[Reprinted from the Aupnrcan ]ounlar- or MEnrar- DtrtcrrNcv, Yol' 67' No. 3, Novembet, tg6z1

DEFICITS IN ACQUISITION OF OPERANT DISCRIMINA-TION AND DIFFERENTIATION SHO\TN BY

INSTITUTIONALIZED RETARDEDCHILDREN 1

Brarnice H. Bannnrr, Pu.D., AND OcDEN R. LrNosr.ev, Pu.D.2

Haruard Medical School

-FHIS research was undertaken toI ."plor. the discrimination abilities

of retarded children using controlledlaboratory methods lvith automatic pro-graming and recording devices. Theprimary goal was the location, auto-matic measurement, and functionaldefinition of behavioral deficits whichare relevant in both ciinical and educa-

tional diagnosis.Response difierentiation (i.e. making

one response instead of another) and

stimulus discrimination (i.e. respondingto one stimulus instead of another) are

two basic component behaviors de-

manded by complex tasks. To assure

a broad range of sensitivity in measuringdevices and to conserve valuable experi-mental time, identification of deficitsin differentiation and discriminationshould precede investigation of more

complicated components.While there are numerous clinical

psychological tests purporting to detect

deficits which afiect the response of re-

tarded children to the usual forrnaleducational methods, such tests have

repeatedly shown themselves to be non-

1 This research rvas supported by ResearchTraining Crant zM-7oB4 and Research GrantMl--Soi+ from the National Institute o{ MentalHealth, U.S. Public Health Service.

2 The first author rvas solely responsible forconducting the experiments and writing thispaper. The second author designed the ap'paratus and provided the laboratory space' Dr'Barrett is Research Fellolv in Psychology, HarvardMedical School, Department of Psychiatry. Dr.Lindsle y is Associate in Psychology, HarvardMedical School, Department of Psychiatry, andDirector, Harvard il{edical School Behavior Re-

search Laboratory, Me tropolitan State Hospital,Waltham, Mass.

specific; they do not clearly delineatedefects. Furthermore, because of theirculture-bound content, they frequentlyput the child from a deprived environ-ment at an immediate disadvantage.For the severely retarded nonverbalchild, they afford oniy rough esdmateswhich depend upon the judgment andexperience of the clinician who admin-isters and interprets the tests. In allcases, they represent poorly controlledtesting situations in which observer biasand the interaction of the examiner withthe child can have remarkable effects onthe test scores. Perhaps most importantfrom a research point of view is the pro-gressive loss of sensitivity of clinical tests

with repeated administration.Educational technology is now in a

period of rapid advance in the use ofautomated methods (Skinner, 196r).Development o{ these methods is based

on principles of behavior generated fromlaboratory study of the interaction oflower animals with a highly controlledenvironment. Modifications of the basicmethods of free operant conditioninghave been used recently to study the

behavior of mentally retarded children

by Bijou and Orlando (i96r), Orlando

(r9&a, r96rb), Orlando and Bijou

(i96o), Ellis, Barnett, and Pryer (tq6o)'and Zeaman (tgSZ, tfu). Ali have

shown that the method can be used

to obtain fruitful data on retarded

behavior. With full environmentalcontrol, automatic programing tech-

niques, and adequate reinforcing agents'

In"+]

Brernrcs H. Bannprr lNn Ocorw R. Lrxpslay 426 BrarP;cn H. B.rxr

could pull these manipulanda ei

separately or simultaneously, and

could retrieve reinforcements fror

tfay inset on the right of the panel'

Experimental Design

A11 children were started on a

gram designed by LindsleY to kbehavior deficits in psychotic Pat(r958a, r958b, 196z). The desig

diagrammed in Figure r. Each

configuration was presented forminute (Cr or Cz) on a regu

alternating schedule, and either or

manipulanda (M,, Mz) could

operated at any time. Thus there

four possible response conditionreflexes. Pulling the left manipulanwith the left light on (CrMr)reinforced on a fixed-ratio ro scht

greater detail by Lindsley (rqS8b). - Th.

ditioning panel is commercially availabl:Robert C, Dalrymple, zo Fletcher Ave., Lton, Mass.

EXPERIMEDTFFERENTTATTQN Ar

425

these investigations have demonstratedthat the behavior of retarded childrenmay be rapidly brought under stimuluscontrol. Sensitively arranged changesin the programing of discriminative andreinforcing stimuli may readily speed

up acquisition of discriminations, andthe nature of the stimuli supporting thediscriminative behavior may be analyzedwithin experimental sessions.

While the above findings demon-strate th€ efficacy of the free operantmethod for therapeutic and prostheticpurposes in producing apparently "nor-mal" uniformity in a group of retardedchildren, none has been oriented towarddevelopment of devices which auto-matically measure beltaaior deficits.To date, the only systematic applicationof free operant conditioning in the area

of diagnostic measurement is that ofLindsley (tg6o, ry62). In his experi-mental analysis of the behavior ofchronic psychotics, Lindsley has clearlyshown that some of the most clinicallyrelevant data are produced only throughlong-term, continuous, controlled ob-servation. To the clinician this is notsurprising, for there are obvious parallelsin his own training. If he decides, forexample, to use a new clinical tool fordetecting behavior deviations, he mayspend many years using the instrumentbefore he is certain of its value for hispurPose.

This report presents some of thefindings which emerged during a year

of exploratory research with a measure-ment device never before applied tothe study of mentally retarded children.

MerHoo

Subiects

Twenty-five institutionalized mentallyretarded children, ranging in age from

7 to 20 years and in Stanford-Binet IQ

trom 33 to 72, were selected from theWalter E. Fernald State School s with-out regard to diagnosis. These childrenwere studied for periods of time varyingfrom r to 4o hours. The initial group ofseven children, all considered educable,were attending classes regularly. Twochildren were selected from the extremesof a group on whom there were ob-jective data from a matching to sampleautomated instructional program oncoin recognition.a One of tlese childrenhad little difficulty with the program;the other persisted in random respond-ing irrespective of the stimulus materialpresented to him. Gradually orherchildren were added for purposes offollowing leads suggested in the datafrom the original core group. Seven

children were selected because they hada history of seizures. Two children whowere incapable of verbai cornmunicationand were not attending classes withinthe institution were added. Siblinggroups representing both socioculturalretardation and congenital defects werealso included. Since the sensitivity ofthe laboratory device to varying degreesand types of retardation was consideredimportant, a representative sample waspreferred to a "homogeneous" one.

Subject's Enclosure

Each subject was taken to a smaliroom containing only a chair and a

sloping wall-mounted panel on whichwere two lights, each located above aplunger manipulandum.r The child

3 The assistance of Malcolm f. Farrell, M.D.,Superintendent, Clemens Benda, M,D., andBenjamin Matzilevich, M.D., of Walter E.Fernald State School is gratefully acknowledged.Without the excellent cooperation of the FernaldSchool staff and, most importantly, the childrenthemse lves, this research would not have beenpossible.

