TNPSC GROUP 1 & 2 CLASSES POLITY CLASS 1 …...1 IYACHAMY ACADEMY CHENNAI – 9952521550,...
Transcript of TNPSC GROUP 1 & 2 CLASSES POLITY CLASS 1 …...1 IYACHAMY ACADEMY CHENNAI – 9952521550,...
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TNPSC GROUP 1 & 2 CLASSES
POLITY CLASS 1 NOTES
Evolution of Indian Constitution
Three important questions bothered the man right from the beginning of the
history of civilization. They are:
Is Government necessary?
What is the best form of Government?
How can we prevent the Government from becoming tyrannical?
Answer to the above three questions is the origin of idea of constitutionalism
and then the Constitutional law. The Constitution refers to that body of
doctrines and practices which form basis for organizing a state
The human being, according to the great Greek Philosopher Aristotle, is a
political and social animal. Either human being or a family cannot survive in
isolation. It became necessary for man to organize himself into communities
and societies. With the growth of population, these societies grew and
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multiplied and some form of rules and regulation was needed. Out of this need
arose law and government.
What is Constitution
It is in short, a rule of book of a nation, codifying rule of law
Constitution means a set of fundamental principles, basic rules and
established precedents (means standards/instances). It identifies, defines and
regulates various aspects of the State and the structure, powers and functions
of the major institutions under the three organs of the Government – the
executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It also provides for rights and
freedoms of citizens and spells out the relationships between individual citizen
and the State and government
Evolution of Indian Constitution
Indian democracy is Parliamentary form of democracy where executive is
responsible to the Parliament. The Parliament has two houses – Loksabha and
Rajyasabha. Also the type of governance is Federal, ie there is separate
executive and legislature at Center and States. We also have self governance at
local government levels. All these systems owe their legacy to the British
administration. Let us see the historical background of Indian Constitution and
its development through years.
Regulating Act of 1773
The first step taken by the British Parliament to control and regulate the
affairs of the East India Company in India.
It designated the Governor of Bengal (Fort William) as the Governor-
General (of Bengal).
Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal. Executive
Council of the Governor-General was established (Four members). There
was no separate legislative council.
It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Governor-
General of Bengal.
The Supreme Court was established at Fort William (Calcutta) as the
Apex Court in 1774.
It prohibited servants of the company from engaging in any private trade
or acceptingbribes from the natives.
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Court of Directors (governing body of the company) should report its
revenue.
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
Distinguished between commercial and political functions of the
company.
Court of Directors for Commercial functions and Board of Control for
political affairs.
Reduced the strength of the Governor General‟s council to three
members.
Placed the Indian affairs under the direct control of the British
Government.
The company‟s territories in India were called ‚the British possession in
India‛.
Governor‟s councils were established in Madras and Bombay.
Charter Act of 1813
The Company‟s monopoly over Indian trade terminated; Trade with India open
to all British subjects.
Charter Act of 1833
Governor-General (of Bengal) became as the Governor-General of
India. First Governor-General of India was Lord William Bentick.
This was the final step towards centralization in the British India.
Beginning of a Central legislature for India as the act also took away
legislative powers of Bombay and Madras provinces.
The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as a
commercial body and it became a pure administrative body.
Charter Act of 1853
The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General‟s
Council were separated.
6 members in Central legislative council. Four out of six members
were appointed by the provisional governments of Madras, Bombay,
Bengal and Agra.
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It introduced a system of open competition as the basis for the
recruitment of civil servants of the Company (Indian Civil Service
opened for all).
Government of India Act of 1858
The rule of Company was replaced by the rule of the Crown in India.
The powers of the British Crown were to be exercised by the
Secretary of State for India
He was assisted by the Council of India, having 15 members
He was vested with complete authority and control over the Indian
administration through the Viceroy as his agent
The Governor-General was made the Viceroy of India. Lord Canning
was the first Viceroy of India.
Abolished Board of Control and Court of Directors.
