Tomato & Pepper Insects
Transcript of Tomato & Pepper Insects
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Tomato & Pepper
Insects
By Patrick O’Malley, Ph.D.
Commercial Horticulture Field Specialist, ISU Extension
E-Mail [email protected]
Phone: 319-337-2145
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Insect Management
• Pests commonly found in high tunnels & field
• Understanding use of control products • Integrated pest management strategies
• Scouting for pests
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Common Insects
• Catepillars Stinkbugs
• Aphids Colorado potato beetle
• Flea Beetles Fungus gnats (HT)
• Spider Mites Thrips
• Whiteflies SWD?
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Caterpillars
Evidence and damage:
• frass excrement • pupae • larvae • feeding holes in leaves
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• Well-known
• Only occasionally require special control
• Abundant some years
• Slender “horn”
– Red = tobacco
– Black = tomato
– Harmless !!
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www.omafra.gov.on.ca
• Both species feed on tomato, tobacco, eggplant, pepper, potato
• Feed on foliage and fruit
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Tobacco Hornworm
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Hornworm Parasitized by a Wasp
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Adult Hornworm
Wingspan of 4-5 inches
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Tomato Hornworm
July – September
Threshold
1/2 Larvae per Plant
Management
Spot Spray When Needed
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Tomato Fruit Worm
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Tomato Fruit Worm
Damage
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Tomato Fruitworm
AKA Corn Earworm
July -
September
Threshold
7 Moths/Trap and
Fruit Present
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Cutworms
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Cutworms
Black Cutworm May-June
Variegated Cutworm May-August
Threshold
One per plant
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Management of
Cutworms
Winter annuals and cover crops need
to be removed two weeks prior to
planting.
Plastic mulch can reduce problems.
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Stink Bug
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Stink Bug
July -
September
Management
Check Field
Edges
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
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Aphids
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Aphids
USDA
• Several species which are not easy to ID
• Many hosts • Prolific reproducers
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Cultural Control of Aphids
• High levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction
Never use more nitrogen than necessary Apply it in small portions throughout the season rather than all at once
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Management
Conserve natural
enemies
Many crops especially
pepper
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Flea
Beetles
May – June
Thresholds
< 6” 4/plant
> 6” 8/plant
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Flea Beetle Damage on
Foliage
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Management of Flea Beetle
• Overwintering generation most damaging
• Monitor field edges
• Spot spray as necessary
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Potato Beetle
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Colorado Potato Beetle
May-July
Threshold
One Beetle/Larvae/Egg Mass per Plant
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Management of Colorado
Potato Beetle
Rotate Crops
Scout Field Edges
Bt is an Option for Small Larvae
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Fungus Gnats
• Diptera: Sciaridae
• Damage – Larvae feed on young roots
– Adults are a nuisance
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Fungus gnats
• Complete life cycle
• Adults – 1/8 inch long
– Dark, long slender body
– Long legs and antennae
– 2 wings
– Distinctive Y-shaped vein in end of wing
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Fungus Gnats
• Long legs and antennae
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu
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Fungus Gnats
• Eggs – Laid in damp areas
– Cracks and crevices of
media surface
– Near fungal food source
– Up to 150 eggs per female
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Fungus Gnats
• Larvae – up to 1/4 inch
– legless maggots
– thread-like
– white to translucent
– shiny black head
– Pupate in the media
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Fungus Gnats
3 to 4 weeks at warm
temperatures
Continuous, overlapping
generations
Raymond Cloyd, KSU # MF-2937
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Fungus Gnats
• Monitoring – Adults: Yellow sticky cards
– Larvae: Inspection
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Fungus Gnats
• Management – Nematodes
– Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
• Bt-i (Gnatrol)
– Predatory mite
• Feeds on fungus gnat larvae
– Rove beetle
www.biowise-biocontrol.co.uk
www.biowise-biocontrol.co.uk
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Fungus Gnats
• Management – Larval Control
• Insect Growth Regulators