4 Personal communication from ]. G. Holland,r 96r.

o This experimental room was described inFrcune r. Schematic diagram of erpt

and s

DURATIO N OFEXPERI MENTAL

S ESSIO N

STIMULIALTERN ATE

EVERY MINUTE

RESPONSESEITHER OR BOTHPOSSIBLE AT ALL

TIMES

CU M U LATIVERESPO NSERECO R DS

REIN FORCEM ENTCANDY AND PENNIES

3 NON INON :INON OI UJsstNN3d 0NV A0NVC

IN3hISSUOJ NIf U

ztl Il,I s0 u o33H3SN OdS3U

3A[Vr n WRCzvtzJ II,I z3 zn r3 rn 13

z l,I

3I\1,/

-x-/l\

ITI

?

%zJ

zt{

?

%

i tttl

3\1,,-t-

13 /'l \

s3W t11]V iV f-l8tSSOdH108 UO U3H1t3

s3sNodstu

3InNtW AU3A33 IV N U3IIV

nnl^l tls

s3lnNtn oe slln N il,! o9 NOISSsSlVlN3hltU3dX3lo No[vuncunoH 3No

-ar ruecgr-u8ls V 'z a:n8rg ur paluas-a:dar dlporrBurogls ar€ I{rtI{,!\ sessarord

JorAer{eg aeJtlt otlt Jo (uotsses a18urs e ur

t:afqns a18urs u ugtla\ ']uaularnsreuttuapuadapur pallrurrod u8rsep aga

'alqlssod se^\ pfql aql Jo uone^rasqo,(r.t-auo qllq^\ urorJ uroor ateredas e utpatelol l:trnurr delar ,(q peliortuor se^r

Surprocar pue 8urure:8ord gy '€pueln-drueur qtog uo (.raqro qrra Jo'sur 5zr ur-WI^{) sasuodsar snoau€tlnurls papJoD-Idlsnonunuor JapJof,3J ritlg V 'srapro-ar asuodsar olllBlnrunf, pue s;erunof,

uo peprol3J dlareredas ss/tt sexegeJ

rno} asarp to q?BE 'Paf,JoJuler ra^auseru (z;,rgz3) uo lq8q rq8rr aqr qrr,nurnpuelndrueur tq8rr eqt ro '(tlrl.C)uo tq8[ rg8r.r aqr qll,n urnpurln-druuur rJal agr'(rryt3) uo lq8g Tal eqlrpr/y\ unpuepdlueur rgSrr agr 3ur1p4'9: r Lpruurrxordde se^r ouEJ Ipuer olduuad aqa 'dpuer 1o arard ro duuad e

grrm (pacroJurar asuodsar tpuar ,fuaaa)

'sseIAI 'uol-8urxa-I ''3^V rilirtald oz 'aldrud:1eq 'C uaqoUruor] JIqEIrp^E d11en:auruor st gaued Suruorlrp-uor rqJ '(qB56r) (elspurl ,(q lrqap :a1ea.r8

alnPsrps or oEBJ-paxg E uo Psf,JoJursjsr^i (rnitC) uo rq3r1 Ual oqt qtr,tlurnpuelndrueu Ual aql 3uqp4 'sexesar

io suoitlpuor asuodse; alqrssod rnoleja.{4, araqt snqJ 'aurrt ,{ue le pale.'edoaq plnor (rW

"fi) epuepdrueru

r{toq ro rar{lra pue 'alnpaqrs Suueu.ratled1.re1n3or e uo (23 .ro rO) atnururauo JoJ paluasard se.,lr uortern8guorlq8n qreg 'r arn8rg ur peuruu:3erpsr u8rsap eq; '(z916r 'qgS6r 'eg56r)stuaued crrorp{sd ut strlgap ror^Br{eq

at?f,ol ot {a1spur1 dq pau8rsap ruer8-o.rd e uo p3u€ts eJe/lr uarplrql ilV

aBpaq Toluauutadxg

'pued aqr Jo lq8rr aql uo t:sur {erlB {uoJJ slusurof,Jo}ural a^srJtsJ PInoJag pue 'dlsnoauellnturs .ro dloteredasreglr3

"puepdrueur asogr gnd ppor

ul pf,qtrtrsep sena rrrooJ leluaunradxr sr

'puelloH ,g 'J utor; soqBrrunruuror lBuos

, uJJq aABq rou plno^r qf,J?Jsal $ql .sa^l!urrplrqs aqt ,,{pue::odrur lsoul ,pue gBtspleurad orll Jo uoqe.pdooo tuallarxe 3gl tl'pe8pelnourl:e f11n;ere:3 sr Ioor{rs atEts I'T rellel\ Jo ,.(J.W .qlt^rlrztP]41 ulrpu? ''C'I^{ .€pueg suauralC .tuapualr

"0'W 'llrJJEC 'I {iJto leIt Jo a)uElsrssp a

pllqr or{I n'urnpuelndrueu.r ra.i

B a^oqe palelol qrea .nq8q o,trtqllq,lr uo leued palunou-1pn BrE pue Ji€rll E lluo Surureluoc

IIEtuS e ot ue{Et sem pafqns q:

eJntolJug t./2,

'auo .(snoaueSoruoq,, E ol per:se.t aldrues orrrleluesa.ldal B .lueuparaprsuol sr.,'t uoitrp:Bto: 3o sadf:soa.rSop 3ur,,{.re,r ot arr^ap .{:ote:oqt

Jo Itrrrrtrsuas Jgt oJurs .popnllur

are.4a stlaJap lulrua8uor pue uorteF

Iernllnloitros groq Sunuasordar sd

8u[qls 'PePPu ar3/t\ uor]ntrtsururqlr,l\ sassull Surpuattu lou oJO/t\

uortErrunruruo) ieqra^ 1o algedecuror{,lr uarplrqt o.r\I .sornzras

;o l.rotpuq {aql asneraq potralos ere.{\ ueruolas 'dnor8 o:oc 1eur8r-lo agtEt?p aql ur palseS8ns speal 8ur,trgo sasod;nd JoJ pappe aJO^\ uarlraqto dqenpe-rg .urll ot potu:

JEIJatBur snlnulrts aqt Jo o,rrlcadsar:-puodsa: tuopuer ur patsrsrad raqrrlurerSo.rd aqt qlr^r .(rpcgrp aplriuorplrq) Jseqr Jo aug n'uorlruSororuo urcr8o.rd leuortf,nJtsur paterrraldures ot Surgrteur E uioJ1 Btep a^-qo aJe^t aJagl tuor{Ar uo dno;FssuJeJtxa eqr tuojJ p3llelss eJ3.r\ usrlo^\J 'l1re1n8a-r sessBIJ Burpualre :

'elqernpo pareprsuot 11e (uarplrgr u

Jo dnor8 irnru egl .sJnoq of ot r rSurlrea erun Jo spol-rad roJ parpnts ;uarplrr{J esaqJ 'srsou8erp or pre8ar-I{lla

e Iooqrs at?ts plBurec .g Jat.

oqr uorJ patlalas an,u. ,zL of [€ r:

'uollEurutjtslP snlnuns Puesongrluar3grp asuodsa.r Jo srs,{leue ro; uSrsap leluatm:adxo Jo rue-r8etp JP?ruaqJS 'r lluoorC

SISA]VNV NOIIVNilTItHCSt0 0NV NOtrvtrNSrfi=Hmu

^s'rscNrT 'U Nxqeo qNv 'r.r.aulrvs 'H irsrurvsg gzV a-L>LV rlTSrrNrT'U Na(e

duction in the rate of CrMz reflexes

below the'rate of the reinforced reflex

(CrMr) indicated the formation ofresponse difierentiation (making one

response instead of another). Reductionin the rate of CzMr reflexes relativeto the CrMt rate indicated stimulusdiscrimination (responding to one

stimulus and not to another). Reduc-

tion in the CzMz rate below the CrMrrate indicated formation of both differ-entiation and discrimination. Main-tenance of high rate on CzMz withconcurrent reduction of the CrMz and

CzMr rates indicated overgeneralizationor defective reality testing. The general

motivational level of the subject was

indicated by the total number of re-

sponses per session.

