Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

87
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition By Emily Todhunter, HNF 512, Spring 2013 1

description

A presentation I made for a graduate-level Maternal & Childhood Nutrition course. This PowerPoint focuses on the important role good nutrition can play in this age group, as well as nutrition programs for this age group.

Transcript of Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Page 1: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition

By Emily Todhunter, HNF 512, Spring 20131

Page 2: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Outline• Introduction

• Normal growth and development• Physiological and cognitive development

• Nutrition Recommendations• Energy and nutrient needs• Common nutrition problems• Prevention of nutrition-related disorders• Dietary and physical activity recommendations

• Key Nutrition Programs• Key Nutrition Resources• Conclusion

2

Page 3: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Importance of Nutrition• The eating habits established now impact food habits and

health later in life.• Toddlers and Preschoolers need adequate intake in order to

achieve full growth and developmental potential• Undernutrition impairs children’s cognitive development as

well as their ability to explore their environments• Long-term effects of undernutrition (FTT, cognitive

impairment) may be prevented or reduced with adequate nutrition and environmental support.

3

Page 4: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Normal Growth & Development• Infants triple birth weight in first 12

months, but growth slows after that• Toddlers gain 0.5 lbs and 0.4” per

month• Preschoolers gain 4.4 lbs and 2.75” per

year• Decrease in growth rate accompanied

by decrease in appetite and food intake

4

Page 5: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

2000 CDC Growth Charts• Gender-specific• Charts available for 0-36 months, and

2-20 years• If recumbent length measured, use 0-

36 months• If standing height measured, use 2-20

years• Health care professional can plot and

monitor:• Weight for age• Length/stature for age• BMI for age (2-20 yrs. only)• Head circumference for age (0-36

mos. only)• Weight for length• Weight for stature

5

Page 6: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

2000 CDC Growth Charts• BMI provides guidelines for

assessing underweight and overweight

• Predictive of body fat for children over 2 years of age

• BMI 85-95th percentile: risk of being overweight

• BMI >95th percentile: overweight

• BMI <5th percentile: underweight

6

Page 7: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Physiological Development - Toddlers

• Most children begin to walk independently by 1st birthday

• Gross motor skills, such as sitting on a small chair, climbing on furniture, walking up and down stairs, jumping in place, develop rapidly at this age

• Increasingly mobile and independent, can explore environment

• By 36 months, can ride tricycle

7

Page 8: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Cognitive Development- Toddlers• Develop new relationships, imitate others, learn about family’s

cultural customs• Fears emerge during this period• Vocabulary is 100+ words at 2 years of age• By 36 months, child can use 3-word sentences

• Increased determination to express their own will (temper tantrums). Can easily become frustrated and negative.

8

Page 9: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Development of Feeding Skills in Toddlers• Toddlers can handle chopped or soft table foods• At 18-24 months, toddlers are able to use the tongue to clean

the lips and have well-developed rotary chew movements. Now the toddler can handle meats, raw fruits and vegetables, and multiple textures of food.

• Strong need for independence and self-feeding

• Increasing fine motor and visual motor coordination skills allow toddlers to use cups and spoons more effectively, though may prefer to eat with their hands

9

Page 10: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Tips for Parents• Keep distractions (ie: TV) to a minimum during

mealtimes• Allow their toddlers to practice self-feeding skills

and to experience new foods and textures (no matter how messy!)

• Risk of choking high at this age• Toddlers should always be seated during meals

and snacks (high chair or booster seat with the family)

• Foods that may cause choking: hard candy, popcorn, nuts, whole grapes, and hot dogs should not be served to children less than 2 years of age.

10

Page 11: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Feeding Behaviors of Toddlers• Many toddlers demonstrate strong food preferences and

dislikes• “Food jags” – prolonged periods of refusing a particular food

or foods they previously liked• To circumvent food jags:• Serve new foods along with familiar foods• Serve new foods when child is hungry• Other family members should eat the new foods in front of

toddler• Mealtime an opportunity for parents to model healthy eating

behaviors, toddlers to practice language and social skills, develop positive self-image• Not the time for battles or “force feedings”

11

Page 12: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Food Intake in Toddlers• Rule of thumb: serving size is 1 tablespoon of food per year of

age.• So a serving for a 2-yr old child would be about 2 tablespoons.

• Because toddlers can’t eat a large amount of food at one time, snacks are vital in meeting the child’s nutritional needs.

