10/29/1010/29/10BR- Where did the limestone BR- Where did the limestone blocks used to build the great blocks used to build the great pyramids (Khufu, Kephren, pyramids (Khufu, Kephren, Menkaure) come from?Menkaure) come from?

10/29/1010/29/10BR- Where did the limestone BR- Where did the limestone blocks used to build the great blocks used to build the great pyramids (Khufu, Kephren, pyramids (Khufu, Kephren, Menkaure) come from?Menkaure) come from?

TodayToday: Understanding the Purpose : Understanding the Purpose and Content of the Egyptian and Content of the Egyptian Book Book of the Deadof the Dead

TodayToday: Understanding the Purpose : Understanding the Purpose and Content of the Egyptian and Content of the Egyptian Book Book of the Deadof the Dead

- Late Work Is Due Monday, November 8

The Egyptian Book of the The Egyptian Book of the DeadDead

The Egyptian Book of the The Egyptian Book of the DeadDead

What we call the Egyptian Book of the Dead was known to the What we call the Egyptian Book of the Dead was known to the Egyptians as Egyptians as Reu nu pert em hruReu nu pert em hru translated that means “The Chapters translated that means “The Chapters

of coming forth by day.” It is a collection of chapters made up of of coming forth by day.” It is a collection of chapters made up of magic spells and formulas. It was illustrated and written on papyrus. magic spells and formulas. It was illustrated and written on papyrus. These papyri were commissioned by the deceased before their death. These papyri were commissioned by the deceased before their death. Like most products these text came in different qualities. You could Like most products these text came in different qualities. You could

commission the finest quality papyrus money could buy or you could commission the finest quality papyrus money could buy or you could purchase one "off the rack" and have a scribe fill in the blanks with purchase one "off the rack" and have a scribe fill in the blanks with

your name.your name.

What we call the Egyptian Book of the Dead was known to the What we call the Egyptian Book of the Dead was known to the Egyptians as Egyptians as Reu nu pert em hruReu nu pert em hru translated that means “The Chapters translated that means “The Chapters

of coming forth by day.” It is a collection of chapters made up of of coming forth by day.” It is a collection of chapters made up of magic spells and formulas. It was illustrated and written on papyrus. magic spells and formulas. It was illustrated and written on papyrus. These papyri were commissioned by the deceased before their death. These papyri were commissioned by the deceased before their death. Like most products these text came in different qualities. You could Like most products these text came in different qualities. You could

commission the finest quality papyrus money could buy or you could commission the finest quality papyrus money could buy or you could purchase one "off the rack" and have a scribe fill in the blanks with purchase one "off the rack" and have a scribe fill in the blanks with

your name.your name.

TThis collection of funerary chapters began to appear in Egyptian his collection of funerary chapters began to appear in Egyptian

tombs around 1600 BC. It can be thought of as the deceased's tombs around 1600 BC. It can be thought of as the deceased's

guidebook to a happy afterlife. The text was intended to be guidebook to a happy afterlife. The text was intended to be

read by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld. read by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld.

It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles and not lose It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles and not lose

their way. It did this by teaching passwords, giving clues, and their way. It did this by teaching passwords, giving clues, and

revealing routes that would allow the deceased to answer revealing routes that would allow the deceased to answer

questions and navigate around hazards. It would grant the help questions and navigate around hazards. It would grant the help

and protection of the gods while proclaiming the deceased's and protection of the gods while proclaiming the deceased's

identity with the gods. The Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest identity with the gods. The Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest

and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary

text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British

Museum, London.Museum, London.

TThis collection of funerary chapters began to appear in Egyptian his collection of funerary chapters began to appear in Egyptian

tombs around 1600 BC. It can be thought of as the deceased's tombs around 1600 BC. It can be thought of as the deceased's

guidebook to a happy afterlife. The text was intended to be guidebook to a happy afterlife. The text was intended to be

read by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld. read by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld.