Indian Councils Act of 1861
It introduced for the first time Indian representation in the institutions
like Viceroy‟s executive+legislative council (non-official). 3 Indians
entered Legislative council. Legislative councils were established in
Center and provinces.
It provided that the Vice-roys Executive Council should have some
Indians as the nonofficial members while transacting the legislative
businesses.
It accorded statutory recognition to the portfolio system.
Initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring the legislative
powers to the Bombay and the Madras Provinces.
India Council Act of 1892
Introduced indirect elections (nomination).
Enlarged the size of the legislative councils.
Enlarged the functions of the Legislative Councils and gave them the
power of discussing the Budget and addressing questions to the
Executive
Indian Councils Act of 1909
This Act is also known as the Morley- Minto Reforms.
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Direct elections to legislative councils; first attempt at introducing a
representative and popular element.
It changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to the Imperial
Legislative Council.
The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60 from 16.
Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by
accepting the concept of „separate electorate‟.
Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council. (Satyendra
Prasad Sinha, as the law member)
Government of India Act of 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919
The political developments in India during the First World War such as the
Home Rule Movement led to the August Declaration. On 20th August, 1917
Montague, the Secretary of State for India made a momentous declaration in
the House of Commons. His declaration assured the introduction of responsible
government in India in different stages. As a first measure the Government of
India Act of 1919 was passed by the Parliament of England. This Act is
popularly known as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. At that time Lord
Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India
Features
Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces. Provincial subjects were
divided into “Reserved Subjects” such as police, jails, land revenue,
irrigation and forests and “Transferred Subjects” such as education, local
selfgovernment, public health, sanitation, agriculture and industries. The
Reserved subjects were to be administered by the Governor and his
Executive Council. The Transferred subjects by the Governor and his
ministers.
A bicameral (Two Chambers) legislature was set up at the centre. It
consisted of the Council of States and the Legislative Assembly. The total
member in the Legislative Assembly was to be a maximum of 145, out of
which 105 were to be elected and the remaining nominated. In the
Council of States there would be a maximum of 60 members out of which
34 were elected and the remaining nominated.
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The salaries of the Secretary of State for India and his assistants were to
be paid out of the British revenues. So far, they were paid out of the
Indian revenues.
A High Commissioner for India at London was appointed.
Provided for the establishment of Public Service Commission.
Extended reservation to Sikhs and Christians ,Anglo Indian and
Europeans
The Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 was passed on the basis of the report of
the Simon Commission, the outcome of the Round Table Conferences and the
White Paper issued by the British Government in 1933. This Act contained
many important changes over the previous Act of 1919.
Following were the salient features of this Act.
Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the Centre,
consisting of the Provinces of British India and the Princely States. (It did
not come into existence since the Princely States refused to give their
consent for the union.)
Division of powers into three lists: Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
Introduction of Dyarchy at the Centre. The Governor-General and his
councillors administered the “Reserved subjects”. The Council of
Ministers were responsible for the “Transferred” subjects.
Abolition of Dyarchy and the introduction of Provincial Autonomy in the
provinces. The Governor was made the head of the Provincial Executive
but he was expected to run the administration on the advice of the
Council of Ministers. Thus provincial government was entursted to the
elected Ministers. They were responsible to the popularly elected
Legislative Assemblies.
Provincial Legilatures of Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces,
Bihar and Assam were made bicameral.
Extension of the principle of Separate Electorates to Sikhs, Europeans,
Indian Christians and Anglo Indians.
Esatblishment of a Federal Court at Delhi with a Chief Justice and 6
judges.
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Indian Independence Act 1947
The British Government accorded formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by
enacting the Indian Independence Act on 18 July 1947. The salient features of
this Act were:
The partition of the country into India and Pakistan would come into
effect from 15 August 1947.
The British Government would transfer all powers to these two
Dominions.
A Boundary Commission would demarcate the boundaries of the
provinces of the Punjab and Bengal.
