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![Page 1: Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D. Masonic Cancer Center University of Minnesota.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cc65503460f9498fe4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers
Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D.
Masonic Cancer Center
University of Minnesota
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Outline of Presentation
• Tobacco and cancer• Background on tobacco carcinogen biomarkers• Examples of tobacco carcinogen biomarkers
– Total NNAL– Formaldehyde-DNA adducts
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Cancers Caused by Smoking:IARC Monograph Series
Volume 38, 1986
• Lung
• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Esophagus
• Pancreas
• Bladder
Volume 83, 2004, added:
• Nasal Cavity
• Stomach
• Liver
• Kidney
• Ureter
• Cervix
• Myeloid leukemia
Volume 100E, 2009, added:
• Colorectum
• Ovary (mucinous)
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Cancer Deaths Due to Smoking
• Worldwide: 21% (1,420,000 per year)
• United States: 33% (185,000 per year)
IARC World Cancer Report, 2008
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Tobacco Use Prevalence, 2008
• Adult smokers, U.S.: 46,000,000 (20.6%)
• Ex-smokers, U.S.: 48,100,000 (21.5%)
• Smokers, worldwide: 1,300,000,000
• Smokeless, worldwide: xxx,000,000
CDC, MMWR, November 13, 2009
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O. Shafey, M. Ericksen, H. Ross, J. Mackay (2009) The Tobacco Atlas, 3 rd Ed.
World Smoking Prevalence: Males
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O. Shafey, M. Ericksen, H. Ross, J. Mackay (2009) The Tobacco Atlas, 3 rd Ed.
World Smoking Prevalence: Females
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Overall Goal
Elucidate mechanisms of tobacco-induced cancer and apply this
knowledge to cancer prevention.
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Conceptual Framework for Understanding Tobacco Carcinogenesis
S.S. Hecht, JNCI, 91:1194-1210 (1999), Nature Rev. Cancer 3:733-744 (2003); Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 8th Edition, 147-155 (2008)
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Significantly Mutated Genes in Lung Adenocarcinoma:Based on Sequencing of 623 Genes in 188 Tumors
Ding et al, Nature, 455:1069-1075, 2008
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Other Factors Contributing to Tobacco-Induced Cancer
• Receptor mediated effects:nicotine, nitrosamines• Direct activation of EGFR and COX-2• Down-regulation of FHIT• Hyper-methylation of tumor suppressors• Tumor promotion and co-carcinogenesis• Oxidative damage and inflammation• Cilia-toxicity
H. Takahashi et al, Cancer Cell 17: 89 (2010); H. Schuller, Nature Rev. Cancer 9: 195-205 (2009); K.A. West et al, J. Clin. Invest. 111: 81-90 (2003); S.A. Belinsky, Carcinogenesis 26: 1481 (2005); D’Agostini et al, Cancer Res 66: 3936-3941 (2006); Jin et al, Carcinogenesis 29: 1614-1622 (2008); Bhutani et al, Cancer Prev. Res. 1: 39-44 (2008)
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Conceptual Framework for Understanding Tobacco Carcinogenesis
S.S. Hecht, JNCI, 91:1194-1210 (1999), Nature Rev. Cancer 3:733-744 (2003); Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 8th Edition, 147-155 (2008)
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IARC Carcinogens in Tobacco Smoke
S.S. Hecht, In: DeVita et al, Cancer (2010); IARC Monographs No. 83 (2004); D. Hoffmann and S.S. Hecht, Handbook Exp. Pharmacol. 94:63-102 (1990)
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Goal
• Develop and validate tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers– Urinary metabolites– DNA and protein adducts– Metabolites in blood, saliva, breath, nails, hair
• Use these biomarkers to identify those smokers susceptible to cancer.