• Toddlers should not be allowed to “graze” throughout the day on sweetened beverages and foods such as cookies and chips.• These foods can lower their appetite for basic foods at meals

• Establish regular but flexible meal and snack times to allow enough time in between for child to get hungry

12

Page 13: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Developments in Preschool-Age Children

• Gross and fine motor capabilities expand• At age 4, child can hop, jump on one foot,

climb, ride a tricycle or bicycle with training wheels, and can throw a ball overhand.

• Magical thinking & egocentrism (not able to accept another’s point of view)

• Play moves toward more organized group play, such as tag or “house”

• Temper tantrums peak between the ages of 2-4 years

• Between ages 2-5, vocabularies increase from 50-100 words to more than 2000 words, and complete sentences.

13

Page 14: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Development of Feeding Skills in Preschool-Age Children• Use a fork, spoon, and cup well• Cutting and spreading with a knife may need some refinement• Eating not as messy as in toddlerhood• Unintentional spills• Modify foods to minimize risk of choking- cut grapes in half

lengthwise and cut hot dogs in quarters lengthwise and cutting into small bites.

14

Page 15: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Feeding Behaviors of Preschool-Age Children• Children want to be helpful and to please their parents and

caretakers• Good time to teach children about food, food selection, and

preparation• Get them involved!

15

Page 16: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• At 2 years• Wipe tables• Hand items to adult to put away (such as

after grocery shopping)• Place things in trash• Tear lettuce or greens• Help “read” a cookbook by turning the

pages• Make “faces” out of pieces of fruits and

vegetables• Rinse vegetables or fruits• Snap green beans• At 3 years:• Add ingredients• Talk about cooking• Scoop or mash potatoes• Squeeze citrus fruits• Stir pancake batter• Knead and shape dough• Name and count foods• Help assemble a pizza

• At 4 years:• Peel eggs and some fruits, such as

oranges and bananas• Set the table• Crack eggs• Help measure dry ingredients• Help make sandwiches and tossed

salads• At 5 years:• Measure liquids• Cut soft fruits with a dull knife• Use an egg beater

Age-Appropriate Kitchen Activities

16

Page 17: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Innate Ability to Control Energy Intake• Ability to self-regulate food intake• If allowed to decide when to eat and when to stop eating

without outside interference, children will eat as much as they need.

• Can adjust their caloric intake to meet energy needs• Avoid using food as rewards or forcing child to “clean their

plate”

17

Page 18: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

3 yr old vs. 5 yr old study• Children served either small, medium, or large portion of

macaroni and cheese, along with standard amounts of other foods.

• Analysis of amount of food eaten showed that portion size did not affect the younger children’s intakes – their intakes remained the same despite the amount of food served to them.

• 5-year-old children’s intakes increased significantly with larger portion sizes

• By 5 years of age, children are influenced by external factors rather than internal cues (hunger & satiety signals)

Rolls BJ, Engell D, Birch LL. Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intake. J Amer Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:232-34.

18

Page 19: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Appetite and Food Intake of Preschoolers – Picky Eaters• Familiar foods may be comforting to the child• Child may be trying to exert control over this aspect of her/his

life• Suggestions include:• Serve child-sized portions• Serve food in attractive way • Limit snacking and drinks between meals as to not “kill” appetite

at mealtime• May take 8-10 exposures to new food before it is accepted• Children raised in an environment where all members of the

family eat a variety of foods are more likely to eat a variety of foods. 19

Page 20: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Food Preferences• Their own food habits and food preferences are established at

this time• Influenced by parents, caretakers, peers, siblings, TV• Spending more time away from home (day care, preschool)

• At this age, children generally do not like:• strongly flavored vegetables • Spicy, sour, or bitter food• Food touching or mixed together (casseroles, salads)

• Children naturally prefer sweet and slightly salty tastes• Foods served on a limited basis but used as a rewards become

highly desirable.• Coercing or forcing children to eat foods can have a long-term

negative impact on their preference for these foods.20

Page 21: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Nutrition RecommendationsEnergy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems, prevention of nutrition-related disorders, dietary and physical activity recommendations

21

Page 22: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Energy Needs• Children ages 13-35 months• (89 x kg BW – 100) + 20 (Kcal for energy deposition)• IE: 24-month old girl who weighs 12 kg would have an estimated

energy requirement (EER) of (89x12 -100) + 20 = 988 kcals

Age/Gender

Weight (kg)

Height (m)

Sedentary PAL (kcal/d)

Low Active PAL (kcal/d)

Active PAL (kcal/day)

Very Active PAL (kcal/d)

3 – Boy 14.3 0.95 1162 1324 1485 1683

4 – Boy 16.2 1.02 1215 1390 1566 1783

5 – Boy 18.4 1.09 1275 1466 1658 1894

3 – Girl 13.9 0.94 1080 1243 1395 1649

4 – Girl 15.8 1.01 1133 1310 1475 1750

5 – Girl 17.9 1.08 1189 1379 1557 185422

Page 23: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Protein Needs• Ingestion of high-quality protein (such as milk and other

animal products) lowers the amount of total protein needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids

• RDA- Recommended dietary allowances -average daily dietary intake levels sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals in a population group.

