TOEFL (Structure)Revision Lesson before Mini-test 4

8th grade

Galina PolikhronidyGrammar school #40

Taraz, Kazakhstan

Give definitions:A simple s-ce

A compound s-ce

A complex s-ce

consists of one clause.

consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunctions and or but.

consists of an independent clause (the main clause) and a dependent (subordinate) clause.

Define the type of clause:• People need vitamins. (a simple s-ce)• The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold. ( a complex s-ce: IC + AdvC)• The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of

orange juice. (A compound s-ce)• I didn’t realize that Nancy was there. (a complex s-ce: IC + NC)• Tom walked to his office, which is located on

Broadway, every day during the summer. (a complex s-ce: IC + AC)

Clauses with There and It• There + • It + • It + • It + • It +

Clauses with There and It• There + to be + subject. • It + to be + adjective + to V • It + to be + adverbial + Noun Clause • It + to be + noun + Adjective Clause • It + to take + time phrase + to V

Give definitions: Incomplete Adj-ve Clauses

Incomplete Adverb Clauses

IncompleteNoun Clauses

modify a noun in another clause of thes-ce. AC usually begins with an AC marker.

consist of an AdvC-marker and, at least a subject and a verb.

begin with NC – markers. NC that are formed from statements begin with the NC – marker that. NC that are formed from yes/no questions begin with the NC – markers whether or if. Those formed from information questions begin with wh-words: where, when, what, etc.

Put the marker in the correct column:Adjective Clauses Adverb Clauses Noun Clauses

Put the marker in the correct column:Adjective Clauses Adverb Clauses Noun Clauses

Who Because That

Whom Since Whether

Whose Although If

Which Even though Where

That While When

Where If What

When Unless Why

When How

While How many

As How much

Since How old

Until

Once

Before

After

Define the type of the highlighted clause:• This is the patient whom the doctor treated.• Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by

everyone.• Don’t put off going to the dentist until you

have a problem.• Because the speaker was sick, the program

was cancelled.• When the meeting will be held has not been

decided. • The weather announcer said that there would

be the thunderstorms. • This is what you need.

Reduced AC and AdvC: Reduced AC

Notional Verb To be

Active Passive Noun Phrase Ving V3

Participial Appositive Phrases (Noun phrase)

Marker is reduced

Reduced AdvC

Notional verb To be

Active Passive

Ving V3 Adjective

Marker is NOT reduced

Reduce the following AC and AdvC:• Minnesota, which joined

the Union in 1858, became the 32nd state.

• William and Mary College, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States.

• Buffallo Bill, who was a famous frontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show

• When astronauts are orbiting the Earth, they don’t feel the force of gravity.

• Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational.

• Some people like to listen to music while they are studying.

!!! Reduced AdvC is NEVER used after because!!!

!!! AC & AdvC can only be reduced when the S of the Main Clause and the S of the Sub-te Clause are the SAME!!!

Prepositional Phrases in the same meaning as Adverb Clauses:• Because of• Due to• On account of• In spite of• Despite• During

• Because/Since• Because/Since• Because/Since• Although/Even though• Although/Even though• When/While

Change these AdvC into Prepositional Phrases:

• He chose that university because/since it has fine reputation.

• Visibility is poor today because/since the air is polluted.

• He enjoys motorcycle riding although/even though it is dangerous.

• Her father lived in England when/while he was a child.

Check up:• He chose that university because of/due

to its fine reputation. • Visibility is poor today on account

of/because of air pollution.• He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite

of/despite the danger.• Her father lived in England during his

childhood.

Vocabulary Revision. Find antonyms:1. Extra2. Solid3. Straight4. Remote 5. To weaken6. To survive7. Harmless8. Dense9. Shallow10. Natural

a) To strengthenb) Deepc) Necessaryd) Harmfule) Artificialf) Curvedg) Liquidh) Loosei) To diej) Close

Vocabulary Revision. Find antonyms:1. - c Extra2. - g Solid3. - f Straight4. - j Remote 5. - a To weaken6. - i To survive7. - d Harmless8. -h Dense9. -b Shallow10. - e Natural

a) To strengthenb) Deepc) Necessaryd) Harmfule) Artificialf) Curvedg) Liquidh) Loosei) To diej) Close

Match the pairs of synonyms:• Despite• Frontier• Primarily• To preserve• Face-to-face encounters• To struggle• On account of• Mature• Aircraft• Nearly

• Due to• Meetings in person• To fight• Almost• Border• In spite of• Plane• Mainly• Grown-up• To save

Match the pairs of synonyms:• Despite• Frontier• Primarily• To preserve• Face-to-face encounters• To struggle• On account of• Mature• Aircraft• Nearly

In spite of Border Mainly To save Meetings in person To fight Grown – up Due to Plane Almost

Name the geometric figures:

Name the geometric figures: A triangle A square A circle

A curved line A straight line A rectangular

An oval A ring

Insert the prepositions:• To depend …• To consist …• … addition …• To be known …• To be concerned …• To have an effect ….• … a clear night• To be … use• The struggle … survival

• To shine … the sunlight• A major impact …• To be … rest• To be concentrated …• An availability … sth• To talk … sb• To be interested …• … photographs• … age

Insert the prepositions:• To depend on• To consist of• In addition to• To be known for• To be concerned with• To have an effect on• On a clear night• To be in use• The struggle for survival

• To shine in the sunlight• A major impact on• To be at rest• To be concentrated on• An availability of sth• To talk to sb• To be interested in• In photographs• With age

Make a compound noun:• Rain• Every• Wide• Down• Smoke• Fire• Fortune• Upside• Water• Deep• Air

• tissue• jumpers• down• bow• way• spread• craft• where• teller• fighter• ward

Make up a compound noun:• Rain• Every• Wide• Down• Smoke• Fire• Fortune• Upside• Water• Deep• Air

• tissue• jumpers• down• bow• way• spread• craft• where• teller• fighter• ward

Using prefixes make the following words negative:

• … understood• … believable• … expensive• … agreement• …conception• … dependent• …aided

• Misunderstood• Unbelievable• Inexpensive• Disagreement• Misconception• Independent• Unaided

Word formation. Form the new parts of speech from the given words:

Verb Noun• React• Resemble• Discover• Invent• Survive• Require• Preserve• Specialize

Noun Noun• Design• Mobile• Tour• Leader• Sponsor

Word formation. Form the new parts of speech from the given words:

Verb Noun

• React - reaction• Resemble - resemblance• Discover - discovery, discoverer• Invent - invention, inventor• Survive - survival• Require - requirement• Preserve - preservation• Specialize – specialist,

specialization

Noun Noun• Design - designer• Mobile - mobility• Tour – tourism, tourist• Leader - leadership• Sponsor - sponsorship

Word formation. Form the new parts of speech from the given words:

Noun Adjective

• Absence• Science• Poison• Resident• Colour• Picture• Fertility

• Industry• Necessity• Commerce• Allergy• Flower• Convenience• Money

Word formation. Form the new parts of speech from the given words:

Noun Adjective

• Absence - absent• Science - scientific• Poison - poisonous• Resident - residential• Colour - colourful• Picture – picturesque• Fertility - fertile

• Industry- industrial• Necessity - necessary• Commerce -commercial• Allergy - allergic• Flower - flowering• Convenience – convenient• Money- monetary

Do the Mini-test 4.• I variant : 1 - d3 - d5 - b7 - c9 - b11 - a13 - c15 - a17 - a19 - a

• II variant:2 - c4 - a6 - d8 - d10 - a12 - d14 - c16 - b18 - a20 - a