It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles and not lose It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles and not lose

their way. It did this by teaching passwords, giving clues, and their way. It did this by teaching passwords, giving clues, and

revealing routes that would allow the deceased to answer revealing routes that would allow the deceased to answer

questions and navigate around hazards. It would grant the help questions and navigate around hazards. It would grant the help

and protection of the gods while proclaiming the deceased's and protection of the gods while proclaiming the deceased's

identity with the gods. The Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest identity with the gods. The Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest

and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary

text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British

Museum, London.Museum, London.

The Funeral Procession of the Royal The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.From the Papyrus of Ani. Scribe Ani.From the Papyrus of Ani. (c. 1400 B.C.)The British Museum, (c. 1400 B.C.)The British Museum, LondonLondon

The Funeral Procession of the Royal The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.From the Papyrus of Ani. Scribe Ani.From the Papyrus of Ani. (c. 1400 B.C.)The British Museum, (c. 1400 B.C.)The British Museum, LondonLondon

• TThe Egyptians believed that the human soul used the he Egyptians believed that the human soul used the first night after death to travel into the afterlife. first night after death to travel into the afterlife. However, the body, which the Egyptians believed However, the body, which the Egyptians believed was an essential element to the afterlife had to be was an essential element to the afterlife had to be mummified to preserve it for eternity. The mummified to preserve it for eternity. The mummification process took 72 days to perform mummification process took 72 days to perform properly. This was the time to put finishing touches properly. This was the time to put finishing touches on the tomb and to pack all the deceased's worldly on the tomb and to pack all the deceased's worldly possessions, which surely would be needed in the possessions, which surely would be needed in the afterlife.afterlife.

• TThe Egyptians believed that the human soul used the he Egyptians believed that the human soul used the first night after death to travel into the afterlife. first night after death to travel into the afterlife. However, the body, which the Egyptians believed However, the body, which the Egyptians believed was an essential element to the afterlife had to be was an essential element to the afterlife had to be mummified to preserve it for eternity. The mummified to preserve it for eternity. The mummification process took 72 days to perform mummification process took 72 days to perform properly. This was the time to put finishing touches properly. This was the time to put finishing touches on the tomb and to pack all the deceased's worldly on the tomb and to pack all the deceased's worldly possessions, which surely would be needed in the possessions, which surely would be needed in the afterlife.afterlife.

The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.

• There are men carrying more of Ani's belongings. The group of There are men carrying more of Ani's belongings. The group of women in clothed in blue are a party of paid, professional mourners women in clothed in blue are a party of paid, professional mourners who wail and pat dirt on their heads. This was an Egyptian show of who wail and pat dirt on their heads. This was an Egyptian show of mourning. The cow and calf are food offerings that will be used for mourning. The cow and calf are food offerings that will be used for the funeral feast.the funeral feast.

• Ani's mummy stands before the entrance of his tomb, in the Ani's mummy stands before the entrance of his tomb, in the protective embrace of Anubis. His wife mourns at his feet. Behind protective embrace of Anubis. His wife mourns at his feet. Behind her are offerings and three priests. One reads from a papyrus, while her are offerings and three priests. One reads from a papyrus, while the other two are about to perform an important ceremony called the other two are about to perform an important ceremony called the "opening of the mouth and eyes." This ceremony was thought to the "opening of the mouth and eyes." This ceremony was thought to restore the mummy's ability to see, breathe, eat and drinkrestore the mummy's ability to see, breathe, eat and drink

• There are men carrying more of Ani's belongings. The group of There are men carrying more of Ani's belongings. The group of women in clothed in blue are a party of paid, professional mourners women in clothed in blue are a party of paid, professional mourners who wail and pat dirt on their heads. This was an Egyptian show of who wail and pat dirt on their heads. This was an Egyptian show of mourning. The cow and calf are food offerings that will be used for mourning. The cow and calf are food offerings that will be used for the funeral feast.the funeral feast.

