Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Name_________________________per___

ICS 1 Block 2 Plate Tectonics

Ocean Floor Characteristics, Types / Properties of Plate Boundaries, Physical / Chemical Conditions of Rocks

1. Cover sheet / Agree or Disagree

2. WCW- your paper

3. Standards/crossword

4. Vocabulary-handwritten

5. Notes: Ocean floor/Continental

drift

6. Continental Drift Handout

Questions 1-24

7. Notes: Plate tectonics

8. Plate tectonics handout

9. Notes: Rock Characteristics

10. Rock cycle Handout

11. Mapping / Writing Handout

12. Vocab review and Key-facts

handout

Content Objective

To understand the different types of plate boundaries, characteristics of the objects located at each, and the

conditions that form rocks close and far from them.

Language Objective Describe the three types of plate boundaries and give examples of what types of land features and rock forms at

each.

Explain why the sea floor is spreading apart; discuss the reason for the “zebra pattern of polarity” on the ocean

floor.

Discuss the conditions that are required to form the three types of rocks, explain the chemical composition and

physical formation of each.

To be accepted for grading it must be organized and signed

Student: Print_______________________________Sign________________________________________Date_______

Parent/Guardian: Print_________________________________Sign______________________________________Date_______

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Put an A or D for agree or disagree

1. ______All minerals are solids, but not all solids are minerals.

2. ______The word crystalline means that atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern.

3. ______The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are silicon and carbon.

4. ______Like vitamins, minerals are organic substances, which means they contain carbon.

5. ______Color is always the best physical property to use when attempting to identify minerals.

6. ______A mineral’s hardness is a measure of how easily it can be scratched.

7. ______Most gems or gemstones are special varieties of particular minerals.

8. ______Synthetic, or human-made, diamonds are minerals.

9. ______A mineral or rock is called an ore only if it contains a substance that can be mined for a profit.

10. ______The three major types of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

11. ______During the rock cycle, any given rock can change into any of the three major rock types.

12. ______When magma reaches Earth’s surface and flows from volcanoes, it is called lava.

13. ______The pressure exerted by rocks produces all the heat used to form magma.

14. ______All igneous rock is formed from lava that cooled on Earth’s surface.

15. ______Before any rock is transformed into a metamorphic rock, some of the minerals must be melted.

16. ______Metamorphic rock can form only under intense heat and pressure.

17. ______Sandstone, limestone, chalk, rock salt, and coal are all examples of sedimentary rocks.

18. ______Sedimentary rocks can be made of just about any material found in nature.

19. ______Fossils of tropical plants are never found in Antarctica.

20. ______Because of all the evidence that Alfred Wegener collected, scientists initially accepted his

hypothesis of continental drift.

21. ______Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis explains how, when, and why the continents drifted apart.

22. ______Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur underwater along mid-ocean ridges.

23. ______Seafloor spreading provided part of the explanation of how continents could move.

24. ______Earth’s broken crust rides on several large plates that move on a plastic-like layer of Earth’s

mantle.

25. ______The San Andreas Fault is part of a plate boundary.

26. ______When two continental plates move toward each other, one continent sinks beneath the other.

27. ______Scientists have proposed several explanations of how heat moves in Earth’s interior.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

On your own paper

WCW- Warm-up, Critical Thinking, and Wrap-up: copy and answer all

For- 8/27/12 odd or 8/28/12 even

Warm-

up

Sunlight can’t reach the Ocean Floor.

The ocean floor looks like….

Life that exists there is…

Critical

Thinking

Sonar helped in the mapping of the Earth’s

Ocean Floor by…

Ocean floor look like…

Wrap-up Discuss the process of creating and

recycling the ocean floor. Where does it

occur? How does it occur?

Explain how sonar helped in the mapping

of the Earth’s Ocean Floor.

What does the Ocean floor look like? Why

is it like that?