Age RDA (based on average weight for age) g/kg/d

1-3 years 1.1 g/kg/day or 13 g/day

3-8 years 0.95 g/kg/day or 19 g/day

23

Page 24: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Vitamins and Minerals• Most children from birth to 5 years are meeting targeted

levels of consumption of most nutrients (analysis from NHANES I, II, III)

• …with the exception of iron, calcium, and zinc

Age Iron (mg/d) (RDA)

Zinc (mg/d)(RDA)

Calcium (mg/d)(AI)

1-3 years 7 3 500

4-8 years 10 5 800

24

Page 25: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

IRON• Good sources of iron

Food Amount Iron (mg)

Baked beans ½ cup 3.0

Pork 3 oz 2.7

Chicken 3 oz 1.0

Breakfast cereals, iron fortified

1 cup 8.0 (4-18)

Prune juice 1 cup 9.0

Raisins ¼ cup 1.3

Lima beans ½ cup 2.2

Peas ½ cup 1.5

25

Page 26: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

ZINC• Good sources of zinc

Food Amount Zinc (mg)

Beef 3 oz 4.6

Turkey ham 3 oz 2.5

Pork 3 oz 2.4

Chicken 3 oz 2.0

Dried beans, cooked

½ cup 1.0

Split peas, cooked ½ cup 0.9

Breakfast cereal, fortified

1 cup 1.5-4.0

Oatmeal, cooked 1 cup 1.2

Peanut butter 2 T 0.9

Cheddar cheese 1 oz 1.1

26

Page 27: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

CALCIUM• Adequate calcium intake in childhood affects peak bone mass• 21% of children 2-8 years consume less than their DRI for

calcium• Milk & milk products• Lowfat yogurt, milk, cheese, pudding, ice cream, frozen yogurt

cottage cheese• Vegetables• Spinach, kale, broccoli

• Legumes• Tofu, beans

• Foods fortified with calcium• OJ, frozen waffles, soymilk, breakfast cereals

27

Page 28: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Common Nutrition Problems in Toddlers & PreschoolersIron-deficiency anemia, dental caries, constipation, diarrhea, lead poisoning, food security, food safety

28

Page 29: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Iron-Deficiency Anemia• NWS-21.1• Reduce iron deficiency among children aged 1-2 years; 15.9% in

2005-2008 to 14.3%• NWS-21.2• Reduce iron deficiency among children aged 3-4 years; 5.3% in

2005-2008 to 4.3%• For children 2-5 years, hemoglobin value <11.1 g/dL or

hematocrit <33.0% is diagnostic of iron-deficiency anemia.• Rapid growth rate coupled with frequently inadequate intake

of dietary iron, places toddlers (especially 9-18 month olds) at the highest risk for iron deficiency

• Iron deficiency anemia in young children appears to cause long-term delays in cognitive development and behavioral disturbances.

29

Page 30: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Preventing Iron Deficiency• Children at high risk for iron deficiency should be tested

between ages of 9-12 months, 6 months later, then annually from ages 2-5• Children at risk:

• Low income children• Recently arrived refugee children• Low-iron diet• Consume >24 oz of milk/day• Limited access to food due to poverty/neglect• Special healthcare needs (chronic illness, IEM)

• Treatment:• Supplementation with iron drops, 3 mg/kg/day• Counsel parents or caretakers about diet 30

Page 31: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Dental Caries• 1 in 5 children ages 2-4 years have decay in the primary or

permanent teeth• Primary cause = habitual use of a bottle with milk or fruit juice

at bedtime or throughout the day• “baby-bottle tooth decay”

• Incidence is highest among Hispanic, American Indian, and Alaska Native children, and among children whose parents have less than a high school education

