Today: Review Periodic Table Bill Nye The Science Guy Elements & electrons.
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Transcript of Today: Review Periodic Table Bill Nye The Science Guy Elements & electrons.
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Today:
Review Periodic Table
Bill Nye The Science Guy
Elements & electrons
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This week: elements & electrons
Reaction lab – Due Tuesday
Marks: 10 observations/questions
25 for your conclusion
TEST– Thursday Graphing
States of Matter
Atomic history
Periodic Table
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I will be looking at your lab’s conclusion
Conclusions must be based on your RESULTS
A black colour, thick smoke and a strong odor were observed when bread was toasted for 30 minutes. As the colour remained when cooled, a new substance was created and a chemical reaction observed.
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Elements
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Elements and compounds are pure substances:
An element is ONE TYPE of atom and cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances.
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Periodic Table
• Origin of the periodic table
In 1867, Dimitri Mendeleev found patterns in the elements and organized them into table
The resulting table had holes
for elements not yet discovered
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Periodic Table
The Periodic Table provides information on the physical and chemical properties of elements and ______ ________.
See page 53
Atomic Mass - mass of average atom
Atomic Number - number of protons
Ion Charge - electric charge that forms when an atom gains or loses electrons
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Periodic TableMetals: left
Non-metal: right
Metalloids
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Metals, Non-metals, MetalloidsDue to Mendeleev’s organization, interesting patterns are created, such as the groups: metals, non-metals and metalloids.
See page 55
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Periods and FamiliesEach horizontal row in the periodic table is a period
Vertical columns form groups or chemical families
See pages 56 - 57
Alkali metals - highly reactive group 1
Alkaline earth metals - group 2, burn in air if heated Halogens - group 17, highly reactive non-metals
Noble gases - group 18, stable and unreactive non-metals
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Physical ChangePhysical changes occur when matter changes in energy or appearance but not its chemical nature.
Physical property changes could include a change in state (ice melting), or size (cutting paper)
But NO new substances are formed
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Chemical Change
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Chemical changes
A compound is composed of at least TWO elements.
•How are they made?
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Bill Nye
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Video question sheet
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Bill Nye Chemical Rxns Video1. …chemical reactions
2. Stomach grumbling, metal rusting,
3. Twice as much. H20 – two hydrogen, one oxygen
4. The electrons are recombining with other electrons
5. Energy – can be given off in heat, sound, light..
6. Chemical bonds
7. Oxygen and wood/paper make carbon dioxide, water,
8. Vinegar and baking soda – makes carbon dioxide gas
9. Metals and salts – copper burns blue
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Electrons & chemical bonds
Elements with similar electron structure have similar properties.
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Protons, Electrons and Neutrons
We ALL must be able to calculate the follow:
Number of Protons= ATOMIC NUMBER
Number of Neutrons=(Atomic mass – atomic number)
Number of electrons = can change, electrons
move!
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Protons, Electrons and Neutons
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Lets Practice:Element Symbol Protons Electrons Neutrons
Sodium
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Lets Practice:Element Symbol Protons Electrons Neutrons
Oxygen
34
Pb
Chlorine
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Element Symbol Protons Electrons Neutrons
Oxygen O 8 8 8
Selenium
Se 34 34 45
Lead Pb 82 82 126
Chlorine Cl 17 17 19
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Tomorrow: Borh Diagrams
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Tonight: Review worksheet
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Tuesday
• Lab- conclusion
• Where did elements come from video pbs
• Borh diagrams
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Periodic Table and Atomic Theory
Elements with similar properties have similar electron arrangements
Bohr models show electron arrangement in shells
(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007
See page 64 - 65
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Bohr model patternsChemical families on the periodic table have the samenumber of valence electrons
Elements in the same period have the same number of shells
Period number indicates the number of electron shells
See page 66
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Atom StabilityNoble gases are very unreactive because their atomshave filled valence shells. Filled shells make atoms stable.Atoms with filled shells do not easily trade or share electrons.
Other atoms gain or lose electrons in order to achieve the stabilityof noble gases. Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms into ions.
Metals lose electrons to form positive ions
Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions
Ions have a similar electron arrangement to the nearest noble gas
Example: Sodium ion (Na+) has 11 protons (11+) and10 electrons (10-) for a total charge of 1+
See pages 66 - 67
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Elements & Atoms
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An atom refresher
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
• All matter is made of atoms
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter, sort of how bricks are the building blocks of houses.
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An atom refresher• An atom has three parts:
• Proton = positive
• Neutron = no charge
• Electron = negative
• The proton & neutron are found in the center of the atom, a place called the nucleus.
• The electrons orbit the nucleus on the electron cloud
Picture from http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model_03.gif
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What are elements?• Elements are the
alphabet to the language of molecules.
• To make molecules, you must have elements.
• Elements are made of atoms. While the atoms may have different weights and organization, they are all built in the same way.
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Bohr Model• The Bohr Model shows
all of the particles in the atom.
• In the center is circles. Each circle represents a single neutron or proton. Protons should have a plus or P written on them. Neutrons should be blank or have an N.
• In a circle around the nucleus are the electrons. Electrons should have a minus sign or an e.
++++
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Electrons have special rules….
• You can’t just shove all of the electrons into the first orbit of an electron.
• Electrons live in something called shells or energy levels.
• Only so many can be in any certain shell.
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Electrons have special rules….
• You can’t just shove all of the electrons into the first orbit of an electron.
• Electrons live in something called shells or energy levels.
• Only so many can be in any certain shell.
• The electrons in the outer most shell of any element are called valance electrons.
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So let’s try it….• How to draw a Lithium atom
• First, look at the Periodic Table
• Second, determine the number of protons (Look @ the atomic number)
• Then determine the number of neutrons (Atomic mass – atomic number)
• Then determine the number of electrons (Look @ the atomic number)
3
LiLithium
7
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So let’s try it….3
LiLithium
7
++
++++
Protons = 3
Neutrons = 4
(7-3=4)
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Electrons = 3 Electrons = 3
2 in the 12 in the 1stst shell, 1 in the 2 shell, 1 in the 2ndnd shell shell
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Lewis Dot Structure• The Lewis Dot
Structure is a bit different from the Bohr model.
• It only shows the element symbol and it’s outer most electron shell.
O• ••• •
•
++ ++
++ ++
++
++++
++
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