• Ani's mummy stands before the entrance of his tomb, in the Ani's mummy stands before the entrance of his tomb, in the protective embrace of Anubis. His wife mourns at his feet. Behind protective embrace of Anubis. His wife mourns at his feet. Behind her are offerings and three priests. One reads from a papyrus, while her are offerings and three priests. One reads from a papyrus, while the other two are about to perform an important ceremony called the other two are about to perform an important ceremony called the "opening of the mouth and eyes." This ceremony was thought to the "opening of the mouth and eyes." This ceremony was thought to restore the mummy's ability to see, breathe, eat and drinkrestore the mummy's ability to see, breathe, eat and drink

The Entrance to the TombThe Entrance to the TombThe Entrance to the TombThe Entrance to the Tomb

The Hall of MaatThe Hall of MaatThe Hall of MaatThe Hall of Maat• The Hall of Maat is where the judgment of the dead was performed. This was The Hall of Maat is where the judgment of the dead was performed. This was

done by weighing one's heart (conscience) against the feather of Maat (truth and done by weighing one's heart (conscience) against the feather of Maat (truth and justice). Here we see Anubis leading Ani to the scales of Maat. Anubis weights justice). Here we see Anubis leading Ani to the scales of Maat. Anubis weights Ani’s heart against the feather to see if he is worthy of joining the gods in the Ani’s heart against the feather to see if he is worthy of joining the gods in the Fields of Peace. Ammut is also present, as a demon waiting to devour Hunefer's Fields of Peace. Ammut is also present, as a demon waiting to devour Hunefer's heart should he prove unworthy. Thoth stands to the right of the scales recording heart should he prove unworthy. Thoth stands to the right of the scales recording the results. Having passed this test Ani is now lead by Horus to meet the King of the results. Having passed this test Ani is now lead by Horus to meet the King of the dead, Osiris. The throne of Osiris rests on a pool of water from which a lotus the dead, Osiris. The throne of Osiris rests on a pool of water from which a lotus flower is growing, upon the lotus stand the four sons of Horus. Behind the throne flower is growing, upon the lotus stand the four sons of Horus. Behind the throne of Osiris stands Isis and her sister Nephthys.of Osiris stands Isis and her sister Nephthys.

• The Hall of Maat is where the judgment of the dead was performed. This was The Hall of Maat is where the judgment of the dead was performed. This was done by weighing one's heart (conscience) against the feather of Maat (truth and done by weighing one's heart (conscience) against the feather of Maat (truth and justice). Here we see Anubis leading Ani to the scales of Maat. Anubis weights justice). Here we see Anubis leading Ani to the scales of Maat. Anubis weights Ani’s heart against the feather to see if he is worthy of joining the gods in the Ani’s heart against the feather to see if he is worthy of joining the gods in the Fields of Peace. Ammut is also present, as a demon waiting to devour Hunefer's Fields of Peace. Ammut is also present, as a demon waiting to devour Hunefer's heart should he prove unworthy. Thoth stands to the right of the scales recording heart should he prove unworthy. Thoth stands to the right of the scales recording the results. Having passed this test Ani is now lead by Horus to meet the King of the results. Having passed this test Ani is now lead by Horus to meet the King of the dead, Osiris. The throne of Osiris rests on a pool of water from which a lotus the dead, Osiris. The throne of Osiris rests on a pool of water from which a lotus flower is growing, upon the lotus stand the four sons of Horus. Behind the throne flower is growing, upon the lotus stand the four sons of Horus. Behind the throne of Osiris stands Isis and her sister Nephthys.of Osiris stands Isis and her sister Nephthys.

Sekhet-HetepetSekhet-Hetepet - The Fields of Peace. - The Fields of Peace.Sekhet-HetepetSekhet-Hetepet - The Fields of Peace. - The Fields of Peace.• Ani pays his respects to the gods who dwell in Sekhet-Hetepet (Fields of Ani pays his respects to the gods who dwell in Sekhet-Hetepet (Fields of

Peace) and asks the gods to help him to enter into Sekhet-Hetepet so that he Peace) and asks the gods to help him to enter into Sekhet-Hetepet so that he may "become a khu, drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of may "become a khu, drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of servitude and always be in a position of authority therein".servitude and always be in a position of authority therein".

• Ani pays his respects to the gods who dwell in Sekhet-Hetepet (Fields of Ani pays his respects to the gods who dwell in Sekhet-Hetepet (Fields of Peace) and asks the gods to help him to enter into Sekhet-Hetepet so that he Peace) and asks the gods to help him to enter into Sekhet-Hetepet so that he may "become a khu, drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of may "become a khu, drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of servitude and always be in a position of authority therein".servitude and always be in a position of authority therein".