The Act provided for the transfer of power to the Constituent Assemblies
of the two Dominions, which will have full authority to frame their
respective Constitutions
Some Facts
Simon Commission
The Indian Statutory Commission , popularly known as the Simon Commission
(after the name of its chairman Sir John Simon),.was a group of seven British
Members of Parliament of United Kingdom that had been dispatched to India in
1928 to study constitutional reform the 1919 act and recommend to the
Government.One of its members was Clement Attlee, who subsequently
became the British Prime Minister and eventually oversaw the granting of
independence to India and Pakistan in 1947
Cripps Mission
From 22 March to 11 April 1942, Stafford Cripps, a member of the War
Cabinet, was dispatched to India to discuss the British Government‟s Draft
Declaration on the Constitution of India with representative Indian leaders
from all parties. The Cripps Mission failed and the issue of India‟s constitution
was postponed until the end of the war.
Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission to India was consisted of the Secretary of state Pethick
Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and the President of the Board of Trade and A.V.
Alexander, First lord of the Admiralty. The Cabinet Mission was to seek an
agreement, on the constitutional issue with the Indian political leaders. In the
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election of 1945-46 Muslim League had own most of the Muslim seats in the
Central Assembly and the Provincial Legislatures. In the absence of any
unanimous solution the Cabinet Mission announced its own recommendation
on 16th May 1946.
Recommendation
The whole of India including the Princely States should form a
Federation.
The Central Government should be in charge of foreign affairs,
defence and communication.
A Constituent Assembly should be elected to frame a constitution for
the Indian Union.
There should be an Interim National Government with leaders of the
Indian parties to take charge of the administration.
There should be an Interim National Government with leaders of the Indian
parties to take charge of the administration.
Mountbatten Plan
To solve the political and communal deadlock the Mountbatten Plan of June 3,
1947 laid down detailed measures for the partition of India, and the speedy
transfer of political power in the form of Dominion Status to the newly-born
Dominions of India and Pakistan.
Laws made before Charter Act of 1833 were calledRegulations and
those made after are called Acts.
Lord Warren Hastings created the office of District Collector in 1772,
but judicial powers were separated from District collector later by
Cornwalis.
From the powerful authorities of unchecked executives, the Indian
administration developed into a responsible government answerable to
the legislature and people.
The development of portfolio system and budget points to the
separation of power.
1882: Lord Ripon‟s resolution was hailed as the „Magna Carta‟ of local
self government. He is regarded as the „Father of local self-government
in India‟
1921: Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget
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Making of Indian Constitution
Indian Constitution is the longest of all the written constitutions. It was
prepared by a representative body, known as Democracy at Work 3
Constitutional Values and Political System in India Notes the Constituent
Assembly. Most of its members were deeply involved in the freedom struggle.
They are respectfully called the founding fathers of the Constitution.
The Constitution of India was framed between December 1946 and December
1949. During this time its drafts were discussed clause by clause in the
Constituent Assembly of India. In all, the Assembly held eleven sessions, In
between the sessions, the work of revising and refining the drafts was carried
out by various committees and sub-committees.
The strength of the assembly was reduced to 299 as against 389 which was
originally fixed in 1946 under cabinet mission plan because of the partition of
the country. The strength of the Indian provinces was reduced to 229 from 296
and of those of the princely states from 70 to 93. Of these 284 were actually
present on the 26th Nov, 1949 and appended their signatures to the
constitution when it was finally passed.
Important Committee of the Constitution
Sr.
No.