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Outline of Presentation
• Tobacco and cancer• Background on tobacco carcinogen biomarkers• Examples of tobacco carcinogen biomarkers
– Total NNAL– Formaldehyde-DNA adducts
![Page 16: Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D. Masonic Cancer Center University of Minnesota.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cc65503460f9498fe4e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Definitions
• Biomarker: A distinctive biological or biologically derived indicator (as a metabolite) of a process, event, or condition (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)
• Tobacco carcinogen biomarker: Any quantifiable substance, such as a metabolite, that can be specifically related to human exposure to a given tobacco carcinogen.
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Tobacco Carcinogen Biomarkers
• DNA Adducts• Protein Adducts
– Hemoglobin– Albumin
• Metabolites– Breath– Saliva– Nails and Hair– Urine– Blood
Reviewed in Carcinogenesis 23: 907 and 1979 (2002); Nature Rev. Cancer 3: 733 (2003)
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Applications of Tobacco Carcinogen Biomarkers
• Assessing exposure in smokers, smokeless tobacco users, and non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke
• Regulation of tobacco products
• Understanding mechanisms of human carcinogenesis and identifying susceptible individuals
• Not specifically designed for early detection of cancer, but could have applications in screening
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Range of recent mean values (nmol/24h unless noted otherwise)
Urinary biomarkers Source Smokers Non-smokers
Nicotine equivalents Nicotine 70.4-154 µmol/24 h Not Detected
Total NNAL NNK 1.1 - 2.9 Not Detected
Total NNN NNN 0.049 - 0.24 Not Detected
1-HOP or PheT PAH 0.50 - 1.45 0.18 - 0.50
MHBMA 1,3-Butadiene 15.5 - 322 0.65 - 7.5
SPMA Benzene 3.2 - 32.1 0.17 - 3.14
HPMA Acrolein 5,869 - 11,190 1,131 - 1,847
HBMA Crotonaldehyde 1,965 - 26,000 242 - 3,200
HEMA Ethylene oxide 19.1 - 102 6.51 - 38.8
Cd Cadmium 2.3 - 12.8 1.34 - 8.04
8-epi-PGF2 Oxidative damage 1.48 - 2.80 0.62 - 1.13
PGE-M Inflammation 54 - 60 31.6 - 45.3
Based on 1.3g creatinine per 24h in smokers and 1.5g creatinine per 24h in non-smokers, or 1.5 l urine per 24h.
A Panel of Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers
S.S. Hecht, J-M Yuan, and D. Hatsukami, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2010
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OH
1-HOP
HO
SR
RS
OH
+
MHBMA SPMA
SR RS OH
HPMA
OH
HBMA
SR HOSR
HEMANHCOCH3
COOHCH2R=
COOH
OH
HO
HO
8-epi-PGF2
COOH
HO
PGE-M
OCOOH
O
OH
PheT
OH
OHHO
N
N
CH3N
NCH3
OH N O
NNAL
N
N
N O
NNNNicotine
N
N
CH3
O
Cotinine
N
N
CH3
O
3'-Hydroxycotinine
OH
Structures of the Urinary Biomarkers
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Recent data (pmol/g globin; mean ± S.D.)
Hemoglobin adducts Source Smokers Non-smokers
Cyanoethylvaline Acrylonitrile 112 ± 81 6.5 ± 6.4
Carbamoylethylvaline Acrylamide 84.1 ± 41.8 27.8 ± 7.1
Hydroxyethylvaline Ethylene oxide 132 ± 92 21.1 ± 12.7
4-Aminobiphenyl-globin 4-Aminobiphenyl 0.26 ± 0.006a 0.067 ± 0.009a
(fmol/µmol dN; mean ± S.D.)