Stage 1 - Weighing of the heartStage 1 - Weighing of the heartStage 1 - Weighing of the heartStage 1 - Weighing of the heartLike you saw above this is where the heart was “weighed” Like you saw above this is where the heart was “weighed”

but, the book could offer spells to help balance the but, the book could offer spells to help balance the equation.equation.

O my heart which I had from my mother! O my heart of O my heart which I had from my mother! O my heart of different ages! Do not stand up as a witness against different ages! Do not stand up as a witness against me, do not be opposed to me in the tribunal, do not be me, do not be opposed to me in the tribunal, do not be hostile to me in the presence of the keeper of the hostile to me in the presence of the keeper of the balance, for you are my balance, for you are my ka ka which was in my body, the which was in my body, the protector who made my members hale. Go forth to the protector who made my members hale. Go forth to the happy place whereto we speed, do not tell lies about happy place whereto we speed, do not tell lies about me in the presence of the god; it is indeed well that you me in the presence of the god; it is indeed well that you should hear!should hear!

Like you saw above this is where the heart was “weighed” Like you saw above this is where the heart was “weighed” but, the book could offer spells to help balance the but, the book could offer spells to help balance the equation.equation.

O my heart which I had from my mother! O my heart of O my heart which I had from my mother! O my heart of different ages! Do not stand up as a witness against different ages! Do not stand up as a witness against me, do not be opposed to me in the tribunal, do not be me, do not be opposed to me in the tribunal, do not be hostile to me in the presence of the keeper of the hostile to me in the presence of the keeper of the balance, for you are my balance, for you are my ka ka which was in my body, the which was in my body, the protector who made my members hale. Go forth to the protector who made my members hale. Go forth to the happy place whereto we speed, do not tell lies about happy place whereto we speed, do not tell lies about me in the presence of the god; it is indeed well that you me in the presence of the god; it is indeed well that you should hear!should hear!

Other Stages - GuardiansOther Stages - GuardiansOther Stages - GuardiansOther Stages - GuardiansOn the journey to the fields of peace, the person’s On the journey to the fields of peace, the person’s

soul would have to pass by several guardians or soul would have to pass by several guardians or gatekeepers using secret words.gatekeepers using secret words.

The third gate: the name of its gatekeeper is 'One who eats the The third gate: the name of its gatekeeper is 'One who eats the Putrefaction of his Posterior'; the name of its guardian is Putrefaction of his Posterior'; the name of its guardian is 'Alert of Face'; the name of the announcer in it is 'Alert of Face'; the name of the announcer in it is 'Gateway'.Words spoken by the Osiris-[name], the justified, 'Gateway'.Words spoken by the Osiris-[name], the justified, when arriving at the gate: 'I am the secret one of the when arriving at the gate: 'I am the secret one of the cloudburst, the one who separated the Two Companions. It cloudburst, the one who separated the Two Companions. It is in order that I might drive away evil from Osiris that I have is in order that I might drive away evil from Osiris that I have come. I am the one who clothed his own standard, who come. I am the one who clothed his own standard, who emerges in the Wereret-Crown. I have established offerings emerges in the Wereret-Crown. I have established offerings in Abydos. Open the way for me in Rosetjau because I have in Abydos. Open the way for me in Rosetjau because I have relieved the sickness in Osiris. I have painted his perch. relieved the sickness in Osiris. I have painted his perch. Make way for me so that he might shine in Rosetjau.Make way for me so that he might shine in Rosetjau.

On the journey to the fields of peace, the person’s On the journey to the fields of peace, the person’s soul would have to pass by several guardians or soul would have to pass by several guardians or gatekeepers using secret words.gatekeepers using secret words.