Procedure

Each child was brought from his

dormitory at Walter E' Fernald State

School to the laboratory at Metropolitan

EXT.

State Hospital for one-hour experi-

mental sessions once a week duringsuccessive weeks. Before the start ofthe first session, each child was intro-duced to the "machine" by E showinghim the two knobs and explaining thatwhen the machine v/as on one of thelights would go on. Ffe rl'as also shownthe reinforcement delivery tray and

told that he could learn to work themachine so that some of the time he

would get a penny or a piece of candy.No further explanation was given. Ifby the end of ro minutes the child hadnot responded on either of the knobs,he rvas told that he would have to"work" on the machine to get his

candies. Only two children failed torespond until given a demonstrationof how to pull the knobs. At no timedid a demonstration include runningofl a ratio to obtain a reinforcement'

The number of experimental sessions

per child was not preset. The purpose

rvas, rather, to use the apparatus as a

BsarRrce H. B.ln

vehicle for observing the behavi,

each child in this fully controlled e:

,mental environment and to detei"whether the method wouldrelevant data on the ability of each

to difierentiate two resPonses aI

discriminate two stimuli. No e

mental changes were introducedthe behavior baselines generate

the previously described Patterdifierential reinforcement had stab

over a number of experimentai se

The nature of procedural change

decided on the basis of questions

by emerging data from each indir'

RBsurrs

The patterns of acquisition reto date range from raPid acqui

which is characteristic of the n

adult (Lindsby, r958a, r958b,

through delayed acquisition, to

quisition in adequately motivate'jects in as many as 4o weekly on

sessions. Smbility in the behavio;

esses of some children has not

reached in as many as 6o rveek

sions. Initial difierential responc

a "superstitious" nature appeal

some of the older children, and n

response stereotypes were imme

shown by others. In those childrteventually reached an optimal L

performance, response di$erentialcurred before stimulus discrimiand the last stage of learning in

the elimination of the overgene

response of relatively high ra

CzMz, or "pulling the knob unr

light" (Barrett, ry62).While the above are general su

statements describing the commo

in the data, the most significanings are the highly individual:sponse patterns, manY of whiclrevealed only after months of t

INsrrrurrouarrzno RBranonp CntllRnN 427

cz\1,,428

Gr\l-[/l

5MT

FR 10

6MZ

EXT.

EMI

/l\IMZ

EXT.

D i f f erentiotiorl

Discriminalion

Oifferenliotion and DiscriminotionFrcune z. Schematic diagram {or the functional description of diferentiation and discrimination.

'x3g)r parroJsrrr 3rll qrIA auriasgq Jo sr{tuolu JJIIB .{luo peieolo.rpareduor prf,roJural-uou aqt Jo stteJ JrtlSIqlursrrdar s3nlEl 3ArrEEJu:*.grl prrroJ,rr"r-Lo,i 3J4.4\ I{llq.tt 3o.(ueru'su'ralled asuodsaql io ueqt xrgar parroJurrr agt Jo sare: :aq8tq -JJ pozrTgnpr.1rpur ,ilqfitg ogl ete sfiurlu:s::d:: sJnl?^ e^nrsod oo'r = ,{q :otneqaq

Ieaurragrp urnrlrxrn 'oi"r'*tq 'p"i*jrrrtri -Pug lurlglu8rs lsour eg1 (EIEP ogl uIsI rolABqrq lBlluar;glP Jo rrursqv 'f,13 ituns seqllBuoulurot Jql Sulgulsep sluaulalElsrraqr ,{q pJpr^rp slEr zIlrlrO srr{ puE rtEJ IhllO ,__srg uJrarrq rrurrrgrp rqr ''"ii.i ".u;ft.;'r!t; ,(;uuluns IeJaueB 3JB sloge 3I{1 olfi{A\srg :urns :raqr dq prpi^rp etEr rWzC srq puE .(zg6t rnalseg)

,,1,{3ll,lBr Inrc slq uJa./r\lJq afUJJJUID aul sI uolssJs

l€rururrrrdxr ua,rra e ,o1 -ffi'' ;;;;,;;;;; oql JOPun qou{ ogl 8ul1nd,, ro (tWzJ

s.plrqr E 'z 3rn6rJ^ ur p3turri?r88rp suosr:ad uo sal?J qSrq ,{la.lrlelej Jo asuodsaj-tuoJ alEJ aqt ol Eutr:a;e: 'snqf 'uJns Jreql.{q p)pr^rp srlEr o^\l u.tntrq'tturr.glp-'tii PazIIEJauaBJaAo eql }o uoIlEuIurITa aqlse prugrp sr t1 -:suodsa:

'o :el9r oal urealrq paAIOAUI 3UrU;ea1 JO afiels ISEI Oi{l pUB

drqsuorielar aqr f;rruenb o1 (fg6r 'lllalr.lo.lA s :_,tajspuil.,:arral; p:sr,rap sEA xrpur':T_ _:::T#,:::r*r,il1ffi::lT:_T;ll;sB^r suorssas urqlr/lr uortisrnbs€al a^rs Jo IaAOI lE{urtd0 uB parireal ,{llentuono-sollns lEgl fmreddB sulElsg lI (^\4.I3

oII^\ uerP]Iql asol{t uJ 'sral{to ,(q u.ttogsdrotsig letuaurrJadrc s,pllqr sn{t sV ,{latelparurur ore.r{ s3dl.toaJets asuods3r

.>lee.{t qlea uortrsrnbfear petBlrss3 pa>lr€ur puB .uerprrll rrplo eqt Jo auros-3ou Surua8Jo] leql ,(ttllqrssod aql 8il ur pa.ieadde arnt?u ((sno6rtsradns,, e

