To Survive in Paradise: Strategies of Korean Restaurateurs in Aucklanddocs.business.auckland.ac.nz...
Transcript of To Survive in Paradise: Strategies of Korean Restaurateurs in Aucklanddocs.business.auckland.ac.nz...
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To Survive in Paradise: Strategies of Korean Restaurateurs in Auckland
New Zealand Asia Institute Seminar on NZ and Korea November 16, 2012
Changzoo Song School of Asian Studies
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Portraits of Korean Immigrants in New Zealand
• Koreans are envious of Korean New Zealanders – Clean environment, good education system, leisurely
life style… • Indeed, Korean immigrants have enjoyed their life
in New Zealand • However, with low employment rate and income,
many have ben struggling • “A total crisis in NZ Korean community” (on-going
sense of crisis expressed in NZ Korean newspapers)
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Blue sky…
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Koreans in Census
• The 2006 New Zealand census: 30,792 Koreans in NZ • Third-largest Asian population after Chinese and
Indians • Most Koreans in NZ live in the Auckland region (70%) • Majority of them living in the North Shore (70%) • Young – nearly half under 25 years of age • One third of them are unemployed, the highest among
five Asian groups • This reflects the challenges they face in adapting to
different environment in NZ.
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Socio-economic Adjustments in New Zealand
• Korean immigrants experience occupational down-shifting
• High level of self-employment (higher than Chinese migrants) – “Kimchi Networks: Korean Employers and Employees in Auckland” by C.
Meares, E. Ho, R. Peace & P. Spoonley (Massey University, 2010)
• Why such high self-employment rate? – Language barriers – Economic disadvantage – Only low wage jobs available to them and sense of relative
status-lowering – Ethnic and class resources
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Ethnic entrepreneurship (self-employment)
• Factors influencing business entry – Economic disadvantage (push factors): lack of language skills,
prejudice – Cultural predisposition (pull factors): entrepreneurial traditions of the
ethnic group – Contextual factors: ethnic resources, opportunities, class resources,
ethnic enclaves • Ethnic Resources
– Access to inexpensive and reliable labour, i.e. family members – Access to cheaper finance (i.e., ethnic credit association such as gye) – In the case of ethnic Koreans, supports from homeland government is
increasingly important (proactive diasporic policies of South Korea: voting rights to overseas Koreas; allowing dual nationalities; networking Korean diasporas and so on)
• Class Resources: education, capital
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Cases of Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Americas
• Very high self-employment rate (in the US highest among Asian immigrants)
• Finding ‘ethnic business niche’ and establishing ‘ethnic hegemony’ (controlling most of the processes in the business): (1) Dry cleaning business in the US; (2) Garment industry in Latin America; and (3) Sushi business in the US to a certain degree
• Success Factors – Conventional Factors -- Economic Disadvantage, Ethnic Resources, Ethnic enclave,
Middleman minority strategies, Niche seeking based on ethnic and class resources
– Historical and international economic environmental factors:
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Garment and sushi: historical and global economic environmental factors • Garment Industry
– Timing: Old, retiring migrants (Jews) and new and younger migrants (Koreans) in North and South America
– Changes in global economic environment • Fabric production shift from Europe to Asia • Korea’s dominance in garment manufacturing and fabric production
– Existence of cheap labour: • Illegal Latino migrants in the US • Bolivian migrants in Argentine
• Sushi business – Culinary cultural changes in the West and soaring demand in sushi in the late 1980s – Aging and shortage of Japanese immigrants – Colonial legacies in Korea
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Perceived Problems in NZ business environment
• Small market • Language barrier • Racism and discrimination • Competition among Koreans (and Asians) • “Conservativeness” of the main stream
culture
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Business Environment for Koreans in NZ
• August 2012 Good Day New Zealand reports: • About 2,000 Korean businesses listed in
Auckland • Koreans concentrated on 10 businesses
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Business Details Number
Construction Building, painting, plumbing, flooring … 220
Restaurants Korean, Japanese, Chinese, cafes 200
Real estate agent 170
Religious organisations Christianity, Buddhism and others 150
Hair salon & skin care 130
Health food stores 120
Groceries & marts 100
International students services
About 9,000 Korean international students in Auckland
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Automobile Service, accessory.. 70
Cleaning 50
Concentrated on 10 business
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Korean Restaurants: changes • Food related industry in NZ - Monthly 300 million • Korean-owned restaurants in Auckland 200 • Before 2000: 3-4 big restaurants for Korean tourists • 2000-2005: Increasing number but only catering Koreans • 2005-2007: Toughening competition
– Some moved to Japanese restaurants – But, the number continuously increasing
• 2007-2009: many restaurants went bankrupt (30% closed) – More localised restaurants appeared (cafes, bars…)
• 2009-present: increasing sizes – Specialisation (BBQ rib, sundae soup…) – New generation owners appeared
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Strategies: moving to Japanese food
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Strategies: Aiming for Chinese
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New Trends: de-ethnicisation
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De-ethnicisation
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Other Trends
• Utilising Hallyu as a resource • Bringing new ideas from Korea: specialised
menu, transnationalism • Expanding to other ethnic market
– Sushi – Aiming for Chinese New Zealanders
• De-ethnicisation – Fusion foods – Aiming for main stream
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From Puffer Restaurant to…
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Kangnam Style Buffet Restaurant
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Going mainstream: lunch bars, cafes, and bars
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Conclusion
• Korean ethnic entrepreneurialism • Continuous changes and adaptations • Strategies: Ethnicisation, de-ethnicisation, Japanisation
Sinicisation, assimilation, transnationalism • Only 20 years of business history and still in the
process of adjusting • Eventually will find niches while adapting to the
changing realities • Contributing to the enrichment of culinary culture of
New Zealand
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