The third gate: the name of its gatekeeper is 'One who eats the The third gate: the name of its gatekeeper is 'One who eats the Putrefaction of his Posterior'; the name of its guardian is Putrefaction of his Posterior'; the name of its guardian is 'Alert of Face'; the name of the announcer in it is 'Alert of Face'; the name of the announcer in it is 'Gateway'.Words spoken by the Osiris-[name], the justified, 'Gateway'.Words spoken by the Osiris-[name], the justified, when arriving at the gate: 'I am the secret one of the when arriving at the gate: 'I am the secret one of the cloudburst, the one who separated the Two Companions. It cloudburst, the one who separated the Two Companions. It is in order that I might drive away evil from Osiris that I have is in order that I might drive away evil from Osiris that I have come. I am the one who clothed his own standard, who come. I am the one who clothed his own standard, who emerges in the Wereret-Crown. I have established offerings emerges in the Wereret-Crown. I have established offerings in Abydos. Open the way for me in Rosetjau because I have in Abydos. Open the way for me in Rosetjau because I have relieved the sickness in Osiris. I have painted his perch. relieved the sickness in Osiris. I have painted his perch. Make way for me so that he might shine in Rosetjau.Make way for me so that he might shine in Rosetjau.

Last stage - 42 ConfessionsLast stage - 42 ConfessionsLast stage - 42 ConfessionsLast stage - 42 ConfessionsIn the final stage the person had to make 42 “negative In the final stage the person had to make 42 “negative

confessions.” The book would help them make confessions.” The book would help them make these confessions.these confessions.

Wide-of-stride who comes from On: I have not done Wide-of-stride who comes from On: I have not done evil.evil.

Flame-grasper who comes from Kheraha: I have not Flame-grasper who comes from Kheraha: I have not robbed.robbed.

Long-nosed who comes from Khmun: I have not Long-nosed who comes from Khmun: I have not coveted. coveted.

Shadow-eater who comes from the cave: I have not Shadow-eater who comes from the cave: I have not stolen. stolen.

Savage-faced who comes from Rosetjau: I have not Savage-faced who comes from Rosetjau: I have not killed people...killed people...

In the final stage the person had to make 42 “negative In the final stage the person had to make 42 “negative confessions.” The book would help them make confessions.” The book would help them make these confessions.these confessions.

Wide-of-stride who comes from On: I have not done Wide-of-stride who comes from On: I have not done evil.evil.

Flame-grasper who comes from Kheraha: I have not Flame-grasper who comes from Kheraha: I have not robbed.robbed.

Long-nosed who comes from Khmun: I have not Long-nosed who comes from Khmun: I have not coveted. coveted.

Shadow-eater who comes from the cave: I have not Shadow-eater who comes from the cave: I have not stolen. stolen.

Savage-faced who comes from Rosetjau: I have not Savage-faced who comes from Rosetjau: I have not killed people...killed people...

Links..Links..Links..Links..

• http://web.ukonline.co.uk/gavin.egypt/papyrus.htm

• http://www.egyptartsite.com/ani.html

• http://web.ukonline.co.uk/gavin.egypt/papyrus.htm

• http://www.egyptartsite.com/ani.html

Homework- 30 PointsHomework- 30 PointsExplain each of the chapters of the Egyptian Book Explain each of the chapters of the Egyptian Book of the Deadof the Dead

Homework- 30 PointsHomework- 30 PointsExplain each of the chapters of the Egyptian Book Explain each of the chapters of the Egyptian Book of the Deadof the Dead

1.1. Introduction and overall purposeIntroduction and overall purpose

2.2. What it was made of and how you got themWhat it was made of and how you got them

3.3. Funeral ProcessionFuneral Procession

4.4. Entrance to the TombEntrance to the Tomb

5.5. Hall of Hall of Ma’atMa’at

1.1. Weighing of the HeartWeighing of the Heart

2.2. GuardiansGuardians

3.3. 42 Confessions42 Confessions

6.6. Sekhet HetepetSekhet Hetepet

1.1. Introduction and overall purposeIntroduction and overall purpose

2.2. What it was made of and how you got themWhat it was made of and how you got them

3.3. Funeral ProcessionFuneral Procession

4.4. Entrance to the TombEntrance to the Tomb

5.5. Hall of Hall of Ma’atMa’at

1.1. Weighing of the HeartWeighing of the Heart

2.2. GuardiansGuardians

3.3. 42 Confessions42 Confessions

6.6. Sekhet HetepetSekhet Hetepet