Leukocyte DNA adducts Source Smokers Non-smokers
N6-hydroxymethyl-dAdo Formaldehyde 179 ± 205 15.5 ± 33.8
N2-ethylidene-dGuo Acetaldehyde 1,310 ± 1,720 705 ± 438
Mean concentrations
Other Source Smokers Non-smokers
Exhaled CO Carbon monoxide 17.4 - 34.4 ppm 2.6 - 6.5 ppm
Carboxyhemoglobin Carbon monoxide 3.4 - 7.1 % 0.35 - 1.45 %
A Panel of Biomarkers
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Biomarker Validation
• Analytical– Specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision
• With respect to tobacco– Decreases upon cessation– Dose-response
• With respect to cancer risk
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Persistence of Biomarkers Study
• Smokers provide baseline 24h urine samples.
• Eight days later, they quit smoking and receive nicotine replacement therapy.
• They provide 24h urine samples on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 after quitting.
• Urine samples are analyzed for mercapturic acids (by LC-MS/MS) and other biomarkers.
S.G. Carmella, M. Chen, S. Han, A. Briggs, J. Jensen, D. K. Hatsukami, and S. S. Hecht Chem. Res. Toxicol., 22: 734-741 (2009)
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Metabolism of 1,3-Butadiene to Mercapturic Acids
C.L. Sprague and A.A. Elfarra, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 17: 819-826 (2004)
1,3-butadiene
P450s O a-dHO
SCOOH
NHAcS
HOOC
AcNHOH
MHBMA
+
EH
OH
HO
ADHO
HO
a-dS
COOH
NHAc
O
HO
CRS
COOH
NHAc
OH
HO
DHBMA
a. GSH, GSTs; b. -glutamyltranspeptidase; c. cysteinylglycine dipeptidase; d. cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase
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Mean Urinary MHBMA Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Metabolism of Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, Benzene, and Ethylene Oxide to Mercapturic Acids
a. GSH, GSTs; b. -glutamyltranspeptidase; c. cysteinylglycine dipeptidase; d. cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase
O
acrolein
S
HOOC
AcNHa-d O CR S
HOOC
AcNHOH
HPMA
O
crotonaldehyde
S
HOOC
AcNHa-d O CR S
HOOC
AcNHOH
HBMA
H3C
CH3 CH3
benzene
P450s O a-dOH
SNHAc
COOH
SNHAc
COOHSPMA
O
ethylene oxide
a-d S
HOOC
AcNH OH
HEMA
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Mean Urinary HPMA Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Mean Urinary HBMA Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Mean Urinary SPMA Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Mean Urinary HEMA Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Structures of Urinary Biomarkers
S.G. Carmella, et al, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 22: 734-741 (2009)
OH
1-HOP (from pyrene)
N
NNAL (from NNK)NCH3
OH N O
MHBMA(from 1,3-butadiene)
DHBMA (from 1,3-butadiene)
HPMA (from acrolein)
HBMA (from crotonaldehyde)
SPMA (from benzene)
HEMA (from ethylene oxide)
HO
SCOOH
NHAc+ S
OH
HOOC
AcNH
HOS
OHCOOH
NHAc
HO S
COOH
NHAc
HO S
COOH
NHAc
CH3
HOS
COOH
NHAc
S
COOH
NHAc
N
N
N O
NNN (from NNN)
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Mean Urinary 1-HOP Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=15
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Mean Urinary Total NNAL Reduction Upon Smoking Cessation, N=17
DAYS POST CESSATION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% R
ED
UC
TIO
N F
RO
M B
AS
ELI
NE
SM
OK
ING
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Outline of Presentation
• Tobacco and cancer• Background on tobacco carcinogen biomarkers• Examples of tobacco carcinogen biomarkers
– Total NNAL– Formaldehyde-DNA adducts
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Range of recent mean values (nmol/24h unless noted otherwise)
Urinary biomarkers Source Smokers Non-smokers
Nicotine equivalents Nicotine 70.4-154 µmol/24 h Not Detected
Total NNAL NNK 1.1 - 2.9 Not Detected
Total NNN NNN 0.049 - 0.24 Not Detected
1-HOP or PheT PAH 0.50 - 1.45 0.18 - 0.50
MHBMA 1,3-Butadiene 15.5 - 322 0.65 - 7.5
SPMA Benzene 3.2 - 32.1 0.17 - 3.14
HPMA Acrolein 5,869 - 11,190 1,131 - 1,847
HBMA Crotonaldehyde 1,965 - 26,000 242 - 3,200
HEMA Ethylene oxide 19.1 - 102 6.51 - 38.8
Cd Cadmium 2.3 - 12.8 1.34 - 8.04
8-epi-PGF2 Oxidative damage 1.48 - 2.80 0.62 - 1.13
PGE-M Inflammation 54 - 60 31.6 - 45.3
Based on 1.3g creatinine per 24h in smokers and 1.5g creatinine per 24h in non-smokers, or 1.5 l urine per 24h.