31

Page 32: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Fluoride• If water supply is not adequately fluoridated, then a

supplement is recommended.• American Dental Association, American Academy of Pediatrics,

and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry:• Children 6 months – 3 years need 0.25 mg/day if water supply

has <0.3 ppm of fluoride• Children 3-6 years need 0.5 mg/day if water supply has <0.3 ppm,

or 0.25 mg/day if 0.3-0.6 ppm of fluoride in water supply• Fluorosis – excessive fluoride supplementation, consumption

of fluoride toothpaste, and high fluoride levels in water supply, leads to permanent staining of enamel of teeth

32

Page 33: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Constipation• Hard & dry stools associated with painful bowel movements• Diets adequate in total or dietary fiber guard against

constipation

• Whole grain breads and cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables

• Avoid too much fiber, however, as it can easily cause diarrhea in young children

Adequate Intake of Total Fiber for Children

1-3 years of age 19g/day of total fiber

3-8 years of age 25g/day of total fiber

33

Page 34: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Diarrhea• Acute Diarrhea• Goes along with an infection or from contamination of food or

drinking water• Fever, vomiting• Dangerous because child will likely feel ill and nauseated and will

refuse fluids & foods and sleep more (cause dehydration)• Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea• Child is not sick• Eats well, normal pattern of growth and development• Excessively frequent or watery bowel pattern• Can last a day or several months or as long as 3 years• Can be caused by distortion in their diet, a cold, change in water

or schedule, antibiotics 34

Page 35: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Managing Acute Diarrhea• Maintain an adequate fluid intake to correct the fluid loss• Tiny sips of fluid (water, fruit juices, soda pop, ginger ale, jello,

clear broth)• Crushed ice or popsicles• Limit fruit and juice intake• Hold down on sugar• Avoid artificial sweeteners• Make sure the diet has enough fat in it• Include yogurt

35

Page 36: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Lead Poisoning• 2.2% of children ages 1-5 have high blood lead levels,

exceeding 10 mcg/dL• High blood lead levels affect brain and kidney function• Low-level exposure to lead associated with behavioral

problems, decreased IQ, decreased growth• Lead-based paint chips, lead-soldered water pipes, canned

goods from other countries, dirt, lead weights, ceramic glazes, pewter

• Screening in children living in houses built before 1950, living in poverty, having a sibling with high blood lead levels, Medicaid, WIC

• Adequate dietary calcium intake appears to protect against high blood lead levels by decreasing absorption of lead.

36

Page 37: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Food Security• NWS-12• Eliminate very low food

security among children; 1.3% of households with children had very low food security among children in 2008 to 0.2%

• Children who are hungry and have multiple experiences with food insufficiency are more likely to exhibit behavioral, emotional, and academic problems as compared to other children who do not experience hunger repeatedly.

37

Page 38: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Food Safety• Young children especially vulnerable to food poisoning

because they can become ill from smaller doses of organisms• Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, Listeria

monocytogenes• Campylobacter: Raw poultry, undercooked poultry, raw milk,

nonchlorinated water, handling infected animal or human feces• Salmonella: raw/undercooked eggs, raw cookie dough• E. coli 0157:H7: contaminated undercooked hamburger meat,

unpasteurized apple cider/juice, unpasteurized milk

38

Page 39: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

FightBAC

• Contamination of food can occur at any point along the way from production to consumption

• Food safety education program, FightBAC, developed by the Partnership for Food Safety Education

39

Page 40: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Prevention of Nutrition-Related DisordersOverweight/Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

40

Page 41: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Overweight/Obesity• NWS-10-1• Reduce the proportion of children aged 2-5 years who are

considered obese; 10.7% in 2005-2008 to 9.6%• Children with BMI > 85th percentile with complications (htn,

gallbladder disease) or >95th percentile should be evaluated and possibly treated for obesity.

• Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled.

• Hispanic male children more overweight than white male children.

• Hispanic and black female children more likely to be overweight than white female children. 41

Page 42: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Overweight/Obesity• Maintaining weight while gaining height can be the best

treatment for obese children between the ages of 2 and 7.• If child already exhibits secondary complications, such as htn,

high cholesterol, or triglyceride levels, gradual weight loss may be indicated.

• Sufficient nutrients must be provided for children to reach full height potential and to remain healthy.

• Family education & involvement• Increasing physical activity, offering

nutrient-dense snacks, focusing on behavior change not weight changes.

42

Page 43: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Cardiovascular Disease

• Children with familial hyperlipidemia and obese children can have high levels of LDL cholesterol.

• Fatty streaks, which can be precursors to the buildup of fat deposits in blood vessels, have been found in the arteries of young children.

