TO BE AND TO HAVE

Daniel <13>

Deva <15>

Kevin <26>

Viscylla Jesslyn <43>

To Have

The verb to have is used in a number ofdifferent ways in English. Here are the mainuses of the verb to have for reference, self-study and in-class use.

To Have - Main Verb

To have is used as a main verb to indicatepossession of objects, characteristics,relationships or other qualities.

Examples :

• He has three books by Hemingway.Jane has a sister in France.Frank has a lot of free time these days.

Have Got

Have got is also used, especially in BritishEnglish, to indicate possession of objects,characteristics, relationships or other qualities.

Examples:

He's got some friends in Wales.He's got red hair and freckles.Alice has got three cousins.

To Have - Main Verb

To have is also used as a main verb to express a number of actions including:

Have a bath, wash, shower, etc.Have breakfast, lunch, dinnerHave funHave time availableHave questionsHave a partyHave a walk, hike, ride, etc.Have a discussion, fight, argument etc.

Examples :

Erica is having a bath at the moment.We're going to have a party next week.She usually has breakfast at seven o'clock.

To Have - Auxiliary Verb• Have is also used as an auxiliary verb in the perfect

tenses. Remember that the auxiliary verb takes theconjugation in English, so the verb have will changedepending on the tense. Here is a quick review of thetenses that use have as an auxiliary verb:

• Present Perfect : He has been to Georgia twice.• Present Perfect Continuous : They have been waiting for

over an hour.• Past Perfect : He had already eaten when she arrived.• Past Perfect Continuous : Jane had been working for two

hours when he telephoned.• Future Perfect : They will have been gone for four hours

by two o'clock.• Future Perfect Continuous : Max will have been playing

the piano for two hours by the time he finishes.

To Have To Do - Modal Form• To have to do something expresses the idea that an

action or routine is required of someone. We use tohave to do something to speak about ourresponsibilities in life. This form can have the samemeaning as 'must', but is generally preferred whenspeaking about responsibilities. 'Must' is generallyused to speak about strong personal obligation (Forexample: I must talk to Peter. It's important!) Willhave to do something is used to speak about futureobligations, and had to do something is used tospeak about past obligations. The negativeform don't / didn't have to do something refers to anaction which is not required of someone, butpossible nonetheless. 'Mustn't', on the other hand,refers to something that is prohibited.

Present Examples :Doug has to get up early every day.They have to work hard on Saturdays.She doesn't have to go to work on Saturdays. (It's possible, but not necessary)Past Examples :They had to leave early to catch the flight.Jennifer had to explain the situation to Peter.I didn't have to go to the meeting in Dallas. (I could have gone, but it wasn't necessary)Future Examples :He will have to get up early tomorrow.Janice will have to decide whether she wants to marry him or not.They won't have to purchase any additional materials. (They can, but it's not required.)

To Have Something Happen / Happening – Experiences

- Have + object(s) + base form of verb / -ing form -

This form is used to speak about experiences that have happened, or experience in general.

Examples :

We have people visit us all the time.Sherry had her children playing in the garden.

To Have Something Done - Arrangements - Have + object(s) + past participle -

This form is used to speak about something that you arrange to have done for you. This form is also known as the causative 'have' because it expresses something which someone else causes to happen.

Examples :

She had them delivered to her home.We had Jack promoted to director.

To Be

The Verb TO BE

Acts as a linking verb, joining the sentences subject with a subject complement or complement. A linking verb provides no action to a sentence.

Forms

Base form Present Participle Past Participle

be being been

Present Simple Tense Past Simple Tense

I am

He, She, It is

We, You, They are

I, He, She, It was

We, You, They were

The verb to be has the most forms in English (8 forms):

Meaning

As a main verb in a sentence, to be is a stativeverb serving as a copula (a verb linking thesubject with it’s complement). As every sentencein English must have a verb, to be is used in manycases where there is no action described in thesentence.

Examples :

I am Dan Smith. She is a doctor. We are from Spain.[Existence, identity]

He was with his sister in Madrid while we were at home.[Location]

I will be 32 in December.[Age]

This dress is size 9. Her last apartment was very small.[Size]

The sky is blue, and so is my favorite color.[Color]

We are from Italy.[Origin]

How are you today ? I ’m fine, thanks.[Mood]

My new teacher is very nice.The results of our research are very promising.

Uses

Auxiliary verb + Main verb

Be + Present Participle (Ving)

As an auxiliary verb, to be is used to create progressive verb forms and passive constructions.

• The general formula for progressive forms is:

Example :

Donna is reading her new book.

[ is reading is in the Present Progressive Tense]

Her Parents have been working in book publishing for years.

[ have been publishing is in the Present Progressive Tense]

Ron may be traveling in India next month.

[ may be traveling is a modal progressive form]

Auxiliary verb + Main verb

Be + Past Participle

• The general formula for passive forms is:

Example :

English is spoken around the world.

[ is spoken is in the Present Simple Passive]

While the new airport was being built, my parents decided to move.

[ Was being built is in the Past Progressive Passive]

This story could have been written differently.

[ could have been written is in a modal perfect passive form]

In Negative Sentences

When a sentence in either the Present Simpleor Past Simple tenses has to be as a main verb,then no auxiliary verb is needed for negation.The word not is simply added after the verb. Inother words, the verbs to be and to do do notappear in one verb phrase together.

Examples :

Positive sentence – She is from Spain.Negative sentence – She is not from Spain.[ to be is the main verb, no auxiliary verb needed]

Positive sentence – She works in Madrid.Negative Sentence – She doesn’t work in Madrid.[ to be is not he main verb, auxiliary verb needed]

In Questions

When a sentence in either the Present Simple or Past Simple tenses has to be as a main verb, then no auxiliary verb is needed for forming questions. The be verb form is inverted before the subject. In other words, the verbs to be and to do do not appear in one verb phrase together.

Example :

Positive sentence – She is from Spain.Yes/No question – Is she from Spain ?[ to be is the main verb, no auxiliary verb needed]

Positive sentence – She works in Madrid.Yes/No question – Does she work in Madrid ?[ to be is not he main verb, auxiliary verb needed]

Positive sentence – She is from Spain.Wh question – Where is she from ?[ to be is the main verb, no auxiliary verb needed]

Positive sentence – She works in Madrid.Wh question – Where does she work in ?[ to be is not he main verb, auxiliary verb needed]

Positive sentence – She is my friend from Spain.Wh Subject question – Who is she ?[ to be is the main verb, no auxiliary verb needed in a Wh subject question]

Positive sentence – My Spanish friend works in Madrid.Wh Subject question – Who works in Madrid ?[ to be is not he main verb, no auxiliary verb needed in a Wh subject question]

With time expressions

Frequency adverbs appear after the verb to be and not before, as with other verbs.She is usually on time and always works very well.[ usually appears after is, always appears before works]

Thank You for your attention