-tsa88ns 'uorsses rirea Jo Suruur8eq aqt 1o Surpuodsal lenuaJagrp IBnruI .suors

tE /iiuo perrnf,f,o sajnlre' uorteururrrrsrp -sJs ,41>laa^\ 09 se ,{ueur sB ur ptrJle3Jslq uall^! sJnol{ eAlssalfns lela^es e]a.{\ uaaq lou SBI{ uaJPIIql eulos Jo sesse

aroriJ. 'suorssss urqtr.ryl diruanba:} rnq -lord ror^Eqeq eqt uI fiqrqetS .suorsses

uoISSas ol uolssas uo-g lluolou P3rrn3f,o Jnoq-auo ,(11ealr o| su ,(upur se uI stlalsossol uoIlEuIurIJfsIP sIH n'9 ern8rg ur -qns palE^rtour ,{lalenbape ur uoursrnbgdr:8 -raddn eqt ur 4r uorss3s q8norql -f,e ou ot (uoitrsrnbre pelelep g8norql! uorssag ruor; xapul uoneurLurr3 , (zg6t ,qg66r ,eg96l ,{qrptrtt) tlnpe-sIP aqt ur eurileP rPln8srri oqt ur uses lEwrou 3ri1 Jo srtsrrel)EjBrll si qlil{trsI PUB selBJ ItrAII] Parro]ular al{l ol ,uortrsinbcr prder uo.ry afiuer atep ol3^IlEIeI sOlEJ xo$a] II{ZO aql ui seIlIrEI palpa^ar uortlsrnbJ€ yo surafred aga-n8arri uorssas ol uorsses dq urnoqs se.u

slql 'srnoq alrssallns qSnonJt uorl-PururrrfsrP snlnurrls ur sessol srPBJods

^\ols IEJ^3J ot uBSeq plqc auo '(zINzJpuu 'r7,qz3 'zI{rC :soxegar par;o}urJr-uou 3gt to seter agl ur do-rp pa>1reur

Pu€ xoHer rJ^trr3 ParroJurar egt Jo atBr

posea:rur) uonisrnble prder pe.troqsrnoq tsrg srg Surrnp sasuodsa.l Io spro-lal a^rtelnr.unr q8noqrly 'ttol tnoFtq pamopol 8utu.wa1 pldor lourul

'.troPq PeqrDsaPaJE uorlBrlu3jegrP Pue uoitBururrjf,srp urstrlgap rgroads es3qt ]o saldurexa ouog'strrgap ror^Brlaq rgnads augap /il"-uortrunl pue otelol ot uoga ue ur uodn

Pasnlo] ar3^1 suJaltEd 1e.raua8 a.rour

oql I'uoJI suonEr^aP ssaql 'uonE^Jasqo

srrnsflu

'lBnpr^rpur rllee ruor1 etep Sur8rarua Lq

pasruJ suonsanb 1o siseq 3ql uo papnapse.&r sa8uugl 1e:nparo:d Jo arntru ar.ll'suorss3s leluaErrtadxa Jo Jaqunu E JaAo

PszrTrq€ts PErl tuauralroJural I?rtuaregrP]o uJaued p3qrJlsep ,(lsnoraord atpLq pare.rauo8 sauqasrq ror^Br{eq oql

Irlun PslnPorlul eJe.rt saSueqc lBluaur-uadxe o51 'rTntuBs olrl etuururrrlsrpot PuE sesuodsaj o.r\l alErluarJFrP olplql r{lu3 }o {trlrqe aW uo €tep tue^elarpioi,{ plno^.r poqtaur oqr rar{tarl.r\aurtrrjelsP ol PUE lua{rruoJr^ua I€luoru-r:adxa pellortuor lgnl srp ur pfq) rlrraIo Jor^Er{eq agl Surr'rasgo ro} allrga^

E sE snlerEdde aql esn ol'raqlerasod:nd agg 'lasard tou sB^\ plqlsuorssas letueurrradxo Jo roqtunu oq

i'lueuIefJoJural B urelqo ol orlcJ rSuruunr epnllut uorlgJlsuourap e

ouln ou ty 'sqou{ aqr gnd or ,llouollsrlsuourep e uaar8 llun puool PolieJ uerPlrql orur ,(p6 'saII

srq ra8 ol ourr{3uur oql uo ..:lJo1 a^Eg plno.,r{ aq teqt PIol srar

'sqou1 or{t Jo rar{tre uo papuodse:

Peq PIIqr 3r{t sstnurur or Jo PUa eq

]I 'ua.l.r8 sern uorteurldxa rsqunJ',(puer 1o aoord e .ro duuad E ta8 pll3q eurll eql ]o atuos IEI{I os aulqer{r >lro.!l ot urBal pFol aq ]Er.{l

puE,{erl,fua^r1ap tuaurolro}uraru.&oqs osle su^r aH 'uo oB pporn st

3r.lt Jo 3uo uo sBl\ surr{rBur aqt u:

leqr Surureidxa pue sqou>l o^4,r aqlSuraloqs g' ,{q ,,eurqr€ur,, ?g1 ol p;-oJlul sBA{ plql qleo tuorsses ls:y

'o lrBls Oql eroJag 'sle3^\ 3^rssf,.

3ur:np laa^r E of,uo suorssas Ietr-uadxo rnor{-auo ro} lerrdsog a

'uortaururrjf,srP Pue sort?rturJrg:rP Jo uou(

rX311X3

/i\Lzb

UOllOU tt

r1l?

zll?

.l/

-l.lr'rssNrT 'u Ns(eo (Nv Jr:rrNvg 'H il3rurvflg gzb

zc

N:IUq'rrH3 (I3Ci

not sufficient for him to reach a stable

performance with respect to this dis-

crimination function. His difierentia-tion of responses (difierentiation index:lower rate on CrMz relative to CrMr)was considerably more stable, althoughit was subject to occasional temporaryloss (Sessions ro; rlr and z3). Never'theless, this child permanently elim-inated the superstitious overgeneraliza'

+100

+80

+60

+40

+20

o

tion response (high CzMz rate) by the

third hour.While there was some fluctuation in

his motivational level from session to

session (total responses per hour and

number of reinforced responses per

session in lower graph in Figure 3), his

discrimination losses can not be ex-

plained on this basis. Intrasession loss,

especially when occurring in the middle

43o Brerrucn H' B-rn

of a session within a controlled env

ment, can be attributed to nc

extra-experimental factors nor int'

,sion memory loss. Neither can

attributed to experimentai variablecause they were held constant.

The fact that this was the onlyin the group whose mental retardwas attributed to emotional factors

be of considerable significance. C

vational data from t}le laboratorl'gest that sharp drops in his discrirtion tended to occur on days 'clinical symptoms were most obr

It is clear from these data that, in ,

to know the range and patterrvariability in this child's baselin,

haviors, prolonged controlled ob:

tions are necessary. His experirrhistory to date demonstrates a

nomenon often seen in the (

namely that the patielrt who ma

pear fairly intact during the firstmay subsequently reveal pathologra number of months. A one

evaluation of this child may be g

unreliable in predicting his behav

Abrupt intrasession loss. Aft,hours of conditioning, one bo;'

ceeded through half of Session 15

manner indicating he had learne

the requirements of the task (FiguAfter approximately 4o rninutes,no change in the apparatus or th

perimental enclosure, he sud

started pulling both knobs simu

ously under the C5 light configurassociated with reinforcement of

one response (see abrupt onset (

sponding on cumulative recorc

MrMz and C5Mz in Figure

? In his 6rst five sessions this boY :

little change in his initial di-fierential reflttern which was marked by high CtMCzMz rates with few other tesponses.ning with the sixth session, the stimulustions were changed to C5 alternating *'as shown in Figure 4. There was no cha

the reinforcement contingency. C5Mr rt

CNlrJazoo-akJE.