• Neonicitinoids
– Adults
• Pyrethroids
Fungus Gnat Management in Greenhouses and Nurseries. K State MF-2937. Raymond Cloyd
Wikipedia
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Spider Mites
• Two spotted spider mite – 1/50 inch, oval
– Yellow-orange to green
– Dark patches along sides
– Prefer dry areas
• low humidity
– Egg, larva, nymph, adult
– 7 to 20 days
– May be inactive in winter
http://pnwpest.org
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Two Spotted Spider Mite Damage
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Thrips Damage on Fruit
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Spider Mites
• Damage – Stippling or flecking
– Fine webbing
• Control – Remove weeds and old plants
– Predatory mites
– Miticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
– Resistance management (class rotation)
http://www.hort.uconn.edu
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Thrips
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Western Flower
Thrips
• Damage
– Scarring and distortion of flowers and foliage
– Virus transmission • TSWV
• INSV
www.hort.uconn.edu
www.ppdl.purdue.edu
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Thrips Damage on Fruit
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Thrips Damage on Leaves
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
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Western Flower Thrips
• rapid life cycle
• high reproductive capacity
• broad host range
• resistant to insecticides
• virus vector
• feeding habit
• small size
– 1/8 inch
– yellowish
Texas Tech
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Thrips Life Cycle
Stage Duration
(68° - 98° F)
Egg 2 - 4 days
1st instar 1 - 2 days
2nd instar 2 - 4 days
Pre-pupal 1 - 2 day
Pupal 1 - 3 days
Adult
300 eggs / ♀ 30 - 45 days
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Thrips
• Monitoring – Sticky cards
– Look under leaves
• Control – Weed and carry-over plant control
– Fallow greenhouse
– Micro-screening
– Entomopathogenic nematodes
– Predatory mites
– Insecticides / small droplets
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Whiteflies
1/16th inch, powdery white
• Sweet potato or silverleaf whitefly Yellowish white; wings tight against body; broad host range.
• Greenhouse whitefly
Bright white; wings loose against body
Whitefly Knowledgebase http://whiteflies.ifas.ufl.edu/
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Whitefly
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Whiteflies
Hot, dry weather during the summer can favor rapid buildup of the silverleaf whitefly on wild and cultivated hosts outside and crops inside the high tunnel.
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Silverleaf Whitefly life cycle
Nymphs (Crawlers) 8 – 12 days
Adult 9 – 16 days
Egg 9 – 16 days Total (days)
Summer: 18 - 28 days
4th instar (pupa)
4 – 6 days
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Whiteflies
• Damage – Nymphs (undersides of leaves)
– Stunting
– Honey dew / sooty mold
• Control – Weed & carry-over control
– Parasitic wasps
– Insect growth regulators
• Repeated applications
1/16th inch, powdery white
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Spotted Wing Drosophila
1/8th
Inch
long
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Spotted Wing Drosophila
1/8th
inch
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Maintain good sanitation
Cultural Control of Spotted Wing Drosophia
• Pick all fruit when harvesting
• Remove and destroy any fallen, damaged and overripe fruit.
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https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/midwest-vegetable-guide/Pages/default.aspx
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Tunnel production
is neither field nor
greenhouse.
No rain
• Favors thrips and mites
Passive ventilation
• Some field pests will enter the structure
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“ … the EPA says that as long as the
pesticide is labeled for the plant/crop & pest to control … that's all that is required for use in a high tunnel.”
Avoid products that prohibit greenhouse use
Pesticide Label Laws
High Tunnel = Greenhouse?
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Table 17: Fungicide Labeling for Greenhouse Use
Labeled for Greenhouse Use Label Prohibits Greenhouse Use Label Silent on Greenhouse Use Botran® Cabrio® Acrobat® Champ® chlorothalonil2 Actigard® Contans® Endura® Agri-Fos® Cuprofix® Flint® Agri-mycin® Dithane® Forum® Aliette® Fontelis® Merivon® Curzate® Kocide 2000® Presidio® Gavel® Kocide 3000® Priaxor® Gem® Luna Privilege®3 Pristine® Inspire Super® Previcur Flex® Quadris® Kocide 20/20® Procure® Quadris Opti® Luna Experience® Procure 480SC® Quilt® Luna Sensation® Ranman®4 Reason® Luna Tranquility® Scala® Ridomil® Manzate® Terrachlor®5 Satori® Monsoon® Vapam® Omega® Zampro® Penncozeb® Phostrol® Quadris Top®6 Quintec® Rally® Revus® Revus Top Rovral® Serenade Max® Switch® Tanos® Toledo® Torino® Ziram®
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Considerations before using control measures in a high
tunnel
• Spot treatment may be adequate for “hot-spots” • High temperature in tunnel – phytotoxicity • Structural damage due to drift
Use alternatives:
cultural control, natural enemy conservation, biological control, etc.