• AHA & AAP recommend children 2-3 to have 30-35% of total energy from fat

• Children 4+, 25-35% of total energy from fat• Children with familial hyperlipidemia need periodic screening,

saturated fat <7%, <200 mg cholesterol/day

43

Page 44: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Insulin Resistance• Acanthosis Nigricans• indicative of positive insulin resistance• Dark, velvety rash on back of neck• People who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop

AN, and it often lessens or goes away with weight loss• CARDIAC Project in WV• AN screening began in 2006-2007 for kindergarteners• Total of 189 (1.6%) had confirmed AN from ‘06-’07 to ’11-’12

44

Page 45: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements• Children who consume a variety of basic foods can meet all of

their nutrient needs without vitamin or mineral supplements.• AAP recommends vitamin and mineral supplementation for

children who are at high risk of developing or have one or more nutrient deficiencies:• From deprived families/abuse/neglect• Anorexia/poor appetite/poor eating habits• “fad diet” or only consumes a few types of foods• Vegetarians without dairy products

45

Page 46: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements• NHANES III : Approximately 50% of 3-year-olds in the US are given

a vitamin and mineral supplement by their parents.• Mothers who give supplements to their children:• Non-Hispanic white, older, more years of education, married, have life

insurance, greater household income, took prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, receive care from a private health care provider

46

Page 47: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Dietary Recommendations• MyPyramid:• 4 year old male, 60+ minutes of physical activity• 5 oz grains• 2 cups vegetables• 1 ½ cup fruits• 3 cups milk• 5 oz meat/beans• 5 tsps oil/day• Limit extras – solidfats and sugars to 130 calories per day.

47

Page 48: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Key Dietary Recommendations• Variety, variety, variety!• ½ of grains should be whole• Children 2-8 years should drink 2 cups per day of fat-free or

low-fat milk or equivalent milk products• Most fats should come from unsaturated sources – fish, nuts,

vegetable oils• Beans, lean meats, poultry added as appropriate• Foods high in fat and sugar should be limited in diet• AHA recommends introducing and regularly serving fish to

children• EPA and FDA advise fish and shellfish lower in mercury

48

Page 49: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Fats• Appropriate amount of fat in diet needed to meet needs for

calories, essential fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins.• Foods high in fat should be used sparingly, especially those

high in saturated and trans fat• Good sources of essential fatty acid linoleic acid: peanut,

canola, corn, safflower, other vegetable oils• Good sources of essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid:

flaxseed, soy, canola oil• Vitamin E: corn, soybean, safflower oils

49

Page 50: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Fluids• Healthy toddlers and preschoolers will consume enough fluid

through beverages, foods, and sips and glasses of water.• Fluid requirements increase with fever, vomiting, diarrhea,

and when children are in hot, dry, or humid conditions.• Approximately 50% of 2-5 year olds consume soft drinks• Children who consume >9 oz of soft drinks per day consume

more calories and less milk and fruit juice than those with lower consumptions of regular soft drinks.

50

Page 51: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Where do kids eat?• According to the USDA report Food and Nutrient Intakes by

Children, about 25% of children ages 4-8 years consumed fast food

• 52% of 3-5 year olds eat away from home daily• Fast food restaurants, day care centers, friends’ houses

• NWS-1• Increase the number of states with nutrition standards for food

and beverages provided to preschool aged children in childcare; 24 states in 2006 to 34 states

51

Page 52: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Vegetarian Diets• Young children need energy-dense foods to reduce the total

amount of food required• Guidelines:• Allow the child to eat several times a day (ie: 3 meals, 2 snacks)• Avoid serving the child bran and an excessive amount of bulky

foods, such as bran muffins and raw fruits and vegetables• Include in the diet some sources of energy-dense foods such as

cheese and avocado• Include enough fat (at least 30% of total calories) and a source of

omega-3 fatty acids, such as canola or soybean oils• Include sources of vitamin B12, D, and calcium, or supplement if

required52

Page 53: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Food Allergies• Estimated to be present in 2-8% of children• Usually identified in toddlers and preschoolers because allergy

testing in infancy is not useful due to the incomplete development of the immune system

• Anaphylaxis: sudden onset of a reaction with mild to severe symptoms, including a decrease in ability to breathe, which may be severe enough to cause a coma• Milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, walnuts, soy, fish

• Strict and complete avoidance of the food that causes the allergy is required

53

Page 54: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Physical Activity• 60+ minutes on most, preferably all, days of the week• Taking a nature walk• Riding a tricycle or bicycle• Walking, skipping, running• Free play outdoors• Running, swimming, tumbling, throwing, catching under adult

supervision for preschoolers

54

Page 55: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Screen Time• PA-8.2.1• Increase the proportion of children ages 2-5 who view TV, videos,

or played video games for no more than 2 hours a day; 75.6% in 2005-2008 to 83.2%

• No TV viewing for children less than 2 years of age• Screen time limited to less than 2 hours a day for all other

ages.