L+-*-r.

IrsrrrurroNalrznp Retnnorp Cnrr.pnrn 429

xIJo

=rdkE-

H Rssponse diffar.nliotionF--. Slimutus discriminolionts-----d Difterentiolion + discriminotion

H Tolol responsrs/6assion(hr.)

F--l Rainforc€d rcsponscs/stssion (30 mln.)

F-----{ SimullonGous rcsponscs/scssion(Ihr')

- 9---9--4---F--v---F--9---F--r--9---v--ts-{--{---V--{--4---9--+-+--V---r-'V--gr-{

4\\\\,,V

,/\L

\r\/\/\/}{'-tr I

\a.r ''

z.oat 3oooa$ zsoo

E 2OOOtrjL rsoo

looo

500

o

r5ro1520 25

EXPERIMENTAL SESSIONSRC 19

Frcurr 3. Slow, sporadic loss of discrimination and infrequent losses,of..di6erentiation, neither of- which is correlated with tle total behavior output of this child.

'uorlJuuxJ uo p3tllej8ojd 3Js./d saxeu3.lr:r{to lle PUB or ug uo po3jo]ulal se^! 8ur

IBrlueregrP JaPun 38uEqf, ol luEtsrsaJ,{rart st ulaDed srql 'soun{reru Surpua,r{q 'aldurrxa roy (se Juauruorrlua letuaur-uadxe aqt ]o aprstno patrreua8 urauedu ,(1qrqo-ld sp^t tl 'dnor8 ar{t ur tseploaqt Suoue aJe.r\ or{dr slrahns ,(q ,(popadeldsrp se.rl tr olurs '(5 a.rnSrg ur rr3g aes) uorssas ptuenrrradxe tsrg aql

1o SuruuiSaq agt re ,(laterpatuur paread-de (par:o;uror oro.tr tr{8rl {al aqt repunro8unld tJal eqt uo sasuodsa; lpo uaq.,rr

lg3r1 grea ;apun ra8unld aql Suqpd)uortEzrluJauo8 o,rrssarxe aql (]r pa.ry\oqs

orllyr usJPlrqr asoqt uJ 'slrafqns ]sourLq uarogs Surpuodsa: potenueregrpun

Iurtrur aqt wor] tuer^ap ,tlssor8 sr ural-tBd luoloda-rd lpue-redde sF{I 'seter

g8rq lra,r tE tq8rl er{l repun raSunld aqt,{1uo Surlind }o teqt ser'r Surpuodsal IErl-ualegrp Ierlrur Jo u.rolled oureJtxa lsouraql'3utpuodsa"t. TauuauS.rp pltlul

'luaureJnsssur snoouBllnurrs Jo]sorr^ap arer;do;dde glrrvr,{geluauri:adxa

Pars,4asuB aq ,(po um qlrq^\ suortsanb

]o flaue,r E sasrBr 'dlleoruqc elqrrdec--red ,(1areq ore r{ln{d\ sernzres rruoll-o,{ru leroJ lBral?lrun or rcafqns sl eq

IBI{I l3?} or{J 'snor^qo 3JE >lsBt Paur?alE u0 alueur-roJ:ed urutsns ol dUIqEs,,{oq srqt Jo srurot ur s8urpug asegr

1o suoirerqdul aql 'rqBI ot aruol3^Er{ tou plno4a s8urpug rlcns ':or.Luqaqs,doq srgt ;o Surprorar l?uortrunt sno-nurtuor tnoqtrdyuorssas letuauruodxaar{t }o r3purewor oqt rnoq8no.rgr palsel

'uorteur{ur.llsrp snpurrls Jo ssol alald-uror ss3l rnq tdnrqe ,(lenba dq pamol

1oI dprder uonenuoJogrp asuodsar

Jo ssol elelduror pur ldnrqe srqa 'Qa-ln8rg ui spJo)er 9J rpoq uo Surpuods-or Jo t)suo uoppns eas) ,(lsnonuuuorssal ]Eg.&{awos q8nogr tluaruar:o3ura:

ou qli.n patsrcosse uonernSguor 93oqt repun Jnf,f,o ot ur8aq Surpuodsa-ralqnop srqt (sotnurur z txau eqt uqtr4\

-puodsar r1153',{:uaSuDuor tualuoJjoJurtj erilur aSueq: ou s?^r ararlJ 't aJnSrd sr uaoqs se

9C rlll,lt SuEeu:at1e 53 ot pa8uuqr 3rJ.a suon-rpuor snlntur]s eqt 'uorssas qlxrs agl gtr.u Euru-ur8ag 'sasuodsal Jarflo ,\aJ gtr/lr ssleJ zWzCpus rhlrC qFH dq pf,{retu ss.n r{Jrr{.lr1. urrl-1ed xaga.r leuuarogtrp lertru srq ur aSueg? alllrlpar{oqs ,{oq sn$ suorssas al\g rsrg slq uI /

; (b e;n8rg ur ztN!13 pue zl irhl]o sprolal oarlglnlunf, uo Surpuods-oJ Jo lesuo rdnrqe oes) asuodse.I euolpo 1o tueru?rroJurar qtrar peler3osse

uonern8guoc lg8g 53 ap rapun dlsno-auetlnrurs sqou>l qtoq 8uq1nd pauutslpappns og 'arnsolcua letuaurr:ad-xa eql Jo sntEJEddB ar{t ut a8uer{l ouqtlrrr (satnurur oi dlareurrxo"rdde rar;y'(i arn8rg) >lset eqt Jo stuauorrnbar aqr

IIB peu:ual p?q arl Sunerrpur reuuurue ur 5r uorssas Jo JIeq g8norgl pepaal-ord ,(oq auo 'Suruortrpuot ]o srnoqfr -roryy 'stol uo$sato.t1u gdn.tqy

'ror^Eqaq sig Surtrrpo-rd ur alqerlarunllsso.r8 aq leu.r pln{l srqi }o uouenlr^JJnor{-euo v 'sqtuour }o rsqurnu ere,ro lSologred paaor lpuanbasqns deurJnor{ tsrg erp 8ur-lnp lretur ,(1rreJ .reed

-de deur oi{r1i tuoit€d oqt teqt dlaueu(oiurp aql ur uoos uelJo uouaurou-aqd e satertsuourep etep ot drolsrq

Istrr?urrlodxa srH 'dressacau oJE suorl-E^r3sqo pallorluol pa8uolord'srorleq-eq eurleseq s,pllql srqt ur .{rqrqer:e,r

Jo suralted pue a8uer aqt ^{ou{

olrapro uI 'legt elep oseqt tuog Jeall sr tI'snor^go tsour srad! siuoldurds [E]rurl3uag.r sdep uo .rnf,3o ot pepuot uon-Eurrurrrsrp srq ur sdorp dcqs leqt tsa8-8ns ,(rote.roqel agi ruorJ EtBp IEuonB^-Jasqo 'acuergru8rs olqrlaprsuol ]o eqdetu sJotrB] Ieuortoru3 ol palnqlrlle sE^{

uonepJrtal ittuatu esoq^r dnor8 agr urpgqe dpo aql se^r srqt tugr trEJ or{I

'tu8tsuof, PIai{ era^/tl dagt asner-aq (seiqrue^

lutuaur.radxe ot patnqirneeq tI uel JaqtIoN 'sso1 lrotuatu uors-soslelur Jou sJolJE] IeluaurrJedxe-BJlxaJaqtreu ol patnqr.tue eq u?f, 'tuour-uoJrAue PolloJluol E urgtr^l uorssas B Jo

'fllgt s1l1r Jo rndtno .ro

Jo Joqtrau ,uoU?qu)rrgrp Jo sxsol luonb

613A

S N O ISS3Soz 9Ilgz

('rq 1) uols6es/sesuods.