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

8/29 odd 8/30 even

Warm-

up The seven continents are…

The 4 major oceans are…

The reason for different Land

forms is …

Critical

Thinking

Some coastal Mountain ranges are

farther from the convergent boundaries

that construct them because… Time of collision, part of plate colliding influences the range

Wrap-up Most Earthquakes and Volcanic

eruptions occur along or near

____Why?

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

9/4 odd 9/5 even

Warm-up Crystals are different colors because…

Critical

Thinking

The texture of a rock can be influenced

by the temperature and pressure

because…

Wrap-up Explain how a metamorphic rock can

be found near a Subduction zone.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

California State Standards with Framework

ES 3. Plate tectonics operating over geologic time have changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains on Earth’s surface.

As the basis for understanding this concept:

ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor topography) provide evidence of plate

tectonics.

Much of the evidence for continental drift came from the seafloor rather than from the continents themselves. The longest

topographic feature in the world is the mid-oceanic ridge system, a chain of volcanoes and rift valleys about 40,000 miles long that

rings the planet like the seams of a giant baseball. A portion of this system is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs parallel to the coasts

of Europe and Africa and of North and South America and is located halfway between them. The ridge system is made from the

youngest rock on the ocean floor, and the floor gets progressively older, symmetrically, on both sides of the ridge. No portion of the

ocean floor is more than about 200 million years old. Sediment is thin on and near the ridge. Sediment found away from the ridge

thickens and contains progressively older fossils, a phenomenon that also occurs symmetrically.

Mapping the magnetic field anywhere across the ridge system produces a striking pattern of high and low fields in almost perfect

symmetrical stripes. A brilliant piece of scientific detective work inferred that these “zebra stripes” arose because lava had erupted

and cooled, locking into the rocks a residual magnetic field whose direction matched that of Earth’s field when cooling took place.

The magnetic field near the rocks is the sum of the residual field and Earth’s present-day field. Near the lavas that cooled during times

of normal polarity, the residual field points along Earth’s field; therefore, the total field is high. Near the lavas that cooled during

times of reversed polarity, the residual field points counter to Earth’s field; therefore, the total field is low.

The “stripes” provide strong support for the idea of seafloor spreading because the lava in these stripes can be dated independently

and because regions of reversed polarity correspond with times of known geomagnetic field reversals. This theory states that new

seafloor is created by volcanic eruptions at the mid-oceanic ridge and that this erupted material continuously spreads out convectively

and opens and creates the ocean basin. At some continental margins deep ocean trenches mark the places where the oldest ocean

floor sinks back into the mantle to complete the convective cycle. Continental drift and seafloor spreading form the modern theory of

plate tectonics.

ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plate boundaries.

There are three different types of plate boundaries, classified according to their relative motions: divergent boundaries; convergent

boundaries; and transform, or parallel slip, boundaries. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are spreading apart. Young

divergence is characterized by thin or thinning crust and rift valleys; if divergence goes on long enough, mid-ocean ridges eventually

develop, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Convergent boundaries occur where plates are moving toward each

other. At a convergent boundary, material that is dense enough, such as oceanic crust, may sink back into the mantle and produce a

deep ocean trench. This process is known as subduction. The sinking material may partially melt, producing volcanic island arcs, such

as the Aleutian Islands and Japan. If the subduction of denser oceanic crust occurs underneath a continent, a volcanic mountain chain,

such as the Andes or the Cascades, is formed. When two plates collide and both are too light to subduct, as when one continent

crashes into another, the crust is crumpled and uplifted to produce great mountain chains, such as the relatively young Himalayas or

the more ancient Appalachians.

The third type of plate boundary, called a transform, or parallel slip, boundary, comes into existence where two plates move laterally

by each other, parallel to the boundary. The San Andreas Fault in California is an important example. Marking the boundary between

the North American and Pacific plates, the fault runs from the Gulf of California northwest to Mendocino County in northern

California.

ES 3. c. Students know how to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical conditions in which they formed,

including plate tectonic processes.

