 20-25 days depending upon the season and soil conditions. Wetted condition

encourages diseases and insects attack.

Auxin application

In summer season, tomato is cultivated under polythene tunnel. During this period, flowers and

fruits are dropped due to high temperature. To overcome this situation foliar spray of auxin can

play an important role in flower and fruit setting.

Major insects and control measures

1. Tomato fruit worm

Control measures

Sanitation with clean cultivation

Use of sex pheromone trap

Cypermethrin 10 EC@1 ml/L of water at 15 days interval should be applied


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2. Common cutworm/Prodenia caterpillar

Control measures

Practice IPM (Picking egg mass & Prodenia caterpillar) 2 times during cropping period

Use of sex pheromone trap

Spray Cypermethrin @ 1.5 ml/L of water at 15 days interval

3. Leaf miner

Control measures

Hand picking of infested leaves

Apply Neem oil + trix 2-3 times @ 5 ml/l of water at 7-10 days interval

Major diseases and control measures

1. Virus

Control measures

Net (60 mesh) protection during seedling stage is necessary for controlling vector

Spray with Admire 200 SL/Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/litre of water at 7-10 days interval

should be applied to control white fly after planting

2. Late blight

Control measures

Spraying Ridomil gold or Mancozeb 2 g /litre water

Remove infested plant

3. Early blight

Control measures

Spraying Rovral 2 g/litre water at 15 days interval

Use resistant variety

4. Bacterial wilt

Control measures

Use resistant variety

The land should be kept clean and well drained

Harvesting stage of fruits

The following stages of maturity for harvesting have been recognized:

1. Immature stage

Before the seeds have fully developed

Before the jelly like substance have formed surrounding the seeds

2. Mature green stage

Fruits show a brownish ring at stem scar

Dropping of calyx

Fruits color turn to light green or yellowish green

Seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity


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3. Breaker or turning stage

One-fourth (1/4) of the surface fruit shows red or yellow color

4. Pink stage

Three-fourth (3/4) of the surface of fruit shows pink color

5. Hard or red ripe stage

Nearly all surface of fruit turn into red or pink color but flesh remains firm

6. Over ripe stage

Fruit is fully colored and soft

Average yield of tomato

Yield of the tomato greatly depend upon the variety, maturity and season of cultivation. Yield

may range 80-90 t ha-1 in winter season and 25-35 t ha-1 in summer season.


Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum · Tomato fruit is a good source of vitamin A and C. It contains...

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