DCDC Global Strategic Trends Programme - Out to 2040 (Updated)
Today: DCDC additional topicsecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L28_slides.pdfcv Hv ref + _ G i...
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1 Today: DCDC additional topics Review voltage loop design Power MOSFET: another power semiconductor switch Emerging power semiconductor devices technologies Introduction to thermal management Conclusions
Transcript of Today: DCDC additional topicsecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L28_slides.pdfcv Hv ref + _ G i...
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Today: DCDC additional topics
Review voltage loop design
Power MOSFET: another power semiconductor switch
Emerging power semiconductor devices technologies
Introduction to thermal management
Conclusions
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Voltage control loop• Incorporating the inner current control loop• Voltage loop gain Tv• Compensator design Gcv
+
vbat
_
+
vbus
_
iLL
S1
S2
Q1 D1
Q2 D2
ibat
Ibus
vs
+vge1_
+vge2_
C
ic
c1
c2
PWM
Pulse-widthmodulator c1
c2
cDead-timeGciGcv
currentsensing
voltagesensing
H
RsiL
Rsiref
HVref
Hvbus
+
_
+_
vc
Voltage control loop: loop gain
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GcvHvref
+
_Gi /Rs
vbus
H
Rsiref iL Gvi
4
zi
zvio
ivL
busvi s
s
Gi
vGbusbat
1
1
ˆˆ
0ˆ ,0ˆ
bus
busvio I
VDG '
bus
busz I
VL
Df2'
21
bus
buszi V
IC
f 121
2.8 kHz
19 Hz
Same numerical example
dB 5.167.6
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Mag
nitu
de (
dB)
100
101
102
103
104
0
90
180
270
360
Pha
se (
deg)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (Hz)
Voltage‐loop compensator Gcv designStart from uncompensated loop gain, Gcv = 1
5
vis
iv GR
HGT 1uncomp,
ExampleConverter parametersfs = 20 kHzL = 150 HC = 500 FVM = 1Rs = 1 H = 1/100
DC operating point:Vbus = 500 VIbus = 30 AVbat = 200 VD = 1‐Vbat/Vbus = 0.6IL = Ibus/D’ = 75 A
)(log20 uncomp, jTv
)(uncomp, jTv
0
‐90
‐180
‐270
‐360
Pha
se (
deg)
Loop gain with Proportional‐Integral (PI) compensator
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sKsG zv
pvcp1)(
5/cvzv ff
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Mag
nitu
de (
dB)
100
101
102
103
104
0
90
180
270
360
Pha
se (
deg)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (Hz)
Hz 200cvfo
m 77
0
‐90
‐180
‐270
‐360
Pha
se (
deg)
Closed‐loop response Gv with PI compensator
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v
v
ref
busv T
TvvG
1ˆˆ
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Mag
nitu
de (
dB)
100
101
102
103
104
0
90
180
270
360
Pha
se (
deg)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (Hz)
0
‐90
‐180
‐270
‐360
Pha
se (
deg)
Transient response
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PID(s)
voltage-loopcompensator
Gcv
PID(s)
current-loopcompensator
Gci
Step
Scope
Inductor currentl imits
1/100
H
Duty cyclelimits
6
Bus voltagereference
250
Battery Voltage
ibus
Vbat
d
v bus
iL
Averaged Boost Converter Dynamic Model
Vbat iLv bus
d
‐30A to +30 step ibus(t) transient
Inductor(battery)
current limits‐200A, +200A
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d
vbus
iL
10
d
vbus
iL
Power MOSFETs
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Textbook Section 4.2.2
IGBT
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MOSFET
MOSFET• No conductivity modulation via minority carrier injection• Faster switching, no current tailing, much smaller turn‐off switching losses• Turn‐on switching loss dominated by the body diode reverse recovery, usually worse Qrrand trr compared to separate diodes used with IGBTs
• On‐state conduction modeled by just a resistance (Ron); higher voltage rated device has longer n‐ region, and therefore higher on resistance
• At the rated current for a given device area, higher voltage drop and hence larger conduction losses
• Not competitive for voltage ratings exceeding 900 V• Device of choice in power electronics for low power levels up to 1‐10 kW, 100 kHz to MHz fs
vs
Emerging power semiconductor devices
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Specific ON resistance [cm2]
VB = device breakdown voltageEc = critical electric field
GaN Structures
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Lateral device Vertical device
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• Reduced resistive voltage drops• Much reduced stored charge, very low current‐tail or reverse‐recovery related switching losses
• Capability of operation at increased junction temperature
Introduction to thermal management
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IGBT moduleExample: Infineon FF150R12T41200V, 150A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
123
45
67
Introduction to thermal management
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Temperature rise = Power dissipation * Thermal resistance
Introduction to thermal management
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Example: 2010 Prius converter and inverter assembly*
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*Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System, Oak Ridge National Lab 2011 report
27 kW DC‐DC converter, 60 kW inverter, 42 kW inverter130 kg, 16 liters
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DC‐DC Conversion in Electric Drivetrains
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Charger
Active balancing DC‐DC
Drivetrain DC‐DC
HV‐to‐LV DC‐DC
12V battery,Lights, Electronics, …
Applications:• Bidirectional drivetrain DC‐DC converter: power rating of the battery system (10’s of kW)• Auxiliary high‐voltage DC to low‐voltage DC (12V), several kW• Battery system active balancing: <10W per converter• Charger: 1 kW‐100 kW
Bidirectional Drivetrain DC‐DC Converter
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• Introduction to efficient switched‐mode power conversion• Steady‐state analysis: inductor volt‐seconds balance, capacitor charge balance
• Power semiconductor components: IGBTs, MOSFETs, diodes• Modeling of losses• Thermal management• Control• Simulations
Reference: R.W.Erickson, D.Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd edition, Springer 2001. Available on‐line from campus network.Chapters 2, 3, 4, sections from Chapters 7, 8, 9, sections from Chapter 13
Next: AC motor drive subsystem
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Charger
Active balancing DC‐DC
DrivetrainDC‐DC
HV‐to‐LV DC‐DC
12V battery,Lights, Electronics, …
• AC machine• Permanent‐magnet synchronous machine, induction machine• Operation, losses and efficiency and dynamic model
• 3‐phase DC‐to‐AC inverter• Operation, losses and efficiency, dynamic model
• Electric drive: control
+
Vbat
_
+
Vbus
_
AC motor drive