Rocks are classified according to their chemical compositions and textures. The composition reflects the chemical constituents

available when the rock was formed. The texture is an indication of the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the rock

formed. For example, many igneous rocks, which cooled from molten material, have interlocking crystalline textures. Many

sedimentary rocks have fragmental textures. Whether formed from cooling magma, created by deposits of sediment grains in varying

sizes, or transformed by heat and pressure, each rock possesses identifying properties that reflect its origin.

Plate tectonic processes directly or indirectly control the distribution of different rock types. Subduction, for example, takes rocks

from close to the surface and drags them down to depths where they are subjected to increased pressures and temperatures. Tectonic

processes also uplift rocks so that they are exposed to lower temperatures and pressures and to the weathering effects of the

atmosphere.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Vocabulary

1. Sea-floor topography the relief features or surface configuration of an area

2. Plate tectonics theory in which the lithosphere is divided into pieces, each move on the plastic

asthenosphere to collide with, slide under, or move past adjacent pieces

3. Continental drift the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates

4. Mid-ocean ridge extend through the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific oceans: each is hypothesized to

be the locus of seafloor spreading

5. Rift valleys chasm extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, locus of the magma upwelling that

accompany seafloor spreading

6. Sediment mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice

7. Fossils remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint,

etc

8. Magnetic field near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts

on any other magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle

9. Zebra stripes pattern created by the changing Earth’s magnetic field on the ocean crust

10. Polarity the property or characteristic that produces unequal physical effects at different points in a

magnet or storage battery

11. Lava the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent

12. Seafloor spreading process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's

mantle rises in margins between plates or ridges and spreads out

13. Ocean Basin a large geologic areas that are below sea level

14. Deep Ocean trench any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which maximum

oceanic depths (24,000–36,000 ft)

15. Convection cell a volume of circulating material, under gravity, that is heated from below and cooled

from above

16. Divergent boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving in the opposite direction.

17. Convergent boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other

18. Transform boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving past each other in opposite

directions

19. Oceanic crust part of Earth's lithosphere that covers the ocean basins

20. Continental Crust the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents

21. Mantle is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core

22. Subduction one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the

plates converge

23. Volcanic island arcs generally they result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another

tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench

24. Volcanic mountain chain when oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust on an adjacent plate,

creating an arc-shaped mountain belt

25. San Andreas Fault continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km)

through California

26. Chemical composition is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a

compound.

27. Igneous rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

28. Crystalline texture the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample

29. Sedimentary rock minerals and/or organic particles settle and accumulate to form a new material

30. Metamorphic rock the transformation of an existing rock type to a new rock type through heat and/or

pressure

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Earth Science ocean floor, rock type, Plate tectonics

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Across

3. the transformation of an existing rock type to a new rock type through heat and/or pressure

5. a volume of circulating material, under gravity, that is heated from below and cooled from above

7. formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

8. the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent

9. remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint, etc

10. pattern created by the changing Earth’s magnetic field on the ocean crust

15. the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates

21. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other

22. when oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust on an adjacent plate, creating an arc-shaped mountain

belt

23. process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's mantle rises in margins

between plates or ridges and spreads out

24. generally they result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another tectonic plate, and often

parallel an oceanic trench

25. the relief features or surface configuration of an area

26. ridge extend through the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific oceans: each is hypothesized to be the locus of

seafloor spreading

27. mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice

28. the property or characteristic that produces unequal physical effects at different points in a magnet or

storage battery

29. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving in the opposite direction.

Down

1. theory in which the lithosphere is divided into pieces, each move on the plastic asthenosphere to collide with,

slide under, or move past adjacent pieces

2. part of Earth's lithosphere that covers the ocean basins

3. is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core

4. is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

6. minerals and/or organic particles settle and accumulate to form a new material

11. one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge

12. chasm extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, locus of the magma upwelling that accompany

seafloor spreading

13. near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other

magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle

14. any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which maximum oceanic depths (24,000–

36,000 ft)

16. a large geologic areas that are below sea level

17. the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample

18. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving past each other in opposite directions

19. the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents

20. continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km) through California

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Notes: Ocean Floor Characteristics

Standard(s): ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor

topography) provide evidence of plate tectonics.