55

Page 56: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Public Food and Nutrition ProgramsWIC, Headstart, MyPlate, Choosy , Eatright.org, CARDIAC, NSLP, other USDA nutrition programs

56

Page 57: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• USDA – Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

• Participation in WIC services improves the growth, iron status, and the quality of dietary intake of nutritionally at-risk infants and children up to age 5 years.

• For every $1 invested in the program, $3 in health care costs are saved

• To qualify: children must live in a low-income household (185% or less federal poverty level) and be at “nutrition risk”

• Nutrition risk: iron-deficiency anemia, under-weight, overweight, chronic illness, or consumes inadequate diet

57

Page 58: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• WIC provides the following services for eligible participants:• Free vouchers for specific, nutritious foods• Nutrition education in the form of one-on-one counseling with a

dietitian, group classes, or grocery store tours• Low-cost or free immunizations for children• Breastfeeding services in the form of one-on-one counseling with

a lactation consultant. Breastfeeding pumps are also available for lactating mothers in a limited supply

• Screening and referrals to other health, welfare and social services

• Vouchers for food items such as milk, juice, eggs, cheese, peanut butter, beans, eggs, bread, and fortified cereals are given to eligible families.

• $20 voucher to spend at farmer’s market

58

Page 59: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• US Department of Health and Human Services, initiated in 1965

• Comprehensive child development programs• Education, early childhood development, medical, dental, mental

health services, nutrition services, parent education• Serving children 0-5 years of age, pregnant women, and

families• Nearly 1 million US children participate• Goal: increase the readiness for school of children from low-

income families (75% of Head Start families have incomes <$12,000 annually)

59

Page 60: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• Head Start projects provide meals and snacks as well as nutrition assessment and education for children and their parents

• Head Start has been shown to improve children’s health:• Lower incidence of anemia• Receive more immunizations• Have better nutrition and improved overall health

• 9 locations in Morgantown, West Virginia• http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/hs

60

Page 61: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• “Choosy Kids, LLC is a company devoted to promoting healthy, active lifestyles. It was founded on the belief that healthy preferences for food choices and physical activity can be developed early in life. Choosy Kids honors the role that Parents, Early Educators, and Health Providers play in helping children develop healthy preferences.”• Role model is “Choosy”• Music that appeals to kids and adults• Practical suggestions • Appropriate activities that promote active learning

61

Page 62: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Who is Choosy?• As an ambassador for healthy children, Choosy wants to

help prevent childhood obesity.• Choosy is a role model who encourages healthy decision-

making from all of us.• Choosy assists parents, teachers, and health professionals

by supplying consistent health messages.• Choosy recognizes that preferences for food and physical

activity are "learned" from others early in life.• Choosy helps grown ups to intentionally facilitate

movement and nutrition experiences of young children so that healthy preferences are reinforced early and often.

• Choosy helps to promote healthy messages and behaviors in homes, child care centers, agencies, and schools with lively songs, activities, and helpful materials.

• Choosy's name is tied to his behavior, and his message is simple: Be Choosy Be Healthy

62

Page 63: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• “I have twins in the Choosy Kids Club. Between the two of them there are very few days that go by when one of them doesn’t mention doing something “The Choosy Way.” Whenever we have a chance to ride an elevator the boys look around for stairs and tell me the stairs are more “choosy.””

• “My daughter loves the character Choosy so much that she has made many attempts at trying to perfect drawing him. She has memorized the Choosy song, and when making her lunch for school or choosing an after school snack she will often ask if it is a “Choosy food.”” 63

Page 64: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• 13 site coordinators, 640 preceptors, and hundreds of health science students identify children and their families at risk of CVD

• Goal: to help provide, through collaboration with others, interventions that will facilitate knowledge, positive attitudes, and desired behaviors in children related to health risk factors

• Blood pressure, weight, height, and blood lipid testing.• Testing has been done in Kindergarten, 2nd grade, 5th grade, 8th

grade, and 9th grade.• More than 17,199 Kindergarteners have been screened from

2003-2012.