('ulu o€) uolssas/scsuor

( Jq ) uo!sse3//s

uollou!u!rcsrp +uo!louru

uollo!1u..

applrl agl ur Eul:rnmo uaq,r. llpr(sso1 uolssase.rlul 'srseq snll uo p:-xa 3q lou u?f, sassol uol]eurursH '(t a-rn8rg ur qde:8 ra,&rol ur u:ad sasuodsal palJolupJ Jo Jxpue rnoq rad sesuodsar plor) uol uolssas rrJo5 la^al lEuorlE^rtorjuI uollBnllng aluos sEAr eJagl ?llr

'rnor{aW ,(q (eler e;,rqz3 g8rq) asuodsa.r

tfi/\/\/\t\,l

/t'\t\I \-\I

^s'rs(NrT'U Nqaco qNv ilxuuyg 'H xcrurvxg otb

6zh Nrruq'uHc cJ

c5

M2

MI M2

reinforcement, but in some cases itcan be broken up by programing dif-ferent stimulus configurations (such as

the C5-C6 alternation shown in Figure

4), though sometimes at the expense of

8 Hatch marks indicate delivery of reinforce-ment for every tenth C5Mr response, TheMrMz record continuously monitors the occur-rence of simultaneous responses (within t25ms, of each other) on both manipulandathroughout the entire experimenul session' Thelower event marker on this record is depressedluring C5 presentations.

INsrtrvuoNeLIzED RETARDED CHILDREN

C6r lz

m.D.L_i- m/l\

| .o MrNUrEs*---] RC2ES 15

other behavior previously stable in theexperimental setting. Experiments inwhich reinforcement is programed forresponses under each of the lightswould capitalize on this generalizedresponse pattern which may be inde-pendent of the experimental contin-gency arrangement.

Response stereotypy. Another im-mediately observable initial patternwhich is even more resistant to control

--'-

RC lOI uo u,*r',,

Frcunr 5. cumulative *_#1,::.:::

is that of pulling the two manipuin regular single alternation rega

of the stimulus conditions (see tr

in Figure 5). While successivt

crimination may be broughteventually by changes in the natr

the Cz stimulus, the single alterr

pattern under the Cr conditionremain unchanged even when fc

added to the right manipula(Mz) or when an aversive conseq

such as shock is programed forMz response. Without the indepe

and simultaneous recording of :

fexes, such data would not be av:

for analysis.

Long-term highl.y aariable acqut

A number of the children pr<

good examples of long-term acqu

with either temporary or progr

losses in either difierentiation c

crimination ability. There is one

however, whose experimental 'l

reveals a number of surprisingThis girl carries the diagnosis o

43243r Bnantcr H. B.rr

cl

%M2

\1,/rl-Ll,/I\

MI

MI

i0

'lI

-l<nUU'

oo-(ttrJEou)\r

I

Frcunn 4. Simultaneous cumulative records showing abrupt _and _ complete intrasession loss of

diflerentiation (CSMz) followed by equally abrupt but less complete loss of discrimination (C6Mr)and sudden ovLrgeneialization (C6Mz) within a single session in a fully controlled environment.8

sporred 8ur:np leql readde plno.4r tI'ruroJ ot ue8aq uonenuaJaltrp asuods-aJ uorf*l JOTBI suorsses 5r ylun atedrs-srp tou prp elnp3qls egl 1o luauoduoruort)unxa oqt Suunp lpueururopo-rd^ppgr cr8eldnuaq lg8rr e ur Surpuodse.ralqnop sql 'sasuodsa.l qtoq ]o tuoru-arJoJuraJ-uou qlr^r palBrlossB sr r{lrr{1r\

'uotltptre3 lq8rr z3 ogr J3pun paJrnllosasuodser alqnop aserp Jo {rr.ro[uur eqJ'uetaq ("l,tltW) Surpuodsa.r snoeuel

lnuJrs Jo ater q8rg e Jnoq aures srql 8ur-.rnp':aaemo11'(rry) runpuelndruerurlel eqr ol Pasra^sJ aluEuruloP siqlrnoq puolas .rag Surrng .luauatrJo]

-ural B parnpord re,rou qciqn ,(zp,q)

urnpuepdrueur rgErr aqt uo pueg lqSrrJag l{ll/rr oJ3/tt uolsses leluaurrradxetsJg aql 8ur-rnp sasuodsa; s,1;r8 srql

Jo tuer rad og 'deorpueq prrsdqd -raqatrdsa6'Surpuodser lenuetu Eurirlo,rurstuaurrradxa ,holeroldxa ssal rarfto ruoJJ

papnlrxa aq /lqeqord plnozlr ags ,pueq

rq8rr aqr Jo {lppseds papnap rltrl&'er8eldrureg cnseds lerqarar prrua8

-uol Jo srsou8urp arJt saIJJEl 1-rr8 srqg's1:ey Sursrrdrns Jo Jeqwnu e sIEOAOJ

,fuorsrg letuaurr.ladxa asoqlr (:a.renoq

'ppqc auo sr a;ogl 'drqrqe uoneulurlrf,-srP Jo uortErluaJagrP Jeglre uI s3ssol

aarssarSord -ro d-re.rodurat Jaqtra gtr.lruonrsrnb)B ur:st-8uo1 yo solduexa poo8pepr,rord uarplrqr aql Jo Jaqunu V' uo urtn b co e I qo rro r2 tttl 3 lrl u. ot-8 u o'7

'srsdpue .loy

elqelre^p ag tou plno^{ etep qrns (saxag

-3J IIe yo Surp.roror snoeuetlnwrs puetuapuedapur rqt tnoqtrdyasuodsar 2141

,(ra,re ro1 paure:8ord sr {roqs sE l{lnsaluanbosuor alrsJala uB uoq^{\ :o (zp,q)

unpuepdrueur rq8rr eql ol pappesI alJo] uer{^ uaAJ pa8ueqrun ureuraJdrur uonrpuol rJ erlt ropun uraneduoneuJatle a18urs agr (snlnurns zO eql

Io ornleu er{l ut sa8urqc dq ,{lpniuerrotnoqe tq8norq eq ,(eur uorteurrulJf-srp a^rssef,rns apqiA '(9 arn8rg uror CU aas) suorlrpuor snlntuits ar{t Jossalp:e8ar uoneuretle a18urs reln8er urepuelndrueu o./nl aql 8uq1nd Io terlt sr