Objective (s): Understand the “zebra pattern” on the ocean floor and how this is evidence for sea-floor

spreading

Harry Hess

Pacific mtn range

Sonar-mid-atlantic ridge

12,000 miles long

Ocean floor 4-5km deep

Mid-ocean ridge~2.5 km high

Sea-floor

spreading Mid ocean ridge system along with Subduction of plates –

“escalator”

floor-

Old far from ridge (near shore) near Subduction or trench points

normally

Young new floor-near ridge (mid-ocean)

Before WW1 thought crust moved

Now we know

Over many millions of years has built the 50,000 km-long system of

mid-ocean ridges.

hypothesis supported by evidence:

(1) at or near the crest of the ridge, the rocks are very young, and

they become progressively older away from the ridge crest

(2) the youngest rocks at the ridge crest always have present-day

(normal) polarity i.e. magnetic field

(3) Stripes of rock parallel to the ridge crest alternated in magnetic

polarity (normal-reversed-normal, etc.), suggesting that the Earth's

magnetic field has flip-flopped many times.

Alfred

Wegener

Early 20th

century

Continental drift but didn’t understand

Ocean depth by sonar

Mid-ocean Ridge

Continuous trench around the globe formed from divergent plates …

Magnetic field

“Zebra stripes” Magnetic field alternates on either side of the mid

ocean ridge

Carbon Dating

Carbon 12 vs. carbon 14

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

magnetic

striping

New oceanic crust forming continuously at the crest of the mid-ocean

ridge cools and becomes increasingly older as it moves away from

the ridge crest with seafloor spreading (see text):

a. the spreading ridge about 5 million years ago;

b. about 2 to 3 million years ago; and

c. present-day.

Subduction At the point were two plates collide, 1 plate goes under another

causing trenches and mountains to form

This is how the ocean floor can be in a contant state of growing

because it is in a constant state of recycling

trench Ocean trench -geological structure , undersea along plate boundaries

Specifically, along Subduction zones

largest in the Pacific Ocean but still significant in the Indian and Atlantic

Ocean

One could consider an ocean trench a sort of undersea valley or grand canyon

deep depressions in crust, deepest part of the ocean

Imagine sliding one plate under the other, the trench which forms in the area

where the plates meet.

The deepest, Mariana Trench, in the Western Pacific Ocean to the edge of

South America. In some cases, ocean trenches have become filled with

sediment, not easily identifiable as trenches, radar and other imaging tools can

reveal the underlying structure of the trench.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Continent drift and Plate tectonics- Question

1. What four major scientific developments spurred the formulation of the plate-

tectonics theory?

2. As early as when did a few intrepid navigators take soundings with hand lines?

What did they find?

3. What did a bathymetric chart, in 1855 reveal about the ocean floor?

4. What was when echo-sounding devices used for after World War 1?

5. What was noticed about the ocean floor sediment layer?

6. How is the seam on a baseball similar to the Mid-Oceanic ridge system?

7. What rock that is iron-rich covers the ocean floor?

8. Why is there a strip pattern on the ocean floor?

9. In the twentieth century what did paleomagnetic scientist notice about the rock?

10. Which way does the needle of a compass point for a north end of a normal

polarity rock?

11. Which way does the needle of a compass point for a north end of a reverse

polarity rock?

12. How do grains of magnetite in volcanic rock behave?

13. What is the “Zebra pattern on the ocean floor?

14. How does the magnetic striping pattern form?

15. Why are the stripes symmetrical around the crests of the mid-ocean ridges?

16. What are the three lines of evidence for sea floor spreading?

17. What mission did the Glomar Challenger take on in 1968?

18. How can new crust be continuously added along the oceanic ridges without

increasing the size of the Earth?

