To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson ... · 1 3 5 7 : ;! = > ? ! a = c ; f ' h...

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TECHNICAL REPORT R-351 July 2009 To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson (Eds.), Causality in the Sciences, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2009. (Chapter and page numbering still to be determined.)

Transcript of To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson ... · 1 3 5 7 : ;! = > ? ! a = c ; f ' h...

Page 1: To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson ... · 1 3 5 7 : ;! = > ? ! a = c ; f ' h i l o 5 q ! s 7 ' : v q ' 7;! 2 q ! ' 7 3; v ! o z 7 ' 7! q \ : : a q ; ! 7 c \

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� � � � � � � � � � : A � � � Q � � � Q ; � � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � ! � � � � Q 7 � � � � � C � � � \ � � � �

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h i j k l m n o p q r m s t r s m v x i y s v r { l } � l n i x o � t l } � l s } n { } � � � m v � � { t v x � i r � l n o � t l s } �r i m � v t r s v x o � t v s o v x i � i t r o � � l r i } r { v x � l s r t l � i � � m l � v � { x { o r { t t v s o v r { l } �

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± } j t l } t i � r { l } l � t v s o v r { l } k l m r � j l � r � i r { r x i ² r � i l m j ³ � s o r � i v � x i r l ´ µ ¶m i � m i o i } r r � i o i y s i o r { l } o { } v � l m � v x x v } � s v � i � ´ ¸ ¶ � m l � { n i v � m i t { o i x v } � s v � i

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x v � i x { } � l r � i m o ² s } v } o k i m v � x i � ³ v } n ´ º ¶ � m l � { n i v � i r � l n l � n i r i m � { } { } � k � v rv o o s � � r { l } o l m } i k � i v o s m i � i } r o k l s x n � i } i i n i n r l v } o k i m r � i ² s } v } o k i m �v � x i ³ y s i o r { l } o � ¼

½ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç Â È Ä É Ê Â À Á Ë Å Ä Ë Ì À Í Ì Ç Î Ï Â É Ê Ä É É Ê Â Ð Í Ñ À Á Å Ä É Ð À Í Ä É Ê Ä Í Ï Ð Ò Í À É Ò Î Ó Ì Ð Â Í É Ñ À ÁÏ Â É Â Á Å Ð Í Ð Í Ô É Ê Â Â Ó Ì Ä Ì Ë À Ñ Ä Ï Á Î Ô Î Í Ç Â Ò Ò Ì Â Á É Ä Ð Í Ä Ò Ò Î Å Æ É Ð À Í Ò Ä Á Â Ï Â Â Å Â Ï Æ Ç Ä Î Ò Ð Õ Ç Â È À Á Î Í Ç Â Ò ÒÏ Ä É Ä Ñ Á À Å Ä Ò Æ Â Ì Ð × Ì Â Ã Æ Â Á Ð Å Â Í É Ä Ç Ò É Î Ï Ë Ø Â Á Â Å Ä Ï Â Ä Ù Ä Ð Ç Ä Õ Ç Â Ú Û Î Ì Ê Ì À Í Ì Ç Î Ò Ð À Í Ì À Í Ò É Ð É Î É Â Ò ÄÙ Ä Ç Ð Ï Ü Ò À Ç Î É Ð À Í È Ý Æ Á À Ù Ð Ï Â Ï Í À Õ Â É É Â Á Ò À Ç Î É Ð À Í Â Ã Ð Ò É Ò Ú

TECHNICAL REPORTR-351July 2009

To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson (Eds.),Causality in the Sciences, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2009. (Chapter and page numbering still to be determined.)

