Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Volume 68 Article 18

2014

Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site

in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas

C. S. Thigpen Arkansas State University, christopher.thigpen@smail.astate.edu

D. Beard

S. E. Trauth Arkansas State University

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas

Part of the Animal Studies Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Thigpen, C. S.; Beard, D.; and Trauth, S. E. (2014) "Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 68 , Article 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2014.6813 Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol68/iss1/18

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014106

Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site in Scott, PulaskiCounty, Arkansas

C.S. Thigpen1*, D. Beard2 and S.E. Trauth1

1Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467-0599212306 Willow Lane, Scott, AR 72142

Correspondence: christopher.thigpen@smail.astate.edu

Running Title: Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas

Abstract

We collected and examined 16 Fowler’s toads,Anaxyrus fowleri, and one dwarf American toad,Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi, in central Arkansasin 2011. Collection was initiated by observation ofabnormal toads. Toads were euthanized, measured,photographed, and deposited in the Arkansas StateUniversity herpetological collection. Several toadswere radiographed. We found various abnormalities inboth forelimbs and hindlimbs and on both sides of thebody. The causes of the abnormalities remainunknown and will require further studies to determineif the environment is imperiled.

Introduction

Studies on amphibian limb abnormalities haverecently become common in the field of amphibianconservation. These abnormalities can vary from limbmalformations to complete limb absence. Manystressors can cause similar responses and a singularcause that links the array of abnormalities is notknown. Instead the several known causes of theseabnormalities appear to have variable effects.

Although research has led to a betterunderstanding of the abnormalities, there is a lack ofknowledge of the causes and implications of thedeformities (Blaustein and Johnson 2003). Lannoo(2008) believes many sources, both natural andartificial, ranging from fish excrement toovercrowding, are significant when pinpointing causesof the abnormalities.

Herein, we present an observational investigationof abnormalities in Fowler’s toads (Anaxyrus fowleri)and dwarf American toads (Anaxyrus americanuscharlesmithi) from a site in south central Arkansas.This is intended to describe the abnormalities andallow for future studies to determine potential causes.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen toads of varying sizes were collected byhand in Scott, Arkansas (Pulaski County)(34˚38”03.19”N, 92˚07’58.95”W) and sent to Arkansas State University for processing. The random collectionwas opportunistic and non-exhaustive. The site (Fig.1) was around an in ground swimming pool in aresidential neighborhood, bordered by several lakeswith forest areas and many agricultural plots. The sitewas not chosen, and the collection was initiated by theproperty owner (D. Beard) when abnormal toads wereobserved. The toads were euthanized in a dilutechlorobutanol solution. Fixation was done in a 10%v/v neutral buffered formalin solution. All toads werethen photographed, given museum tags, and placed in70% v/v ethanol.

Figure 1. Map of collection site near Scott (Pulaski Co., Arkansas).

Results

Thirteen toads of the 17 collected exhibited someabnormality. Most (92.3%) abnormalities affected thelimbs. A list of common abnormalities of the limbsadapted from Lannoo (2008) was used as a basis foridentification of the abnormalities (Table 1). Limbabnormalities varied among the toads and were found

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68 [2014], Art. 18

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Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014107

in both adult and sub adult toads (maximum SVL was75 mm; minimum SVL was 27 mm).

Table 1. Common amphibian limb abnormalitiesfrom Lannoo (2008).

Abnormality Description

Amelia Missing limb

Ectromelia Missing limb segments

Polydactyly Extra digits

EctrodactylyComplete absence of digitincluding metatarsal bone

Skin Webbing Band of skin crossing a joint

Table 2 documents all abnormalities observed andgives a short description of location and affected area.

One of the 5 toads that did not exhibit any limbabnormalities did appear to have a slightly aboveaverage curvature of the sacral hump (seen in Fig. 1a),but it was not radiographed or considered suspicious.The other 4 toads that were collected did not exhibitany noteworthy malformation or abnormality and arenot presented in any of the following tables or figures.

Photographs of toads can be seen in Figure 2.Figure 3 shows radiographs and photographs of someof the abnormal toads.

Discussion

The abnormalities presented do not have a knowncause as of yet. We can speculate, however, to thecauses of some of the abnormalities.

The trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae isfrequently associated with limb abnormalities inanurans, but usually affects the hind limbs. Johnson etal. (2001) found that infections of R. ondatrae in Bufo(Anaxyrus) boreas tadpoles induced severe limbmalformations ranging from supernumerary limbs tocomplete limb absence. In 2002, Johnson et al. linkedR. ondatrae infection to amphibian malformations inthe western United States. In 9 species of amphibiansfrom 4 states, they found that the parasite caused bothforelimb and hind limb malformations of varyingdegrees. Although many believe the parasite is theculprit behind most abnormalities, others disagree.

In a study of wood frogs, Eaton et al. (2004) foundabnormalities associated with R. ondatrae, but found

no evidence, i.e. cysts, linking the parasite with theabnormalities and instead suggested that sublethalpredation was a primary cause for the abnormalities.Because limbs develop outside the body, abnormalitiesin hind limbs of anurans ranging from missing digits tomissing limbs may be linked to sublethal predation(Ballengée and Sessions 2009, Bowerman et al. 2010).Ballengée and Sessions (2009) attribute theabnormalities to dragonfly nymphs and Bowerman etal. (2010) attribute abnormalities to sticklebacks.Others believe pollution is to blame.

Table 2. Observed abnormality and description

Abnormality Description

Superimposition Third toe on left footperpendicular to 2nd toe

Ectromelia Right forelimb and hindlimbmissing distal elements

Oligodactyly Left hand missing 4th toeand distal portion of 3rd toe

Oligodactyly andskin webbing

Right foot missing 3 medialtoes and two lateral toes

fused

Ectromelia Elements below proximalhalf of right radioulna absent

Adactyly All toes on right foot absent

Ectrodactyly All metatarsals andphalanges on left hand

absent

Skin webbing Medial toes on right handfused

Skin webbing andoligodactyly

Second, third, and fourth toefused on right hand and 2ndand 3rd toe missing distal

phalanges

Amelia Entire right forelimb missing

BilateralEctromelia

Distal portions of bothforelimbs missing

BilateralEctromelia

Elements distal to proximalportion of humeri missing

Kyphosis Above average convexcurvature of the sacral hump

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68 [2014], Art. 18

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compounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found thatskeletaroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiplestressorsuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Otherabnormalitiesthe hind limbspredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicalsfertilizers.

Figure 2and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), andoligodactyly (d)

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found thatskeletaroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiplestressorsuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Otherabnormalitiesthe hind limbspredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicalsfertilizers.

Figure 2and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), andoligodactyly (d)

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found thatskeletal abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiplestressors that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Otherabnormalitiesthe hind limbspredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicalsfertilizers.

Figure 2. Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), andoligodactyly (d)

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Otherabnormalitiesthe hind limbspredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicalsfertilizers.

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), andoligodactyly (d)

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Otherabnormalities such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofthe hind limbspredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicals

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), andoligodactyly (d)

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofthe hind limbs may also be caused by sublethalpredation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicals

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicals

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicals

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasitefound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed toagricultural chemicals such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)and ectrodactyly of right hand (b).toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasite Ribeiroiafound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may belinked to the trematode parasite Ribeiroiafound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

Ribeiroiafound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

Ribeiroiafound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

that has beenfound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

that has beenfound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

predation. Ouellet et al. (1997) and Lannoobelieve hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

that has beenfound by Johnson et al. (2001) to cause skin webbingin western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

(2008)believe hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

that has beenbing

in western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

(2008)believe hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014108

Pesticides, herbicides and other chemicalcompounds used for agriculture have been suggested asthe direct or indirect cause of some amphibianmalformations (Ouellet et al. 1997, McCallum 1999,Taylor et al. 2005). Reeves et al. (2008) found that

l abnormalities increased with proximity toroads in wood frogs in Alaska and suggested thatmultiple factors from vehicles, pollution, and predatorcommunity shifts may cause the increase inabnormalities. Reeves et al. (2010) discussed multiple

s that may increase likelihood of abnormalitiessuch as radiation, pollution, and predation. Thecutaneous fusion observed in some of the toads may be

that has beenbing

in western toads. Missing digits and kyphosis could becaused by injury from sublethal predation. Other

such as partial limbs or ectromelia ofmay also be caused by sublethal

(2008)believe hindlimb deformities can be attributed to

such as pesticides and

Toads in A with abnormal curvature of sacral hump (a)Toads in B with superimposed

toe (a), ectromelia of right forelimb (b) and right hindlimb (c), and

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014108

C.S. Thigpen, D. Beard and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014108