19. Why does the Earth not get bigger with sea floor spreading?

20. Why is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor?

21. Why are oceanic rocks much younger than continental rocks?

22. Where do Earthquakes tend to concentrate?

23. What does WWSSN stand for?

24. What is the significance of the connection between earthquakes and oceanic

trenches and ridges?

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Notes: Plate tectonics

Standard(s): ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the

three different kinds of plate boundaries.

Objective (s): Understand the types and characteristics of landforms at plate

boundaries.

What drives the plate’s motion?

Convection -the rise of hot molten magma and then

the descent of cooler magma

Convergent Boundaries- together, Subduction, Mtn building

Divergent Boundaries- apart, rift, valleys

Transform Boundaries- slide past, all types of landforms

The surface of the Earth is composed of about a dozen major rigid, moving crustal

plates and several smaller plates

Divergent Convergent

Transform or

Strike-slip

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Notes: Plate Boundaries

Convergent- crash into each other

Subduction Deep Ocean trench

Mountain range Volcanic island arcs

Divergent- pull away from each other

Rift valley Mid ocean ridge

Transform-plates move parallel to each other,

San Andreas fault Valleys / Mountains

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Notes Plate Tectonics

Divergent Boundary

Mid Ocean Ridge

Ring of Fire

Convergent Boundaries

a. Oceanic-Oceanic Plates converge

Philippine and Pacific Plate

b. Oceanic-Continental Plates Converge

North America and Pacific Plate

c. Continental-Continental Plates Converge

Indian and Eurasian Plate-Himalayas

Transform Boundary

Uplift = being raised

Erosion rate = surface torn down

Exhumation = rocks approaching surface

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The volcanic country of Iceland, straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge it is splitting between the North

American and Eurasian Plates, as North America moves westward relative to Eurasia

Krafla a Volcano, in the northeastern part of Iceland existing ground cracks have widened and new

ones appear every few months. rifting (surface cracking) takes place along the Krafla fissure zone.

Divergent boundaries

Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Submerged and extends from the North Arctic Ocean to

beyond the Southern tip of Africa, is but one segment of the

global mid-ocean ridge system that encircles the Earth.

Rate of spreading averages about 2.5 centimeters per year

(cm/yr), or 25 km in a million years.

Ring of Fire A collection of Hotspot, volcanoes, plate boundaries, and

other plate tectonic evidence that circles the pacific plate

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Plate Tectonics

Ocean Floor

Magnetic Field

Zebra Pattern

Normal reverse polarity

both sides of the mid ocean

ridge

Age

Carbon dating

Radioactive dating

Magnetic field dating

Sea Floor Topography

mid ocean ridge

subduction zones

trenches

Plate Boundaries

Convergent

Plates collide

three types

continent-continent

continent-oceanic

oceanic-oceanic

Mountain ranges form

subduction zones form

deep trenches form

Divergent

plates pull away

new crust forms

Transform

plates slide past each other

mountains form

deep fault lines known as

fracture zones

most under water

San Andreas fault

excemption

Rocks Physical

Conditions

Texture

conditions of temperature and pressure

Classification

igneous sedimentary metamorphic

Rocks Chemical

Conditions

Crystalline Structure

Large

Small

constituents atoms,

molecules, or ions are

arranged in an ordered pattern

Elements

composition reflects the

chemical constituents

available

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Notes Rock Characteristics

• A rock is a naturally occurring, solid aggregate of minerals.

Three types of rocks

• Igneous (made by “fire”) - Solidified from molten rock (magma)

• Sedimentary - Deposit / buried at Earth’s surface

• Metamorphic (“changed form”) - Transformed from preexisting

rocks under high pressure and temperature.

Distinguishing characteristics

• Mineralogy - Constituent minerals and their relative proportions.

• Texture - Sizes, shapes, and arrangements of minerals within the rock, e.g.,

– Course-grained

– Fine-grained

– Foliated (planar fabric)

• All are clues to a rock’s origin and history.