IoJluol ol luElslser ejour ueAJ sr r{:u:ared lrrlrur alqe^Fsqo lprer-tErrl rarllouv 'tdfuoapr asuods;

'lu3uregueJJe l:-unuoJ ptuauruadxa 3{p }o tuel-apw aq deur gcrgru uJOnBd osuopazqerauaS snfl uo azrplrdec p1

stg8g ol{r Jo r{3ea rapun sesuo

"ro; paun:8ord sr tuauralrolural rl:ut stuaurrredxg'Sunlas letueurrriaW ul alquls ,(lsnoraard .rol,reqaq :

8'luauJuo:I^ur pellorluor d11ny e ur uorssas(tngc) uonsulrurrf,slp 3o ssol :laldulor ssJo ssoJ uorssasenur ataldtuor pue lduqE

sr s3z 3u rs3

:, 1/72 -t-r-.ffi-m/l\

sg

Niluo'rlHc 01(r

'9 arocrg

lr

I

0

I

r.5(Jronm(t3o<J'mu)

L._

zc

rsrsoNrT 'u Niro9o aNv

IC

tt 3u

zrl

!.IN

%

zw

%

rt l\t//t-l_LJ/l\

#///il

o4

!oz

IJ.suuvg 'I{ asruJvirg zEh rth

lNsrrtutrower-rzro Reranpro CsIr-pnnN 433

when no responding pays ofi, this childexpends excessive amounts of energyinvolving her handicapped limb. Thisfinding suggests that physical therapyprocedures with this child which provideprolonged periods of extinction withbrief periods of reinforcement wouldproduce greater exercise of the spastic

hand than would the opposite arrange-ment. In addition, it may be that moreright hand activity would occur if the

opportunity to use both hands togetherwere present. This, of course, is sub-

iect to experimental test.Abnormally low response rares,

Three children, all of whom were on

anticonvulsants, responded at abnor-mally low rates. One of these children

also displayed clinically evident psy-

chotic symptoms, the second produced

higher rates when his medication was

reduced, and the third required a lowerratio of reinforcement to maintain suf-

ficient behavior for a difierential re-

sponse pattern to emerge. The plotteddata for this third child are presented

in Figure 6. Response rates during the

first six sessions under fixed-ratioio (FR ro) were uniformly low (see

lower graph of responses per session foreach of the four reflexes), and no

difierential pattern was shos'n (see

rate index graph). The next three

sessions were programed to determineefiects of lower ratio requirements.Reinforcement of every CrMI reflex

434 Brrrnrcn H. Bennt

(FR r) took two sessions to shorv

eflect (Sessions 7 and 8 in FigureReturn to FR ro at the beginningSbssion 9 produced a drop in respc

rate to the level shorvn in the 6rst

sessions. Obviously the efiects of r

sessions on FR r was not maintairCumulative records of Session 9 sh

ing efiects of successive intrases:

ratio changes indicated that this

responded at higher rates on lo'

ratios. This is most readily seen inlong range efiects of FR ro dur

Sessions ro through r4 followedchange to FR 3 for Sessions r5 thror

zB (Figure 6). Under FR ro, raler

all four reflexes progressively decli

and the previously shown difiererresponding disappeared. The cha

to FR 3 produced a marked facilitaeffect both on total behavior outputon difierential responding. Note, h

ever, that this efiect was quite dela

and was preceded by three sessionr

no change followed by disruptionindicated in the increased rate of r

CzMz and then CzMr, beforechild's optimal difierential patternshown.

It is not surprising that the loratio of reinforcements enabled

child to learn the difierentiationdiscrimination task. Its efiect onrate of responding is unusual eno

to have possible implications fordeficit. Higher ratios most often

duce faster rates of response, provithe nature of the reinforcement is

propriate. In this case, the beha

deficiency is not attributable to a Ireinforcing agent but may be a funcof its intermittent delivery, for he wr

harder and learns more rapidly rv

it is delivered more frequently. A

he may not be capable of "feeli

ratios above 5. The reliability of d

+ R$Ponrc dlft.ranllolloa

---{ Stihulu. di!crinino?ion

&-----6 Difl.r.nliolion + dllcrlni^olion

'z SOOrn0 |

(D CD ouu 1-znlofr +oof

fr * ,ool-o'H oLn*

\ __-_\ r l*--. crur(FRto) |

Y l*c,u" Il-.-.-.,*, I

l** c"y. IIitt,(-

rF.

i5lbls2oz5EXPERIMENTAL SESSIONS

RC 16

Frcunr 6. The delayed eflects of lowered ratios of reinforcement on one child's difierentialresponding and response rates.

X! ++o

z.- +ZO

IJFOE -"o

PJnol uollEurrolur rBlrulrs Jerlleqd\'sqluou Jo Jsqrunu e J3Ao SUOrlsAJas-qo d:ore.loqel pailor]uoJ .parnseaur

,{lJeuorrrunl pue .(lsnonuDuof, tnor{tr^\pa.readde auou ,(5 e:n8rg ur uruoqs)suraned asuodsar tualodard agr ro; tdar-xg 'tusuJuoJr^ua polloJluol ar.uBs arFpuB uerplrqt lBnpr^rpur uae^rlaq uorl-f,BJatur egt ur strlgap Jo llelrerr r luas-ardar a-rag pagrnsop salduuxe eg;

'sarnseoru ror^Brpq regto .{q ,,o1qu-tselun,, aJE or{.,u sluarted alrllness? puepoqrntsrp lleua.itxa Io uorte8rtsaluraqt strur:ad suroor leluourradxa rynq,{ppmrs ur lueudrnbo elqrtlnlsapurJo esn aqI 'stsat Ierrurls tuerrnl ]o,tttirrtrsuas Jo a8uer agt puodaq dlpnsnaJB strlgaP ssor{d{ Pue sarnparo:d

Ieluatur:adxa rer{to urorJ popnllxa uotJoerB or{^{ uarpllgr lEqra^uou paprEter,(yara,ras Jo ror^Brloq arp ,(pnls ot pasnoq detu l1 'lrafgns arl] Jo urd aql uouorsuaqarduror a8en8uel Jo spuBulapou se>lBru 1r 3sn?)e8 'luauluoJr^us

PalloJluol e ur sal]uaSultuoJ atBrpalu-un ol esuodsar lerluerepFrp tuarrsJaqli^4, 3r)JJetw qtlrl^, ssrluerlgsp puEsassJlxa IBJor^eqeq srsEq suros saJns-eaur llprrruruotne pue satelol arnpaf,-o:d letuaur.radxa eg; .su:alted asuods-ar lenprlrpur ot elrJrsu3s are Surtue-r8-o-rd eqr pue arr^op eq] tBr{t atelrpurelep eql 'uoneSrlsarr,ur Suro8uo eqt urslra(qns se aAJJs ol anurtuof or{.,\ uaJp