A Panel of Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers
S.S. Hecht, J-M Yuan, and D. Hatsukami, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2010
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Essential Facts About NNK,A Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen
• Present in tobacco and tobacco smoke; specific to tobacco products
• Systemic lung carcinogen in rats, mice, hamsters, and ferrets.
• Also induces tumors of the pancreas, nasal cavity, and liver in rats
• Considered to be a cause of lung, oral cavity and pancreatic cancer in people exposed to tobacco products
• NNK and NNN- Carcinogenic to humans; Group 1 (IARC Volume 89, 2007); reaffirmed (Vol 100E, 2009)
S.S. Hecht, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11:559 (1998); Nature Rev. Cancer 3:733 (2003)
N
NCH3
O N O
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Metabolism of NNK by Carbonyl Reduction
N
NCH3
O N O11-HSD-1CRAKR1C1,2,4
NNKN
NCH3
OH N O
NNAL
carcinogenicity similar to NNK
NNAL-Glucs
(R)-NNAL-O-Glucinactive
Nicotine-derivedNitrosamino Ketone
UGTs
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NNAL Plus NNAL-Glucs (Total NNAL): A Biomarker of NNK Exposure
• Quantified by GC-TEA or LC-MS/MS
• High analytical specificity and sensitivity
• Specific to tobacco product exposure
• Responsive to dose
• Measures uptake of a lung carcinogen
S.S. Hecht, Carcinogenesis 23 907 (2002); S.G.Carmella et al, CEBP 4: 635 (1995); 12: 1257 (2003); D. Hatsukami et al, Nic. Tob. Res. 8: 169 (2006)
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GC-TEA Chromatogram of NNAL in a Smoker's Urine
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Applications of the Total NNAL Biomarker
• Cessation of smoking or smokeless tobacco • Reduction of smoking• Carcinogen uptake from new and old tobacco products:
– Omni, light and ultra-light cigarettes – Snus and other smokeless products– Ultra low nicotine cigarettes
• Evaluation of carcinogen dose in various groups– Reducers vs. light smokers– Smokers of differing numbers of cigarettes– Ethnic groups, gender, and teen-age smokers– Smokeless vs. smokers– Duration of smokeless use
• Carcinogen uptake from secondhand cigarette smoke• Relationship to lung cancer
D. Hatsukami, J. Jensen, A. Joseph, S. E. Murphy, S.G. Carmella, S.S. Hecht, and co-workers.
Cancer Res., JNCI, CEBP, Nic. Tob. Res., 1999-2008
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Tobacco Harm Reduction: Continuum of Risk
Conventional cigarettesModified tobacco cigarettesCigarette reduction
Cigarette-like delivery devices;Extra-low nicotine cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco products
Nicotine delivery devicesSmoking Cessation
Most toxic
Least toxic
D. Hatsukami et al., Nicotine Tob. Res. 9:S537-S553 2007
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Applications of the Total NNAL Biomarker
• Cessation of smoking or smokeless tobacco • Reduction of smoking• Carcinogen uptake from new and old tobacco products:
– Omni, light and ultra-light cigarettes – Snus and other smokeless products– Ultra low nicotine cigarettes
• Evaluation of carcinogen dose in various groups– Reducers vs. light smokers– Smokers of differing numbers of cigarettes– Ethnic groups, gender, and teen-age smokers– Smokeless vs. smokers– Duration of smokeless use