Igneous rock

• Minerals crystallize from melt, derived

from deep within Earth’s crust or mantle

– High temperatures, up to 700° C

or more!!

– Crystal size depends on cooling

rate.

• Intrusive rocks cool slowly within deep

magma chambers:

– Course, interlocking crystals

• Extrusive rocks cool rapidly at (or near)

the surface of the earth:

– Fine-grained, often “glassy”

Sedimentary rock

• Loose particles (sand, silt, marine shells)

accumulate on shorelines, basins, rivers,

etc.,

– Clastic Sediments

• Minerals precipitate from dissolved

chemicals in water

– Chemical & Biochemical

Sediments

• All are the products of Weathering - that

breaks up and decays rocks, and Erosion - that transports from source to point of

deposition

Metamorphic rock

• High temperatures and pressures at depth cause changes in mineralogy, texture, and

composition

– Changes take place in Solid State by recrystallization and chemical reactions

– Temperatures greater than 250°, less than 700°

• Regional Metamorphism - High pressures and temperatures derive from regional collision,

deformation and mountain building.

Contact Metamorphism - Locally high temperatures, adjacent to intrusions.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Rock cycle Handout Write true or false next to each statement.

1. ____ Igneous rocks cannot become metamorphic rocks.

2. ____ There are three main groups of rocks.

3. ____ Weathering and erosion are the main forces which formed the Grand Canyon.

4. ____ When magma emerges from underground, it is called lava.

5. ____ Rocks are living substances that grow and change. Write a short answer for each of the following.

6. What is a rock? 7. Describe how an igneous rock forms. 8. What are the characteristics of a sedimentary rock? 9. What is a metamorphic rock? 10. Briefl y describe how a sedimentary rock can become a metamorphic rock.

Circle the answer for each of the following.

11. When heat and pressure cause a rock to change, this type of rock is formed: a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral

12. Molten rock that has erupted out of a volcano is known as:

a. sedimentary b. magma c. metamorphic d. lava

13. Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals are known as: a. trees b. rocks c. biotic components d. mines

14. What type of rock is formed when molten rock cools and solidifies?

a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral

15. Sandstone is an example of what type of rock? a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral

16. What process is responsible for breaking down rocks into smaller and smaller pieces?

a. weathering b. erosion c. eruption d. the rock cycle

17. What is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface called? a. lava b. metamorphic c. magma d. sedimentary

18. When a river carries away particles this is known as the process of:

a. the rock cycle b. eruption c. weathering d. erosion

19. What is the name for the continuous changing of rocks from one type to another? a. erosion b. metamorphic c. the rock cycle d. weathering

20. A natural substance with a definite crystal structure is a: a. rock b. mineral c. sea lion d. mountain

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Vocabulary

Use these words to fill in the blanks next to the sentences below.

Weathering Igneous Rocks Magma Metamorphic Sedimentary Erosion Mineral Rock Cycle Lava

1. _____________Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals.

2. _____________A natural substance that has a definite crystal structure.

3. _____________Rocks that are formed when molten rock cools.

4. _____________Molten rock located under the Earth’s surface.

5. _____________Rocks formed when sediments are compacted and

cemented together.

6. _____________Rocks that have changed from one type to another as

a result of heat, pressure, or chemical reaction.

7. _____________Molten rock that is above the Earth’s surface.

8. _____________The process responsible for breaking down rocks and

other materials into smaller and smaller pieces.

9. _____________The process of transporting weathered rocks, particles,

and sediments from one place to another

10. _____________The process rocks move through over time, changing

from one form to another.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Writing Activity

Use the correct word from above to complete the sentences in the following paragraph.

metamorphic minerals igneous erosion rocks sedimentary

weathering rock cycle

__________________ are natural substances that have a definite crystal structure. Minerals are the building blocks that make up ____________. There are three main types of rocks. _______________ rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies. When particles of sand, silt, or other small particles are compacted and cemented together, ______________________ rocks are formed. ______________________ rocks are created when one type of rock undergoes a transformation due to heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. The process that breaks down rocks is ______________________. __________________ is the process by which rocks or rock particles are moved from one place to another place. The process that illustrates the changes between types of rocks is referred to as the ___________ ____________ .