Name of the Committee Chairman
1 Committee on the Rules of Procedure Rajendra Prasad
2 Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad
3 Finance and Staff Committee Rajendra Prasad
4 Credential Committee Alladi
Krishnaswami
Ayyar
5 House Committee B Pattabhi
Sitaramayya
6 Order of Business Committee KM Munshi
7 Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag Rajendra Prasad
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8 Committee on the Functions of the Constituent
Assembly
GV Mavalankar
9 States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
10 Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities
and Tribal and Excluded Areas
Vallabbhai Patel
11 Minorities Sub-committee HC Mookherjee
12 Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee JB Kripalani
13 North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam, Excluded
and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee
Gopinath Bardoloi
14 Excluded and Partially Excluded Area (other than those
in Assam) Sub-Committee
AV Thakur
15 Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
16 Union Constitution Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
17 Drafting Committee BR Ambedkar
The constituent assembly had 11 sessions over two years, 11 months, 18 days.
The constitution makers had gone through the constitutions above 60
countries and the draft constitution was considered for 114 days.
Resolution
On 13 December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the “Objectives
Resolution” in the Constituent Assembly. It was a momentous resolution that
outlined the defining ideals of the Constitution of Independent India, and
provided the framework within which the work of constitution-making was to
proceed. It proclaimed India to be an “Independent Sovereign Republic”,
guaranteed its citizens justice, equality and freedom, and assured that
“adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal
areas, and Depressed and Other Backward Classes
Drafting committee:
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The drafting committee was the most important of all the committees. It
consisted of 7 members.
1. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar- chairman
2. N.Gopalaswamy Iyengar
3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
4. Dr. K.M.Munshi
5. Syed mohammad saadullah
6. N.Madhavarao
7. T.T. Krishnamachary
Additional functions of the Constituent Assembly:
Apart from discharging the constituent functions and law making functions
the constituent assembly also performed the following additional functions:
It ratified the India‟s membership of the common wealth in May 1949.
It adopted the national flag on July 22, 1947.
It adopted the national anthem on Jan 24, 1950.
It adopted the national song on Jan 24, 1950
It elected Dr.Rajendra Prasad as the 1st president of India on January
24th 1950.
Interim Government (Viceroy’s Executive council) 1946
Office Name
Vice President of the Executive
Council Jawaharlal Nehru
External Affairs and Commonwealth
Relations Jawaharlal Nehru
Agriculture and Food Rajendra Prasad
Commerce Ibrahim Ismail
Chundrigar
Defence Baldev Singh
Finance Liaquat Ali Khan
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Office Name
Education C. Rajagopalachari
Health Ghazanfar Ali Khan
Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel
Information and Broadcasting Vallabhbhai Patel
Law Jogendra Nath Mandal
Railways and Transpot Asaf Ali
Works, Mines and Power C.H. Bhabha
Posts and Air Abdur Rab Nishtar
Labour Jagjivan Ram
Sources of Constitution
Major Sources
Provisions Sources
President (Nominal Head) The United Kingdom
Cabinet System of Ministers
Parliamentary type of Government
Post of Prime Minister
Bicameral Parliament
Council of Ministers
Provision of Speaker in Lok Sabha
Legislation
Citizenship
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Writs
Rule of Law
Preamble The United States
Fundamental Rights
Independent Judiciary
Judicial Review
Impeachment of President
Removal of Judges (of Supreme Court & High
Courts)
Functions of Vice-President
Federal System (with strong Center) Canada
Residuary powers in the Center
Appointment of Governors (in states) by the Center
Advisory Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Principle of co-operative federalism Australia
Freedom of Inter-State trade
Trade and Commerce
Concurrent List
Joint siting of the two Houses of Parliament
Directive Principles of State Policy Ireland
Presidential Election
Nominating the members of Rajya Sabha
Republic France
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble
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Fundamental Duties Russia
Idea of Social, Economic, and Political Justice in
Preamble
Procedure for amendment South Africa
Election of Rajya Sabha members
Emergency powers to be enjoyed by the Union Germany
Suspension of Fundamental Rights during
emergency
Procedure Established by Law Japan
The federal scheme Govt. of India Act
1935 Role of federal judiciary
Office of the Governor
Emergency provisions
Public Service Commissions
Administrative details
IMPORTANT ARTICLES AND PARTS
S. No. Elements Article
1. Fundamental Rights 14-35
2. Directive Principles of State Policy 36 – 51
3. Fundamental Duties specified for citizens of
India
51 A
4. Official Language of Union Government of India
– Hindi (Until it was changed to English)
343
5. Imposition of President‟s Rule 356
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6. Autonomous Status to the state of Jammu &
Kashmir
370
7. Repeals India Independence Act and
Government of India Act, 1935
395
Part of the
Indian
Constitution
Elements Article
I
India as Union of States & the territories
of the states
1
Admission and Establishment of New
States
2
Formation of new States and alteration of
areas, boundaries or names of existing
States
3
II
Citizenship at the commencement of the
Constitution
5
Rights of citizenship of a certain person
who has migrated to India from Pakistan
6
Continuance of the rights of citizenship 10
Parliament to regulate the right of
citizenship by law.