• Carcinogen uptake from secondhand cigarette smoke• Relationship to lung cancer
D. Hatsukami, J. Jensen, A. Joseph, S. E. Murphy, S.G. Carmella, S.S. Hecht, and co-workers.
Cancer Res., JNCI, CEBP, Nic. Tob. Res., 1999-2008
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Non-Smokers’ Exposure to NNK Throughout Life by Measurement of Urinary Total NNAL
Exposed Group Type of ExposureTotal NNAL
(fmol/ml urine)% of Amount in Smokers' Urinea
Fetus Transplacental25 ± 29
(amniotic fluid)1.3
Newborns Transplacental 130 ± 150 6.5
Infants (<1 year old) Air 83 ± 20 4.2
Elementary School Children
Minneapolis Air 56 ± 76 2.8
Moldova Air 90 ± 77 4.5
Women Living with Smokers
Air 50 ± 68 2.5
Hospital Workers Air 59 ± 28 3.0
Casino Patrons Air 18 ± 15 0.9
Restaurant and Bar Workers
Air 33 ± 34 1.7
a based on 2 pmol/ml total NNAL in smokers
S.S. Hecht, Carcinogenesis 23:907 (2002); S.S. Hecht et al, CEBP 15:988 (2006)
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Total NNAL measurements in secondhand smoke-exposed non-
smokers have impact
• It can only come from secondhand smoke.• It represents uptake of a lung carcinogen.• It is found in the urine of non-smokers.• It is the only lung carcinogen biomarker consistently
elevated in exposed non-smokers.• These studies should spur clean air legislation in
the remaining countries, states and localities.
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Median Serum Cotinine Levels in Non-Smokers, by Age Group: 1988-2002
CDC NHANES Study; MMWR 55: 1130 (2006)
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Regulation of Indoor Smoking and Tobacco Control
• Regulation of indoor smoking– Reduces cues for smoking– Reduces amount smoked– Can change social norms
• Regulation of indoor smoking, along with counter-advertising and taxation, are the most effective methods in tobacco control.
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Applications of the Total NNAL Biomarker
• Cessation of smoking or smokeless tobacco • Reduction of smoking• Carcinogen uptake from new and old tobacco products:
– Omni, light and ultra-light cigarettes – Snus and other smokeless products– Ultra low nicotine cigarettes
• Evaluation of carcinogen dose in various groups– Reducers vs. light smokers– Smokers of differing numbers of cigarettes– Ethnic groups, gender, and teen-age smokers– Smokeless vs. smokers– Duration of smokeless use
• Carcinogen uptake from secondhand cigarette smoke• Relationship to lung cancer
D. Hatsukami, J. Jensen, A. Joseph, S. E. Murphy, S.G. Carmella, S.S. Hecht, and co-workers.
Cancer Res., JNCI, CEBP, Nic. Tob. Res., 1999-2008
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Relationship of Urinary NNAL to Lung Cancer in Two Prospective Cohorts of Cigarette Smokers
• Collaboration with Professors Mimi Yu and Jian-Min Yuan
• Two prospective cohorts of Chinese cigarette smokers: Shanghai and Singapore
• Nested case control study of 246 cases of lung cancer and 245 matched controls
• Total NNAL and cotinine quantified in stored urine samples collected prior to lung cancer diagnosis
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Joint Effect of Urinary Total NNAL and Cotinine on Lung Cancer Risk
NNAL in tertile
Cotinine in tertile
1st (low) 2nd 3rd (high)
Ca/Co1 OR (95% CI)2 Ca/Co1 OR (95% CI)2 Ca/Co1 OR (95% CI)2
1st (low) 9/47 1.00 23/253.93 (1.54, 10.05)
11/10 5.08 (1.63, 15.89)
2nd 14/24 3.01 (1.11, 8.10) 31/324.15 (1.70, 10.12)
22/26 4.48 (1.78, 11.31)
3rd (high) 8/103.41 (1.08, 11.25)
30/255.58 (2.25, 13.84)
93/46 8.47 (3.69, 19.46)
J. Yuan, M. Yu, S.E. Murphy, S. Carmella, S.S. Hecht et al., Cancer Res.,69: 2990 (2009)
1 No. of cases/no. of controls
2 Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, year of interview, year of sample collection, gender and dialect group, study location (Shanghai versus Singapore), number of cigarettes smoked per day, and number of years of smoking; CI, confidence interval.
