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Tom Bruulsema, PhD, CCADirector, Northeast Region, North America Program
New Brunswick Soil & Crop AssociationTechnical Workshop
24 February 2011 Woodstock , New Brunswick
What is on a Soil Analysis Report?
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IPNI Mission“Better Crops, Better Environment… Through Science.”
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Outline – What is on a Soil Analysis Report?
•World Fertilizer Trends• Soil Fertility Status of New Brunswick
– Soil Test Summaries– Crop Nutrient Balances
• Soil Test Interpretation• Potato Response to P• 4R Nutrient Stewardship
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Cons
umpti
on, T
gWorld Fertilizer Consumption
Historical and Projected
Tenkorang & Lowenberg-
DeBoer, 2009.
----- IFA Statistics 1961-2009 -----
N
P2O5
K2O
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Fertilizer consumption (2005/06 – Fertilizer consumption (2005/06 – 2007/08)2007/08)
14%
10%
11%
17%
38%Mostly China
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World Phosphate Rock ReservesWorld Phosphate Rock Reserves
Country 2008 Production Reserves Reserve
Life
Million tonnes Years
China 51 3,700 70
USA 30 1,800 60
Morocco 25 51,000 2,000
World Total 161 60,000 370
Source: IFDC, 2010Source: IFDC, 2010
PP
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World Potash ReservesWorld Potash Reserves
Country 2007 Production Reserves Reserve
Life
Million tonnes K2O Years
Canada 11 4,400 400
Russia 7 1,800 270World Total 35 8,300 240
USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries, 2009USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries, 2009
KK
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Outline
• World Fertilizer Trends
•Soil Fertility Status of New Brunswick–Soil Test Summaries–Crop Nutrient Balances
• Soil Test Interpretation• Potato Response to P• 4R Nutrient Stewardship
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Assessing soil fertility status and trends in
North America
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Soil test equivalency assumptions
The above equivalencies were assumed for the purpose of estimating soil test level frequency distributions across wide areas. They are not recommended for use in converting soil test values for individual fields for the purpose of determining appropriate rates to apply.
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P
http://nane.ipni.net/
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K
http://nane.ipni.net/
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pH
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Mg
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http://nane.ipni.net/
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http://nane.ipni.net/
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http://nane.ipni.net/
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Outline
• World Fertilizer Trends• Soil Fertility Status of New Brunswick
– Soil Test Summaries– Crop Nutrient Balances
•Soil Test Interpretation• Potato Response to P• 4R Nutrient Stewardship
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What is on a soil analysis report?
• OM• pH• CEC• P• K• Ca• Mg• Na• Soil Index• % base saturation K, Mg, Ca,
Na
• B• Cu• Zn• S• Mn• Fe• Al• Ratings• Field name, size, crop• Recommendations for lime
and fertilizer
• Carbon
• Salt
• Nitrogen
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Amount of nutrient (P, K, Mg, etc.) extracted isAmount of nutrient (P, K, Mg, etc.) extracted isan an indexindex of the likelihood of crop response to of the likelihood of crop response to
that nutrientthat nutrient
Soil Test InterpretationSoil Test Interpretation
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Soil Test Calibration
• Determines the relationship between soil test level and the rate to apply
• Depends on the nature of crop response to the nutrient, as a function of soil test level
• Crop responses are smaller and less frequent at higher soil test levels
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Quebec P Calibration for PotatoKhiari et al., 2000
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Quebec P Calibration for PotatoKhiari et al., 2000
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Approaches to Soil Test Interpretation
• Sufficiency approach:Apply P to maximizenet returns to fertilizationin the year of application
– Strategy: fertilize onlywhen there is a goodchance that a profitableyield response will be realized
– Soil test levels kept in lower, responsive ranges
– Normally adopted on land leased for short periods of time or when cash flow is limited
Rel
ativ
e yi
eld
, %
Soil test P level
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Approaches to Soil Test Interpretation
• Build and maintenanceapproach:Remove P as ayield-limiting variable
– Strategy: apply extra P(more than crop removal) to build soil tests to levelsthat are not yield-limiting
– Soil test levels kept in higher, non-responsive ranges
– Normally adopted on owned land or land leased for longer periods of time
Rel
ativ
e yi
eld
, %
Soil test P level
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Some Factors that can Influence Response at a Given Soil Test Level
• Tillage system
• Placement
• Variety
• Planting date
• Weather
• Yield potential
• Variability within the field
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Factors Influencing Fertilizer Recommended
• Farmer financial circumstances
• Land tenure
• Soil test change expected
• Farmer goals
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Outline
• World Fertilizer Trends
• Soil Fertility Status of New Brunswick
– Soil Test Summaries
– Crop Nutrient Balances
• Soil Test Interpretation
• Potato Response to P• 4R Nutrient Stewardship
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P Needs
• Research by:– Stephen Moorehead & Robert Coffin, Cavendish Farms– Brian Sanderson, AAFC– Brian Douglas, PEI Soil Test Lab– Dave Brubacher, Alpine Plant Foods
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Outline
• World Fertilizer Trends• Soil Fertility Status of New Brunswick
– Soil Test Summaries– Crop Nutrient Balances
• Soil Test Interpretation• Potato Response to P
•4R Nutrient Stewardship
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4R Nutrient Stewardship• Right Source @ Right Rate, Right Time & Right Place
– Linking practices to science for sustainability performance
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Sustainability Issues Related to Fertilizer Recommendations
• Food and nutrition security• Employment• Soil fertility • Cadmium in soil• Eutrophication • Non-renewable resources• Greenhouse gas emissions• Stratospheric ozone depletion (N2O)
• Air quality: ammonia, smog• Water quality: nitrate, algae• Public perception
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Healthy environment
Productivity
Profitability
Durability
CROPPING SYSTEM CROPPING SYSTEM OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Net profit
Resource use efficiencies: Energy, Labor, Nutrient, Water
Return on investment
Water & air quality
Farm income
Working conditions
Nutrient balance
Nutrient loss
Yield
Quality
Soil erosion
Biodiversity
Ecosystems services
Adoption
Soil productivity
4R Nutrient Stewardship Performance indicators
Stakeholder input
Individuals working on one indicator remain Individuals working on one indicator remain cognizant of the otherscognizant of the others
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Who decides what’s RIGHT?