Figure 3ectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the correspondingtoads for radiin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

collecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State UniversityHerpmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 3178231794, 31800

Literature Cited

Ballengee B

Blaustein AR

and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Figure 3ectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the correspondingtoads for radiin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State UniversityHerpmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 3178231794, 31800

Literature Cited

Ballengee Bmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

Blaustein ARcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Figure 3ectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the correspondingtoads for radiin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State UniversityHerpetological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 3178231794, 31800

Literature Cited

Ballengee Bmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

Blaustein ARcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Figure 3.ectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the correspondingtoads for radiin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 3178231794, 31800

Literature Cited

Ballengee Bmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

Blaustein ARcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the correspondingtoads for radiographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 3178231794, 31800-

Literature Cited

Ballengee B andmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

Blaustein ARcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

and S.E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

-31808).

Literature Cited

andmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

Blaustein ARcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Acknowledgments

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

31808).

Literature Cited

and SK Sessionsmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

andcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

31808).

SK Sessionsmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

andcomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

SK Sessionsmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

and PTJ Johnsoncomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shownin photographs D and E (b and c).

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

SK Sessionsmissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

PTJ Johnsoncomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

SK Sessions. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental ZoologyDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

PTJ Johnsoncomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal ofExperimental Zoology (Molecular andDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1

PTJ Johnsoncomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular andDevelopmental Evolution) 312B:1-10.

PTJ Johnsoncomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers inEcology and the Environment 1:87-94.

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and10.

PTJ Johnson. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

94.

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and

. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled usingmuseum coding numbers (31724, 31725, 31782-31786,

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and

. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled using31786,

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and

. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

Radiographs showing amelia (A), and bilateralectromelia (B and C). Photographs D and E are the corresponding

ographs A,B, and C. Missing and partial limbs shown

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled using31786,

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and

. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

Authorization of toad collection was granted by acollecting permit from the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. We would like to thank Mike Lannoofor his contribution in determination of abnormalitiesand production of radiographs. This study wasconducted under established protocols set by theIACUC at Arkansas State University. All specimenswere deposited into the Arkansas State University

etological Collection and are labeled using31786,

. 2009. Explanation formissing limbs in deformed amphibians. Journal of

(Molecular and

. 2003. Thecomplexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in

108

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68 [2014], Art. 18

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Toad (Anura: Bufonidae) Limb Abnormalities from an Aquatic Site in Scott, Pulaski County, Arkansas

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Johnson PTJ, KB Lunde, RW Haight, J Bowermanand AR Blaustein. 2001. Ribeiroia ondatrae(Trematoda: Digenea) infection induces severelimb malformations in western toads (Bufoboreas). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:370-379.

Johnson PTJ, KB Lunde, EM Thurman,EG Ritchie, SN Wray, DR Sutherland,JM Kapfer, et al. 2002. Parasite (Ribeiroiaondatrae) infection linked to amphibianmalformations in the western United States.Ecological Monographs 72:151-168.

Lannoo M. 2008. Malformed frogs the collapse ofaquatic ecosystems. 1st ed. University of CaliforniaPress, Berkeley. 270 p.

McCallum ML. 1999. Rana sphenocephala (southernleopard frog) malformities found in Illinois withbehavioral notes. Transactions of the Illinois StateAcademy of Science 92:257-264.

Ouellet M, J Bonin, J Rodrigue, JL DesGranges andS Lair. 1997. Hindlimb deformities (ectromelia,ectrodactyly) in free-living anurans fromagricultural habitats. Journal of Wildlife Diseases33:95-104.

Reeves MK, CL Dolph, H Zimmer, RS Tjeerdemaand KA Trust. 2008. Road proximity increasesrisk of skeletal abnormalities in wood frogs fromnational wildlife refuges in Alaska. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives 116:1009-1014.

Reeves MK, P Jensen, CL Dolph, M Holyoak andKA Trust. 2010. Multiple stressors and the causeof amphibian abnormalities. EcologicalMonographs 80:423-440.

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https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol68/iss1/18DOI: https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2014.6813