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Conclusions of the Shanghai and Singapore Study
• Total NNAL significantly associated with risk of lung cancer in a dose-dependent manner, after adjustment for smoking history and urinary cotinine.
• Cotinine was independently associated with lung cancer, consistent with previous data.
• Smokers in the highest tertiles of urinary total NNAL and cotinine exhibited an 8.5 fold increased risk for lung cancer, relative to those with comparable smoking history, but in the lowest tertiles.
J. Yuan et al, Cancer Res. 69: 2990 (2009)
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Similar Results in the PLCO Study
• The Prostate, Lung, Colon, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial: started 1993
• 77,468 subjects (25,000 smokers) screened; over 1,000 lung cancer cases diagnosed
• Questionnaire data and blood samples collected prospectively
• 100 lung cancer cases and 100 controls without lung cancer selected – all were smokers of > 10 CPD
• Pre-diagnostic serum analyzed for total NNAL and cotinine
T. Church, K. Anderson, M. Geisser, Y. Zhong, C. Le, N. Caporaso, S. Carmella, A. Benoit, S. S. Hecht, CEBP,18: 260 (2009)
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Total NNAL and Lung Cancer
• Total NNAL is a risk biomarker.
• Results are consistent with all experimental and previous clinical and epidemiologic data.
• Results further implicate NNK as an independent etiologic risk factor in lung cancer.
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Cigarette Smoke Constituents Targeted for Regulation by WHO, and Their Biomarkers
• Benzo[a]pyrene• NNK, NNN • Acrolein• Benzene• 1,3-Butadiene• Carbon monoxide• Acetaldehyde• Formaldehyde• Nicotine
• 1-HOP or PheT in urine• NNAL and NNN in urine• 3-HPMA in urine• SPMA in urine• MHBMA in urine• Exhaled CO • Leukocyte DNA adducts• Leukocyte DNA adducts• Nicotine metabolites
D.M. Burns et al. Tob. Control. 17: 132-141 (2008); S.S. Hecht, Carcinogenesis 23: 907-922 (2002); L. Chen et al. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20: 108-133 (2007); S.G. Carmella et al. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 22: 734-741 (2009)
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Outline of Presentation
• Tobacco and cancer• Background on tobacco carcinogen biomarkers• Examples of tobacco carcinogen biomarkers
– Total NNAL– Formaldehyde-DNA adducts
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Formaldehyde – Genetic Toxicology
• Genotoxic – Mutagenic– DNA protein cross-links– DNA strand breaks– Sister chromatid exchanges– Chromosomal aberrations
• These changes initiated by reactions with DNA to form adducts
• No previous reports of formaldehyde DNA adducts in humans
International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs, Volume 88 (2006)
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Structures of Formaldehyde-DNA Adducts
N
N
N
N
N
dR
H CH2 NH
N
N N
N
dR
N
NN
N N
O
CH2 N
N
N N
N
dR
H
dR
dR = 2'-deoxyribose
N
N
O
N
H
CH2 N N
N
N
N
dR
O
H
H
HN
N
dR
N6-HOMe-dAdo N4-HOMe-dCyd
dAdo-CH2-dAdo dGuo-CH2-dAdo dGuo-CH2-dGuo
H
H
N
NN
N
NH CH2OH
dR
N
N
NH CH2OH
dR
O
N2-HOMe-dGuo
N
NN
N
dR
O
H
N CH2OH
H
R. Shapiro et al. (1980); F. Beland et al. (1984)
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Conversion of N6-HOMe-dAdo to N6-Me-dAdo
N6-HOMe-dAdo
N
NN
N
NH CH2OH
dR
N6-Me-dAdo
N
NN
N
NH CH3
dR
NaBH3CN
pH 7.0
