TOEFL Presentation

KELOMPOK 3

• Junior Arthur S (22074276)• Joshua Andre (22064093)• Wiasta Guna (22084516)• Allan F. (22084568)• Felix F. S. S. (22084540)

PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT

SKILL 20: Make Verbs Agree After Prepositional Phrases

Clue:When a prepositional phrases comes between

subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject

EXAMPLE

The key (to the doors) are* in the drawer singular pluralThe keys (to the doors) is* in the drawer plural singular

* Indicates error

SKILL 21: Make Verbs Agree After Expressions of Quantity

Clue:

AllMost of the object VSomeHalf

When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verbs agrees with the object

EXAMPLE

All (of the book) was interesting singularAll (of the books) were interesting pluralAll (of the information) was interesting uncountable

SKILL 22: Make Inverted Verbs AgreeClue:QuestionNegativePlace V SCondition (no if)Comparison

After question words, negative, place, conditions without if, and comparison, the verbs agrees with the subject, which may be the verb.

EXAMPLE

(Behind the house) was* the bicycles I wanted(Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I wanted

SKILL 23: Make Verbs Agree After Certain WordsClue:

The words must be in singular verbsAnybodyAnyoneAnything, etcExample:Everybody are going* to the theater

Problem With Parallel Structure

Skill 24 : Use Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjuctions

(Same Structure) |and/but/or | (Same Structure)

(Same Structure), (Same Structure) |and/but/or | (Same Structure)

Example

Two nouns joined by a coordinate conjungtion :She is not a teacher but a lawyer

Two verbs joined by a coordinate conjungtion :He eats and sleeps only when he takes a

vocation

Two adjectives joined by a coordinate conjungtion :

Class can be interesting or boring

Two phrases joined by a coordinate conjungtion :

The papers are on my desk or in the drawer

Two clauses joined by a coordinate conjungtion :They are not interested in what you say or what

you do


• Skill 25 : Use Parallel Structure with paired Conjuctions

Both, either, neither, not only | (Same Structure) and, or, nor, but also | (Same Structure)

Example

The paired conjuctions both...and, either...or, neither...nor, and not only...but also :

Either mark or sue has the book

The following is not parallel and must be correct :

He wants either to go by train or by plane


• Skill 26 : Use Parallel Structure with comparisons

(Same Structure) | more...than, -er...than, less...than, as...as, the same...as, similar...to | (Same Structure)

Example

My school is farther than your school

Their car is as big as small house

Problem With Comparatives and Superlatives

• Skill 27 : Form Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly

Comparative : more (long adjectives) (short adjectives) + er |

thanSuperlatives :The | most (long adjectives) (short adjectives) +

est | maybe in, of, that

Example

Bobby is taller than RonSally is the most beautiful of all the woman at

the partyThe fastest runner wins the race


• Skill 28 : Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly

Comparative is used to compare two equal things

Superlatives is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding

Example

• The history class is larger than the math class• Mary is more intelligent than Sue

• The history class is the largest in the school• Mary is the most intteligent of all the student

in the class


• Skill 29 : Use The Irregular –er, -er structure correctly

The | -er/more | (same structure), The | er/more | (same structure)

This type of sentences may or may not include a verb

Example

• The harder he tried, the further he fell behind• The more children you have, the bigger the

house you need

Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle

Base form Present Present participle

Past Past Participle

Walk Walk(s) Walking Walked Walked

Hea Hear(s) Hearing Heard heard


• Verb Forms After Have Have + past participle


• Incorrect example1.They had walk to school2.We have see the show


• Correct example1.They had walked to school2.We have seen the show


• Exercise 30

Skill 31: After Be, Use The Present Participle Or The Past Participle

• Verb Forms After Be Be + (1) present participle (2) past participle


• Incorrect example 1.We are do our homework 2.The homework was do early


• Correct example1.We are doing our homework2.The homework was done early


• Exercise 31

Skill 32: After Will Would Or Other Modals, Use The base Form Of the verb

• Verbs Forms After ModalsModal + main form of the verb


• Incorrect example 1.The boat will leaving at 3:002.The doctor may arrives soon3.The students must taken the exam


• Correct example1.The boat will leave at 3:002.The doctors may arrive soon3.The students must take the exam

Skill 33: Know When To Use The Past With Present

Using The Past With The Present1. If you see a sentence with one verb in the past

and one verb in the present, the sentence is probably incorrect.

2. However, it is possible for a correct sentence to have both past and present together.

3. If you see the past and present together, you must check the meaning to determine whether or not the sentence is correct. (particular reason)

Skill 33: Know When To Use The Past With Present

• Incorrect ExampleHe took the money when he wants* it

• Correct ExampleI know that he took the money yesterday

Skill 34: Use Have and Had Correctly

• The present perfect refers to the period of time from the past until the present(have + past participle)

Example: Sue has lived in Los Angeles for ten years


• The past perfect refers to a period of time that started in the past and ended in the past, before something else happened in the past(had + past participle)

Example:Sue had lived in Los Angeles for ten years when

she moved to San Diego


Using (Have + Past Participle) and (Had + Past Participle)

Tense Form Meaning Use

Present perfect Have + Past participle

Past up to now Not with a past tense**

Past perfect Had + Past participle

Before past up to past

Not with a present tense

**Except when the time expression since is part of the sentence (see Skill 35)

Skill 35: Use The Correct Tense With Time Expressions

Using Correct Tenses With Time Expressions

Past Perfect Simple Past Present Perfect

by (1920) (two years) agoLast (year)In (1920)

since (1920)lately

Skill 35: Use The Correct Tense With Time Expressions

Example:We moved to New York in 1970We had left there by 1980We have lived in San Fransisco since 1982She got a job two years agoShe started working last weekShe has worked very hard lately

Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould

The following chart outlines the use of tenses with will and would

Using Correct Tenses With Will and Would

Verb Meaning Use

Will After the present Do not use with past

Would After the past Do not use with present

NOTE: There is a different modal would that is used to make polite requests. This type of would is often used with present tense.I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow


• Certain combination of verbs are very common in English. One is the combination of the simple present and will

Example:I know that they will arrive soonIt is certain that he will graduate


• Another combination that is quite common is the combination of the simple past and would

Example:I knew that he would arriveIt was certain that he would graduate


• Combination of the past with will and the combination of the present with would

Incorrect example:a. I know that he would* arrive soonb. It was certain that he will* graduateBoth of them can be corrected in two different

ways


Correct Example:a. I knew that he would arrive soon or I know that he will arrive soonb.It was certain that he would graduate or It is certain that he will graduate

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