11
III Definition of the State 12
Laws inconsistent with or in derogation
of the fundamental rights
13
Fundamental Rights of the Citizens of
India
14-35
1. Right to Equality 14 -18
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a) Right to Equality – Equality before
the law
14
b) Right to Equality – Prohibition of
discrimination on the grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex. Or place of birth
15
c) Right to Equality – Equality of
opportunity in matters of public
employment
16
d) Right to Equality – Abolition of the
untouchability
17
e) Right to Equality – Abolition of titles 18
2. Right to Freedom 19-22
a) Guarantees to all the citizens of
India
Right to freedom of speech and
expression
Right to assemble peacefully and
without arms
Right to form associations or unions
Right to move freely throughout the
territory of India
Right to reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India
Right to practice any profession or
to carry on any occupation, trade,
and business
19
b) Protection in respect of conviction
for offences
20
c) Protection of life & personal liberty 21
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d) Protection against arrest and
detention in certain cases
22
Also Read:a) Right to Information
19(1)
b) Right to privacy 21
c) Right to education 21(A)
3. Right Against Exploitation 23-24
a) Prohibition of traffic in human
beings and forced labour
23
b) Prohibition of employment of
children in factories and mines for under
the age of 14
24
4. Right to Freedom of Religion 25 – 28
a) Freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice and propagation of
religion
25
b) Freedom to manage religious affairs 26
c) Freedom as to pay taxes for
promotion of any particular religion
27
d) Freedom from attending religious
instruction
28
5. Cultural & Educational Rights 29 – 30
a) Protection of interest of minorities 29
b) Right of minorities to establish and
administer educational institutions
30
6. Right to Constitutional
Remedies
31 – 35
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a) Right to property
(Repealed/Abolished)
31
b) Remedies for enforcement of
Fundamental Rights
32
c) Power of Parliament to modify the
rights in their application to Forces, etc.
33
d) Restriction on rights while martial
law is in force in any area
34
e) Legislation to give effect to the
provisions of this Part Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,
Parliament shall have, and the
Legislature of a State shall not have,
power to make laws
Any law in force immediately before
the commencement of this
Constitution in the territory of India
continue in force until altered or
repealed or amended by Parliament
Explanation
35
IV Directive Principles of State Policy 36-51
1. Definition 36
2. Application of the Principles 37
3. State to Secure a social order for
promotion of welfare of people
38
4. Certain principles of policy to be
followed by the state
39
5. Equal Justice & free legal aid 39 (A)
6. Organisation of Village panchayats 40
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7. Right to work, to education, and to
public assistance in certain cases
41
8. Provision for just and humane
conditions of work & maternity relief
42
9. Living Wages, etc. for Workers 43
10. Participation of workers in
management of industries
43 (A)
11. Uniform Civil Code for the citizens 44
12. Provision for free & compulsory
education for children (stands substituted
until date further announced)
45
13. Promotion of educational and
economic interest of scheduled castes, ST,
and OBC
46
14. Duty of the state to raise the level of
nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health
47
15. Organisation of agriculture and
animal husbandry
48
16. Protection and improvement of
environment and safeguarding of forests
and wild life
48 (A)
17. Protection of monuments and places
and objects of natural importance
49
18. Separation of judiciary from the
executive
50
19. Promotion of international peace
and security
51