64

Page 65: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• In 2011-2012, 868 of 2435 eligible Kindergarten students were screened in 8 participating counties (35.6%)

• 601 students underweight/normal• 149 students overweight• 118 students obese• 0.7% (6 students) had confirmed Acanthosis Nigricans

69.20%

17.20%

13.60%

<85th Percentile85th-94th Percentile>95th Percentile

65

Page 66: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

National School Lunch Program• Operates in more than 99,800 public and nonprofit private

school and residential child care institutions.• In 2007, it provided nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free

lunches to more than 30.6 million school children each day• Locations receive reimbursement dollars, and offer

free/reduced-price lunches to eligible children and meet specific nutrition guidelines.• At or below 130% poverty level, free lunch• 130%-185% poverty level, reduced-price lunch

66

Page 67: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

NSLP Patterns (per lunch minimums)Food Group 1-2 years of age 3-4 years of age

Lean meat, poultry, or fish

1 oz 1 ½ oz

Cheese 1 oz 1 ½ oz

Large egg(s) ½ ¾

Cooked dry beans or peas

¼ cup 3/8 cup

Peanut Butter 2 Tablespoons 3 Tablespoons

Yogurt ½ cup ¾ cup

Peanuts, soynuts, tree nuts, or seeds

½ oz ¾ oz

Vegetable/Fruit, 2 servings, both to total

½ cup ½ cup

Bread or Bread Alternative

5 servings/week 8 servings/week

1 serving of fluid milk ¾ cup ¾ cup67

Page 68: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Other USDA Food Assistance Programs• School Breakfast Program• Established in 1966, made permanent in 1975

• After School Snack Program• Established in 1998

• Special Milk Program for Children• Summer Food Service Program for Children• Created in 1968

68

Page 69: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Charleston Gazette

• http://wvgazette.com/News/theshapewerein/201204070047• “Success from scratch: Seven counties feed kids fresh food

daily”• Last summer, seven of West Virginia's poorest counties -

Lincoln, Mingo, McDowell, Clay, Gilmer, Fayette and Mason - agreed to try cooking lunch and breakfast with fresh ingredients all year, five days a week. They would offer meals free to all students who want to eat.

• Superintendent Jorea Marple wants to spread healthy cooking statewide. Their challenge: Prove it can be done. Avoid fattening, processed, prepackaged food. Find things kids like, and stay within budget. 69

Page 70: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

“Success from scratch: Seven counties feed kids fresh food daily”

• Since September, the number of children eating school breakfast in the seven counties has nearly doubled - from 42% to 75%.

• Principal Workman credits several things for the boom in eaters: • The children like the food because we have wonderful cooks.• The kids get choices with the salad bar. • When everybody eats free, more kids eat.• Staff encourages students to try new foods• Familiarizes children with a variety of vegetables and fruits.

• "I got a call from a mother who said her son came home and asked if they could have asparagus for dinner. She said, 'I never in the world would have thought he'd eat that.'"

70

Page 71: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Key ResourcesEat Right, Kids Eat Right, Books, Websites, Twitter, Pinterest

71

Page 72: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• http://www.choosemyplate.gov/preschoolers.html• Provides health and nutrition information for parents,

caregivers, and professionals• Topics include:• Daily food plan for preschoolers• Growth during preschool years• Developing healthy eating habits• Picky eating• Physical activity• Food safety• Meal & snack patterns and ideas• Phrases that help & hinder handout 72

Page 73: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics• Under “Public” tab, click on “Children’s Health”• Sections on childhood obesity, nutrition for infants and toddlers,

eat right at school, and get moving.• Dozens of articles written for the public

• Relevant articles for toddlers/preschoolers include:• Size-wise nutrition for preschool-age children• Reducing the risk from food allergies• Raising healthy eaters from preschool to high school• Introducing solid foods to toddlers• Feeding vegetarian and vegan infants and toddlers• Coping with picky eating phases• Food safety tips, promoting positive body image in kids, breakfast

ideas, family dinner ideas

73

Page 74: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

74

Page 75: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

• Website by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics• Articles, tips, recipes, and videos• Toddler article examples:• “Picnic with your Toddler! The Perfect Mix of Food and Fun!”

• By Karen Ansel, MS RD• “How to Avoid Choking”

• By Roberta Duyff, MS RD FADA

• Preschooler article examples:• “Healthy Eats at the Amusement Park”• “Talk to Your Child About Weight”• “When Should My Kids Snack?”