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Mapping the Rock Cycle

1. What forces change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?

2. How is molten rock formed, and what type of rock does it create

when it hardens?

3. Describe how sediments form.

4. Provide an example of each of the three rock types.

5. Explain why the rock cycle is referred to as a “cycle”.

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

Vocab review and Key-facts handout

Matching Use the following words

1. _____ Inner Core a) movement of caused by plate tension, also one way

Earth releases energy

2. _____ Outer Core

b) hot layer of the Earth and is Molten(liquid).

3. _____ Mantle

c) Is the region near the upper mantle

4. _____ Crust

d) surface torn down

5. _____ Continental Crust

e) hot layer of the Earth and is solid.

6. _____ Oceanic crust

f) the surface of the Earth

7. _____ Magma

g) the thickest layer of the Earth

8. _____ Lava h) "chimney of the Earth" It is one way the Earth

releases its energy

9. _____ Plate

i) rocks approaching surface

10. _____ Volcano

j) melted rocks that came out from the volcano

11. _____ Earthquake

k) is the region between the crust and the upper mantle

12. _____ Lithosphere

l) land

13. _____ uplift

m) crust that is covered with water

14. _____ Asthenosphere

n) melted rocks inside the volcano

15. _____ Erosion rate

o) being raised

16. _____ Exhumation

p) are continental crust and oceanic crust

Circle the correct answer.

Winds blow across the Cascades from the west. (wind breaks things down) Erosion rates ought to be…

A. Higher on the western slopes

B. Higher on the eastern slopes

C. About the same on the east and west

The amount of continental crust on the earth has ______ over the course of geologic time.

A. stayed the same

B. increased

C. decreased

D. increased then decrease

In a mountain-building environment, faster erosion will…

A. Increase uplift and exhumation

B. Decrease uplift and exhumation

C. Have no bearing on uplift and exhumation

Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics

ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor topography)

provide evidence of plate tectonics.

Sea-Floor Topography provides evidence for plate

tectonics

The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are typically

located near Mid-ocean ridge

Normal Polarity is Positive North pole and Reversed

Polarity is Negative North pole

The rise of magma at the mid-ocean ridge is the

same as New ocean floor rising helping the theory of

Sea floor Spreading

Since the changes to the Magnetic Field occur on

both sides equally this helps prove the theory of Sea-

floor spreading

Topography means Elevation change

The max for sea floor is 200 million years old.

Helps the theory of Sea-floor spreading , Ocean

Floor is continuously being created in the middle

and Subducting along the boundary or Subduction

zone

ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plate boundaries.

A rift valley is evidence of a Divergent plate

boundary

The convergence of two continental plates produces

folded mountains

Magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent

boundary forming new crust at the edge of a

tectonic plate

Mountains, Subduction Zones form at a convergent

boundary

Deep trenches, Rift valleys form at a Divergent

Boundary

A Transform Boundary can have some form of

Mountains and Subduction

The topography of the ocean floor gives Elevation

change

ES 3. c. Students know how to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical

conditions in which they formed, including plate tectonic processes.

It is generally true that igneous rock are composed

of silicate minerals

Relative cooling rates of igneous intrusive rocks

can be estimated by comparing rocks’

Crystal Sizes

Gravel deposited in a silt bed can produce a

fragmental sedimentary rock

Texture is used to characterize rocks by the Size of

Grains and Vesicular

The size of grains give the type of texture a rock has

The elements available determine the chemical

composition of the rock state to state, country to

country

Melting, Compaction, and erosion are outcomes due

to Heat, Pressure, and Weathering which transform

rocks