20. Fundamental Duties (originally 10 &
now 11 duties by the 86th amendment act
51 (A)
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2002)a) to abide by the Constitution
and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem
b) to cherish and follow the noble
ideals which inspired our national
struggle for freedom
c) to uphold and protect the
sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
d) to defend the country and render
national service when called upon to do so
e) to promote harmony and the spirit
of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious,
linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women
f) to value and preserve the rich
heritage of our composite culture
g) to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes,
rivers and wild life, and to have
compassion for living creatures
h) to develop the scientific temper,
humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform
i) to safeguard public property and to
abjure violence
j) to strive towards excellence in all
spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises
to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement
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k) who is a parent or guardian to
provide opportunities for education to his
child or, as the case may be, ward
between the age of six and fourteen years
(Stands not-in-force until date is notified)
V The Union 52 – 151
The President of India 52
Executive Power of the union 53
Election of President 54
Manner of election of President 55
Procedure for Impeachment of the
President
61
The Vice President of India 63
Election of Vice-president 66
Pardoning powers of President 72
Council of Ministers to aid and advise
President
74
Constitution of Parliament 79
The speakers and Deputy speakers of the
house of the people
93
Powers, Privileges, etc of the House of
Parliament
105
Special procedure in respect of money
bills
109
Definition of “Money Bills”. 110
Annual Financial Budget 112
Appropriation Bills 114
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Powers of the President to promulgate
Ordinances during recess of parliament
123
Establishment of Supreme Court 124
Appointment of acting Chief justice 126
Supreme court to be a court of Record 129
Seat of the Supreme court 130
Special leaves for appeal to the Supreme
Court
136
Review of judgement or orders by the
Supreme court
137
Decision of the Supreme Court binding on
all the courts
141
Comptroller and Auditor- General of India 148
Duties & Powers of CAG 149
VI The States 152 – 237
Definition 152
Governors of the State 153
Executive power of State 154
Appointment of Governor 155
Term of office of Governor 156
Discharge of the functions of the Governor
in certain contingencies
160
Pardoning powers of the Governor 161
Advocate-General of the State 165
Language to be used in the Legislature 210
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Power of Governor to promulgate
ordinances
213
High Courts for states 214
High Courts to be a court of record 215
Power of High Courts to issue certain
writs
226
Appointment of District judges 233
Control over Sub-Ordinate Courts 235
VII The States (Part B) – Repealed in the
7thAmendment Act, 1956
238
VIII The Union Territories 239 – 242
Administration of Union Territories 239
Special provisions with respect to Delhi 239 (AA)
Power of President to make regulations for
certain Union territories
240
High Courts for Union territories 241
IX The Panchayats 243 A-O
a) Definitions 243
b) Gram Sabha 243 (A)
c) Constitution of Panchayats 243 (B)
d) Powers, authority and
responsibilities of Panchayats
243 (G)
e) Bar to interference by courts in
electoral matters
243 (O)
IX (A) The Municipalities 243 P – ZG
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X The Scheduled & Tribal Areas 244
XI Relations between the Union & the
states
245 – 263
XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits 264 – 300
Interpretation 264
Consolidated Funds and public accounts
of India and of the States.