M. Wang et al. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20: 1141-1148 (2007)
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Outline of Analytical Method for N6-HOMe-dAdo in DNA
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LC-ESI-MS/MS-SRM Chromatograms of N6-Me-dAdo in Smokers' Leukocyte DNA
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Typical LC-ESI-MS/MS-SRM Chromatograms of N6-Me-dAdo in Leukocyte DNA
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Levels of N6-HOMe-dAdo (as N6-Me-dAdo) in Leukocyte DNA of Smokers and Non-smokers
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Previous Studies of Leukocyte DNA Adducts in Smokers vs. Non-smokers
• Most used 32P-postlabelling and immunoassay – inconsistent results comparing smokers and non-smokers
• Mixed results in 8-OH-dG analyses• Marginally higher levels of acetaldehyde-DNA
adducts in smokers before stopping• Significant difference in BPDE-DNA adducts
(2 per 108 vs 1 per 108 nucleotides)• Our results: 5 per 108 vs. 0.5 per 108 nucleotides
IARC Monographs, Vol 83 (2004); Pavanello et al. Mutat. Res 611: 54 (2006); Chen et al Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20: 108 (2007)
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Sources of Formaldehyde-DNA Adducts
• Formaldehyde itself in cigarette smoke, but blood levels were not elevated in volunteers exposed to similar amounts
• Smoking effect on endogenous metabolism• Released as a metabolite from nicotine, NNK, or
related compounds• Transfer from formaldehyde-histone adducts• Secondary metabolite from lipid peroxidation or
inflammation caused by smoking
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Conclusions – Formaldehyde DNA Adducts
• First study to detect formaldehyde-DNA adducts in humans
• Highly significant differences between smokers and non-smokers
• Results indicate a previously unrecognized and potentially important role for formaldehyde in smoking-induced cancer
M. Wang, G. Cheng, S.S. Hecht et al. Cancer Res., 69: 7170 (2009)
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Overall Goal
Elucidate mechanisms of tobacco-induced cancer and apply this
knowledge to cancer prevention.
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We are Making Progress in Tobacco Control
• Smoke-free legislation
• Increased taxation
• Aggressive anti-tobacco advertising
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Age-Adjusted Total U.S. Mortality Rates for Lung and Bronchus Cancer
Source: SEER data http://seer.cancer.gov/faststats/
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
Year of Death
Rat
e p
er 1
00,0
00
Both sexes
Males
Females
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Dorothy Hatsukami
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Acknowledgements
• Hecht Lab– Steven Carmella– Mingyao Wang– Irina Stepanov– Pramod Upadhyaya– Brad Hochalter– Silvia Balbo– Shaomei Han– Menglan Chen– Guang Cheng– Lei Meng– Yan Zhong– Aleks Knezevich– John Muzic
• Core Facilities– Pete Villalta– Chap Le– Xianghua Luo– Yan Zhang– Bruce Lindgren
• Dorothy Hatsukami – Joni Jensen– Amanda Anderson– Rachel Feuer
• Tim Church• Kristin Anderson• Mindy Geisser• Jian-Min Yuan• Mimi Yu
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Research Support
• National Cancer Institute• National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences• National Institute on Drug Abuse/NCI/NIAAA
(TTURC)• American Cancer Society• Wallin Chair in Cancer Prevention