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� � � Y � � � � � � � � $ " O � � � * � $ � � � $ " - � � & � $ O � � � $ /� � � � � " � � � � 5 � $ & � � � - � � � $ � � d ; < Y � � � & � � � � * " � * & � � � � - & * h @ @ B X $ e ? � � � � A

h @ @ A f A � � * � � < � 5 � � � � * � O � � * Y � � - � � 5 � � O & * � - & � � � & $ � $ e Y � � � � � � � * 9 T * , V A h @ @ @ nY � � - � " � � � * Y � � � � � � � * A i B B M f A $ � � � & $ � & & � � $ e ; � N � � * r � � - " � � A i B B k n O � " m

� & � P � � A i B B h f A � � * $ � & � � $ & � � � & $ � $ e < � � � � � � * r & � $ � & O A i B B G f A & � $ O � � � � � & � � $� $ � � - O � � � � � $ & < � � � � � � � � � � " $ � � & � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � " � � � " � & � & P � * / d � - � � � < � � � � � � " � � � � * � � � d ; < � � � � � � � � � & P & � � � � � - � � � & - � * � � $ � � � - � & � � � � � � � � � mO � � � - � � � & � � � � � $ & $ e E � t - � � A i B B M f A $ � - � � � < � - � � < � � � * � � � � � � � � & � � � � *

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Y � � � � � � � * 9 T * , V A h @ @ @ n ; � � � � � * E � � � g� � A i B B i n � � � � A i B B M n d � � & � � A i B B @ n ? � � � � Ai B B @ 4 f d � & � � A � � � - � � � O � � � � " � * � � � � & 5 " � & � � $ � � d ; < A � � � $ � $ � � - - & � � � � - & � $

� � � � � $ � � - O � � � � � $ & < � � � � � � � � � � " $ � � & � � A � � < � � � � 5 � � � � " � � � � N O � & � � � * / a � � $ �& � � " * � v

h / a � � " � & b � � & � � � � � � � � � O � & � � A O � � � � � & � � � " � � - � A $ � � " � " � � � � 7 " � � & � � $ A* � & $ & � � � � � � � � & � � e F � Y & * A i B B i f A & � � � � < � � � & � � � � e r � � * Y � � * A i B B l f A $ " w m & � � � � - O � � � � � e K � � � - � � A h @ G Q f � � * O � � 5 � 5 & � & $ � & � O O � � � � � $ � � � " $ � m

� & � � n Y & � � � � � � O O � � � � < & � Y � * � $ � � � $ � � & � � * $ O � & � � � $ O � � � � � � � d ; < /

i / a � � � N & � - � � & P � � & � � � � * � � � � & � � - & P � � & � � � � � " � � � � � � � " � � � N O � � $ $ & � � $ /

l / F � b � & � � � * & * � � � & � � & � . � & � � O � � 5 � 5 & � & � & � $ � � � " � � � � � � � " � � $ � � � � - � � � $ /

k / K � * " & � � � � � < � � " � � & � � � � � � & � � $ � � * O � � & & � $ � � � � � � & � � - & � � < � � � � � � � � m� $ & $ /

A / d � � & * & � � & � � � � - � � � � - � � & � � � � " � * � � & � � $ � � � � � O � � � � � & � � m � " � � - � - � * � � A� � * � � � - " � � � & � � � � � " � � � � � � � " � � � � " � * � � & � � $ � � $ � � " � " � � � � 7 " � � & � � - � * m� � $ /

Q / F � - � $ � & � � & � � � & - � � & � � � & � � $ $ " � � $ � � � � � " � * & � A � � & � � � � 5 & � & � � A � � � N m � � � � � 5 & � & � � A � � $ " O � � � N � � � � & � � � � � * � � � � � $ A Y � & � � � < � � - � � � * � � � -

Page 3: To appear in P. McKay Illari, F. Russo, and J. Williamson ... · 1 3 5 7 : ;! = > ? ! a = c ; f ' h i l o 5 q ! s 7 ' : v q ' 7;! 2 q ! ' 7 3; v ! o z 7 ' 7! q \ : : a q ; ! 7 c \

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� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " $ & � � � * $ � & + � , .

. ! � � 1 + 3 + , 6 � & � � , $ � � � " , & � � , 6 * � 6 " < � � � � > > * , + � � & + , 6 � � * $ � � � $ $ * > � & + � , $� , 3 3 " C , + , 6 � � * $ � � � � � � " > $ .

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� 4 � � � 1 � � * � � D � ! � % � 4 % 4 � � , � � � � � � , � � � % * � 1 � � ! � � � � � 4 � � � � � * � ( % � � * % � � � � * G �G � * ( � 4 1 4 � � � * � � , L � � � * � � � 4 � G � 4 ( � � � � % � � � � � � � � 3 � ;

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Z X YZ X YU U U

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