10 December 2013 Dutch policy on sustainable cocoa Lucie Wassink.
Today - University of Washingtonfaculty.washington.edu/wassink/LING200/lect17_psych2.pdf · Today...
Transcript of Today - University of Washingtonfaculty.washington.edu/wassink/LING200/lect17_psych2.pdf · Today...
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Today How do children acquire language? Innateness Critical period
Reading: 9.3
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Language acquisition How do children learn language?
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Imitation?Observation: Children of French-speaking
parents speak French
Conclusion: Children must learn languageby imitating their parents
BUT…
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Sometimes language is notimitated
Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we pattedthem.
Adult: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits? Child: Yes. Adult: What did you say she did? Child: She holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. Adult: Did you say she held them tightly? Child: No, she holded them loosely.
Conclusion: Child has learned the Englishregular past tense rule. But her grammar doesnot admit exceptions to this rule (irregular verbs)
Source: CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). B MacWhinney & C. Snow ()
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Sometimes language is notimitated
Children say things parents never say Phonological: [fIs] ‘fish’, [gagi] ‘doggie’ Morphological: goed, runned, mouses Syntactic: “I am cute, amn’t I?
= Overgeneralizations: when learned rules areapplied incorrectly (via hypothesis testing) toirregular forms
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Teaching/reinforcement? Maybe children are taught rules that are
reinforced when applied correctly, and arecorrected when applied in error
BUT…
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Sometimes language is not taught We know many rules of language that we
were not taught
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Phonological rules Past tense of:
walk jog lift
Add [-t], [-d], or [´d]
Plural of: cat dog fish
Add [-s], [-z], or [-´z]
Allomorph: a variant of a morpheme
--morphemes appear in different forms,depending on the phonetic context inwhich they occur
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Morphological rules Expletive infixation:
Insert expletive (e.g., ‘bloody’, ‘freakin’,‘f*ckin’…) into a word for emphasis
e.g., fan-bloody-tastic abso-freakin’-lutely guaran-dam*-tee ri-goshdarn-diculous
Oklahoma, California, Texas? Iowa?
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And...we sometimes don’t learn things when they are
explicitly pointed out...
I gots a quextion. You mean ‘I have a question?’ I have a quextion. Question [kwEs-tS´n]. Quextion…
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Sometimes language can’t be taughtChild: Nobody don’t like me.Adult: No, say “Nobody likes me.”Child: Nobody don’t like me.
(dialogue repeated eight times)
Adult: Now, listen carefully. Say, “Nobody likes me.”Child: Oh, nobody don’t likes me.
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How do we acquire language?The Problem:
Rules of grammar are unconscious Language learning process is
unconscious
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Solution: Innateness Humans are genetically predisposed to
acquire language Humans draw upon innate knowledge
when learning language Such innate knowledge is known as
Universal Grammar
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Evidence for innateness Critical Period
Eric Lenneberg (1960s) There is a critical period of time (from birth
until about puberty) when language must beacquired; after this period, normal languageacquisition cannot take place
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Support for critical period Brain plasticity: children, but not adults,
can recover from severe left hemispheredamage Younger children recover more completely
than older children
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Support for critical period ‘Wild Children’
Children with little or no exposure tolanguage due to unfortunate circumstances
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Genie Discovered in 1970, 13 1/2 yrs. old She was never spoken to or allowed to
speak After intervention, began to learn language,
though slowly But she never learned language normally
(level of 2 1/2 yrs. old)