266
Contingency Fund 267
Duties levied by the Union but collected
and appropriated by the States
268
Taxes levied and collected by the Union
but assigned to the States
269
Taxes levied and distributed between the
Union and the States
270
Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for
purposes of the Union
271
Finance Commission 280
Borrowing by the Government of India 292
Borrowing by States 293
Suits and proceedings 300
XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse
within the Territory of India
301 – 307
Freedom of trade, commerce and
intercourse
301
Power of Parliament to impose restrictions
on trade, commerce and intercourse
302
Appointment of authority for carrying out 307
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the purposes of articles 301 to 304
XIV Services Under the Union and the
States
308 – 323
Interpretation 308
Recruitment and conditions of service of
persons serving the Union or a State
309
All-India services 312
Public service commissions for the union
and for the states
315
Functions of Public Service Commission 320
XIV (A) Tribunals 323 (A) – 323
(B)
Administrative Tribunals 323 (A)
Tribunals for other matters 323 (B)
XV Elections 324 – 329
Superintendence, direction and control of
elections to be vested in an Election
Commission
324
No person to be ineligible for inclusion in,
or to claim to be included in a special,
electoral roll on grounds of religion, race,
caste or sex
325
Elections to the House of the People and
to the Legislative Assemblies of States to
be on the basis of adult suffrage
326
XVI Special Provisions Relating to Certain
Classes
330 – 342
National Commission for the SC, & ST 338
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Appointment of a commission to
investigate the conditions of backward
classes
340
Scheduled Castes 341
Scheduled Tribes 342
XVII Official Language 343 – 351
Official language of the Union 343
Official languages or languages of states 345
Languages to be used in the Supreme
Court and in the High Courts
348
Directive for development of the Hindi
languages
351
XVIII Emergency Provisions 352 – 360
Proclamation of Emergency 352
Duty of the Union to protect States
against external aggression and internal
disturbance
355
Provisions in case of failure of
constitutional machinery in States
356
Provisions as to financial emergency 360
XIX Miscellaneous 361 – 367
Protection of President and Governors and
Rajpramukhs
361
Effect of failure to comply with, or to give
effect to, directions given by the Union
365
Definitions 366
Interpretation 367
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XX Amendment of the Constitutions 368
XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special
Provisions
369 – 392
Temporary power to Parliament to make
laws with respect to certain matters in the
State List as if they were matters in the
Concurrent List
369
Temporary provisions with respect to the
State of Jammu and Kashmir
370
XXII Short title – This Constitution may be
called the Constitution of India
393 – 395
Short title 393
Commencement 394
Authoritative text in the Hindi language 394 (A)
Repeals 395
Important amendment
First Amendment ,1951 placed reasonable restrictions on free speech, and
created the Ninth Schedule that protects laws
placed in it from judicial scrutiny
Seventh Amendment 1956 paved the way for reorganization of states along
linguistics lines.
12th Amendment,1961 led to incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a
Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from
Portugal
26th Amendments,1971 Led to abolition of privy purse paid to former
rulers of princely states which were incorporated
into the Indian Republic.
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35th and 36th
Amendments , 1975
made Sikkim part of the Indian Union
42nd Amendment,1976 passed during Emergency curtailed fundamental
rights, imposed a set of fundamental duties and
added the words „secular‟ and „socialist‟ to the
Preamble.
43rd amendment ,1978 Which repeals the obnoxious provisions of the
Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during
the emergency.
44th Amendment,1978 Right to Property has been deleted from the list of
Fundamental Rights. The term of Parliament and
State Legislatures has been reduced from six to
five years.
52nd Amendment ,1985 10th schedule to the Constitution anti defection
law.
61st Amendment , 1989 Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
69th Amendment, 1991 The name of Union Territory Delhi changed to
National Capital Area.
70th Amendment 1992 Members of Pondicherry Assembly and members of
the proposed Assembly of Delhi given right to elect
the President.
73rd Amendment, 1992 It is concerning Panchayati Raj
74th Amendment,1992 It is regarding Municipal Boards and Corporations
76th Amendment ,1994 Enabled continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil
Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act
under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
86th Amendment ,2002 Provides for Right to Education until the age of
fourteen and early childhood care until the age of
six.
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99th Amendment ,2014 Paved the way for appointment and transfer in
higher judiciary by creating National Judicial
Appointment Commission. It was struck down by
the SC in 2015.
100th Amendment ,2015 Enabled exchange of certain enclaves with
Bangladesh.
101 Amendment, 2016 Goods & Services Tax