• “a team of farmers, researchers, natural resource managers, extension staff and agribusiness professionals.” - ???
• An ethical question, more than scientific• Input from ALL stakeholders on PERFORMANCE:
– Indicators, Benchmarks, Targets
• Farmer (land manager) selects the PRACTICE– Dynamic site-specific decision on source, rate, time and place– Decision support for highest probability of performance – Adaptive management
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ACTIONChange in practice
Farm LevelProducers, Cropadvisers, Dealers
DECISION Accept, revise, or reject
EVALUATION of OUTCOME Cropping System
Sustainability Performance
Adaptive Management for Plant Nutrition
OUTPUT Recommendation of right source,
rate, time, and place (BMPs)
Regional LevelAgronomic scientists
DECISION SUPPORT based on scientific principles
Policy LevelRegulatory, Infrastructural
LOCAL SITE FACTORS
•Climate•Policies•Land tenure•Technologies•Financing •Prices•Logistics•Management•Weather•Soil•Crop demand•Potential losses•Ecosystem vulnerability
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Scientific Principles
• General– Physics, chemistry, biology– Soil fertility and plant nutrition– Fundamental processes– System performance
• Specific – source, rate, time and place
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1. Supply in plant available forms2. Suit soil properties3. Recognize synergisms among
elements4. Blend compatibility
1. Appropriately assess soil nutrient supply
2. Assess all available indigenous nutrient sources
3. Assess plant demand4. Predict fertilizer use efficiency
1. Assess timing of crop uptake2. Assess dynamics of soil nutrient
supply3. Recognize timing of weather
factors4. Evaluate logistics of operations
1. Recognize root-soil dynamics2. Manage spatial variability3. Fit needs of tillage system4. Limit potential off-field
transport
The basic scientific principles of managing crop nutrients are
universal
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Right Source Scientific Principle: • Ensure a balanced supply of essential nutrients in
plant-available form.Practices:• Credit nutrients from manures and composts• Credit N from previous crops• Assess use of enhanced-efficiency sources
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Right Rate
Scientific Principle:• Assess soil nutrient supply and plant demand.Practices:• Soil test• Balance crop removal• Determine crop yield potential• Assess price ratios
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Right TimeScientific Principle:• Assess timing of crop uptake, soil nutrient supply, weather, and
logistics.Practices:• Split-application for sandy soils• Scouting and tissue sampling• Cover crops to capture nutrients• Suit tillage and planting operations
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Right Place Scientific Principle:• Place nutrients where they are accessible to the crop. Practices:• Placement near seedlings• Within-field management zones• Apply soil survey information
(drainage, etc.)• Incorporate or inject
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4R Nutrient Stewardship
Crops & Soils 42(2): Mar-Apr 2009
Crops & Soils 42(3): May-Jun 2009
Crops & Soils 42(4): Jul-Aug 2009
Crops & Soils 42(5): Sep-Oct 2009
Crops & Soils 42(6): Nov-Dec 2009
Know Your Fertilizer Rights: Right Place by T.S. Murrell (IPNI), G.P. Lafond (AAFC), and T.J. Vyn (Purdue U.)
http://www.ipni.net/4r
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nane.ipni.net
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Summary
• Fertilizers are strategic resources of increasing importance.• Soil tests guide balanced nutrient replenishment.• Soil tests are indexes of likelihood of crop response.• Improving potato P use efficiency remains a challenge.• 4R Nutrient Stewardship aims to apply the right source at the
right rate, time and place to improve sustainability.
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