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Insect Control Products
Select materials that are least toxic to humans, beneficial insects, including
pollinators
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Insect Control Products
“soft pesticides” Examples:
• Insecticidal soaps • Horticultural oils • Botanical pesticides • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
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Insecticidal Soaps • Effective on soft-bodied insect pests
• Low toxicity to humans, pets, and many
beneficial insects
• Work only on direct contact with the pests - No residual activity - Not a preventative spray
• Repeated applications needed at relatively short intervals to control spider mites
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Insecticidal Soaps
• Have little efficacy against insect eggs
• Control decreases if hard-water sources are used
• Phytotoxicity – do not apply if temperature is above 90o or plant is in full sun
- apply in early morning
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Insecticidal Soaps trade names
• M-Pede®
• Safer® Brand Fruit & Vegetable Insect Killer II
• Des-Ex™ (CertisUSA)
• Natural Guard® Insecticidal Soap
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contains azadirachtin (trade names): Azatin®
Bioneem®
Margosan-O®
Neemazad®
Aza-Direct®
AzaSol®
Neemix®
Contains Neem oil: Trilogy®
Neem-derived insecticides
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• Integration of techniques
• Scouting
• Thresholds
• Pest life cycle & behavior
Integrated Pest
Management
UC-Davis
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Integrated Pest
Management
• Scouting
- Regular
- Frequent
- Thorough
• Sticky Traps
• Visual Inspection
• Hand lens
• Record keeping UC-Davis
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http://paipm.cas.psu.edu/g
hmanual.html
Proper
Identification
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Sticky Traps
• Place near side vents, doors and other areas
where pests may enter
• Consider traps outside to help detect insects that
might move in
KSU
• Use at least 4-5
traps/acre
• More to monitor
whiteflies (1 trap per
1,000 sq ft)
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Sticky Traps
• Monitor winged aphids, leafminers, thrips,
whiteflies, fungus gnats and shore flies.
• Place horizontally for
fungus gnats
• Place just above the
growing medium
surface for fungus
gnats, thrips and
leafminers
www.biocontrol.ucr.edu/WFT.html
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Sticky Traps
• Inspect traps at least weekly
• Record trap locations and insect
infestations
• Consider hot-pink and blue traps for
detecting western flower thrips
www.biocontrol.ucr.edu/WFT.html
PSU
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Other Insect Pests
• Leafminers Mealybugs
• Wireworm Pinworms
• Fruit Flies Stalk Borers
• Psyllid Slugs
• Leafhoppers
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Iowa State University
Extension & Outreach
Plant and Insect
Diagnostic Clinic
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/pidc/
(515)294-0581
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Plant Diagnostic Clinics
• Missouri • Plant Diagnostic Clinic
• 28 Mumford Hall
• Columbia, MO 65211
• (573) 882-3019
• plantclinic.missouri.edu
• Contact:
• Patti Wallace (573) 882-3019 [email protected]
• Plant Nematology Lab
• 23 Mumford Hall
• University of Missouri
• Columbia, MO 65211
• (573) 884-9118
• Fax: (573) 882-0588
• soilplantlab.missouri.edu/nematode
• Contact:
• John Dempsher DempsherJ
@missouri.edu
Kansas Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab
Extension Plant Pathology
4032 Throckmorton Hall
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506-5504
(785) 532-5810
Fax: (785) 532-5692
www.plantpath.ksu.edu/p.aspx
?tabid=49
Contact:
Judith O’Mara [email protected]
Iowa Iowa State
University Plant
and Insect
Diagnostic Clinic
327 Bessey Hall
Iowa State
University
Ames, IA 50011
(515) 294-0581
Fax: (515) 294-9420
www.plantpath.iast
ate.edu/pdc
Contact:
Laura Jesse [email protected]
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Tomato & Pepper Insects
By Patrick O’Malley, Ph.D.
Commercial Horticulture Field Specialist, ISU Extension
E-Mail [email protected]
Phone: 319-337-2145
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Aphids