• By Jo Ellen Shield, MED RD LD & Mary Mullen, MS RD 75

Page 76: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Books

Division of Responsibility in Feeding the Toddler

• Parents are responsible for what is presented to eat and the manner which it is presented (when and where)

• The parent is not responsible for:• How much a child eats• Whether he eats• How his body turns out

76

Page 77: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Books• To promote good attitudes about food and

good nutrition, it is important for your meals to be significant and pleasant.

• Significant:• Meal on table• Someone in household planned, purchased,

prepared food• Family showed up to eat meal, pay attention to

it, spend some time over it• Pleasant:• Don’t argue, fight, or scold

• Consider timing, seating arrangements, eating mechanics, don’t enforce food consumption

77

Page 78: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Books• Tips for basic rules for raising a healthy eater;

troubleshooting for picky eaters; meals, snacks, and beverages; activity; nutrition and health issues

• Tip 47 – Plan a taste test challenge• Make child “official food tasting judge”• Use a blindfold, and a sip of water between

each sample to cleanse palate• Prepare 2 different vegetables in different ways• Not everything will taste good, but the goal is

to follow the “one bite rule” by tasting at least one bite.

• Appendix in the back includes 22 recipes 78

Page 79: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Books• Chapter 10 & 11: Toddler and

Preschooler Nutrition• Normal growth & development• Physiological and cognitive development• Energy and nutrient needs• Common nutrition problems• Prevention of nutrition-related disorders• Dietary and physical activity

recommendations• Nutrition intervention for risk reduction• Public food and nutrition programs• Chronic conditions• Feeding problems• Food allergies and intolerances

79

Page 80: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Books• Community Nutrition in Action• Gives descriptions of childhood nutrition

programs• National School Lunch Program• School Breakfast Program• After School Snack Program• Special Milk Program for Children• Summer Food Service Program for Children• Food Distribution Program• Head Start• Eat Smart. Play Hard.• Farm to School Programs• Fruits & Veggies – More Matters

80

Page 81: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Websites• USDA’s “Eat Smart. Play Hard.”• http://www.fns.usda.gov/eatsmartplayhardhealthylifestyle/

• National Farm to School Programs• http://www.farmtoschool.org/

• Fruits& Veggies – More Matters• http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/

• CDC Growth Charts• http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/

• National Institute of Child Health and Development• http://www.nichd.nih.gov/

• Action for Healthy Kids• http://www.actionforhealthykids.org/

• West Virginia WIC• http://ons.wvdhhr.org/

• Ellyn Satter, Associates• http://www.ellynsatter.com/

81

Page 82: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Websites• Healthy People 2020• http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/

• CDC Data & Statistics• http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html

• USDA’s Food & Nutrition Services Programs• http://www.fns.usda.gov/child-nutrition-programs

• USDA’s Choose My Plate• http://www.choosemyplate.gov/preschoolers.html

• Choosy Program• http://www.choosykids.com/CK2/

• Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics – Children’s Health• http://www.eatright.org/Public/landing.aspx?TaxID=6442451994

• Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics - Kids Eat Right• http://www.eatright.org/kids/

• The CARDIAC Project• http://www.cardiacwv.org/

82

Page 83: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Websites• Charleston Gazette’s “The Shape We’re In” – Resources for Parents• http://wvgazette.com/News/theshapewerein/201202110047

• Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine• http://www.kidsnutrition.org/

• Dairy Council of California• http://www.healthyeating.org/

• American Academy of Pediatrics• http://www.aap.org

• Childhood Obesity Prevention Partnership• http://www.kidnetic.com/

• International Life Sciences Institute’s Take10! Program• http://www.take10.net/

• Let’s Move! Campaign• http://www.letsmove.gov/

83

Page 84: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

@SchoolLunch@letsmove

@healthyschools@schoolfoodFOCUS@joannadolgoffMD

@JollyTomato@Fruits_Veggies@Veggiecation

@KidsCookMonday@lunchboxproject

84

Page 85: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

http://pinterest.com/myplaterecipes/

85

Page 86: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

Conclusion• The eating habits established in toddler & preschool years impact

food habits and health later in life.• Variety of food• Helping with preparation, choosing, cooking of meals• Making mealtime pleasant• Good nutrition (iron, calcium, zinc)• Staying physically active

• Common nutrition problems/disorders include:• Dental caries• Iron-deficiency anemia• Constipation/diarrhea• Lead poisoning• Overweight/obesity• Insulin resistance• Cardiovascular disease

86

Page 87: Toddler and Prechooler Nutrition

The EndQuestions?

87