Tql PaPrEl?: Jo dno-r8 egl ui u.{toqsstllgap 3ur>1rr1s Jrour agt Jo /'r3} B tnqaJE e^oqu peqrrtrsep saldurexa aga

NOTSSnCSTC

'suorlenlls tuooJ-sseltr tsotu ur Ierrlcerd sr uer{t luetu-ef,JoJurer tuanbaJt arour Jprlord plnoqssarnparo;d Sururen 'ppgt srfr qlr^rsllnsal lsaq arnpo.ld ot JaPJo ut 'teqlmogs Ilreap EtEp arp .raaaunoq .turod

slqr rV 'pelsol rorprnt aq m/$ sSurpug

eseqt Jo ,firirqeqar ag; '5 aaoqe sorter

,,8ur1aag:,, 1o alqeder aq los leur er1

'orlv 'r(puanberl aJour para^rlap sr truogm ,{lprder erour sureal pue rapregs>lrolr eq :oJ'd:elrlap luailruualur str JouonJun' e aq ,{eur lnq ruo8e Suro:olurar.rood e ot olqetnqlrlg tou sr buongapJor^Er{aq agt 'asec srqr uI .aterrdord

-de sr tuaureorolureJ aqt Jo arnteu or{l

pepr,rord tasuodsar Jo sater JetsBJ arnp

-ord uotyo tsour soner -raq8r11 'llgapsrr{ roJ suorterqdurr elqrssod e^Brl olq8noue lensnun sr Surpuodsor ]o atBJ

srq uo lleFa sll '>lsEl uorl?ururrrfsrp

PU? UOI]EI]UAJ3FIP AqT UJBEI O] PIIq]sql PalqBue slueuraf,rolurer Jo oneJre^to1 aq1 legr SursrrdJns tou sr tI

'u.&oqs

serlr u.rauud Isnuarsgrp leundo s,pllqlslqr ?rolaq

"yllzC uaq] pue zIAIzC

lsr5 Io alBr Pasesrlur oql ur P3l8lrpurse 'uortdn.rsrp ,{q po,uo11oy a8uegr ou

]o suorsses ae:qr ,(q paparard su,rr puepa,{e1ap otlnb sem tlego sqt ter{t (re^a

-,trog'ato1q'Surpuodsar lunuoregrp uopue tndrno roraer{rq Ietot uo qlog tlalreo^rlBrrlrleJ pe{r8ru e pornpord t gg ore8urqr aqa'pa;uoddesrp Surpuodsa-r

IErlueroltrP u^\oqs llsnor,ra.rd 3q1 puepaurlssp ,{1a,rrssa:3o:d saxager rnoJ IIE

'o s3ter 'or UC repufl '(9 a-rn8rg) gz

g8no.rgr 9r suorssag io; € gg or aSueqc,{q pa,r'ro11o1 !r g8no:gl or suorssos

Surrnp or UC Jo strega a8urr 3uo1

aql ur u3as ,{lrpuar tsoru sr srql 'sortBJ

ra.{\ol uo sale; raq8rq le papuodsar,{og srgr trqt p3teJTpur se8ueqr oneruorssaseJtur alrssaf,f,ns Jo slrago 8ur-rnogs 6 uorsses

'o spJotrar aAREIntunS

'PauIEluIBuI lou sE/rl I UC uo suolsses

o/t\l Jo spese oql dlsnor,tqo 'suolsses

xrs lsrg arp uI u.{oqs la^ai aql ot otBr

asuodsar ur dorp e parnpo.rd 6 uorsseg

1o SuruurSoq ar{t rE or UC ot urntog'(9 arn8rg ur 8 pu? / suorssag) rcogeuE /\rogs ot suorssas oart >loot (t Ug)

'salPj :IB:ruaraglP s.plrqr ruo uo lsrurarrolr

9l f,a

SNOISoz

f----.n'c *lI 'n.c -.-.- II ,n'.

- 1

Lss-l::-:]

*q;r'/Yt'\, i\,t './t\AI/\ - It\ ./-'wJ

uoltoulslrc.lp + uo!lolluar.lr!0 e-----{uo!10!!ulratlp rnlnu!ls >--<

uouolu.rttttt.luodaau H

xagal rWrO lra,ra 1o tuoureJroj'sluaurarrnbal orler rantol Jo sl

eururJatap ot paure:8o:d a:on su<

a3rqt txau aql '(qde-r8 xapuraas) u,{roqs se.n uraled leituarou pu€ '(saxagar JnoJ aqt toro1 uorssos red sasuodsar yo gde.r8 :aas) mo1 lprro;run a-ra,tr (oi ggollBr-paxg JePun suorssas xjsagr Suirnp se1e.r asuodsag '9 arn8rpaluasa.rd art plrqr prnp srr{t roJ

pallold aqa 'a8.roua ot uraned as

-ar ienuJJ3grP e JoJ ror^Bg3q tr-Jns urBlursur o1 lueurefJolural JoJolrrol B pa:rnber priql 3r{t puE (prl

sE&\ uorlEf,rPau sil{ u3g1r\ salBJ 13

parnpo.rd puof,os erp 'surotdur.{s l-,(sd ruopr,ra dlpcruqc padeldsrp

LlIrscNrT'u Nsqoo qNv fiauuvg 'H acrurv:rg b€vtw N:rua'uHc 01(

'096r ry 456r ,1oqcds4'td3e .uuoC lerrsdqd uo uorlerpBrn-x Io stllro oqI .I .C

'rr^run 'z ry r 'soN .daX ssa:6o:6 'tenttnlep ,lll,lrlqo,4& ry ,.f, ;O ,.{:ppm1 ,.r[. .lt'Arrrr.I -ptutu u, ,nlsuo.rl puo iutu.ua1 'e'u?uBez .69-t9,8,o96r i,aot1ig.puy;iti-:1 .saypits

'xot-o6 'S 'o51 '5oz 'r96t '.Jtuty frote;oldxa :sr^rtrr]Jp 1i1u:ui ur ror,regaq rueilC6'tuttis 'saurq)Etu SurqrBal .C .g tlauurls .1r1 .11 ,.1a,{.r4 { ,.O .C 'U3srEg ,.U .N ,slllg'196r (s{oog lrsEg :Ilotr

^trN'Vr"oas2r r!,tueos lo srtttot aqJ -W.u8urprs'grt-6tt.'t o96rt'llot{tg 'ltuy 'dr.r '1 'uarppqr popretar fll"turul

-dolarrap ur tsaur.rJotuter to salnp3qrs oldplnupue alEurg ',t1 'S ,nof !g :9 ..9 .opue1:6

(q)'6r9-Sr9'59, r96t'. laq'|uau 'l 'uatr/ 'uotttsurun-rcsrp le.rodrual luDDdoar{ sr srol^egoq tu3uodruoC .U .opuBlro

(e) .r9r-9(r (rt ltg6t"22V'loqtltsd'urrplrr{J paprelar,(lleruaurdola,rap;o a:urruro;:ad lueFdo aaJJ ur r1nurqs a^D-BurrrIrJsrp Jo rlor lErrorllrrnJ agl .U .opu?lro

'296r(Je8rqadq er.J :ergd1apelg4'euutp?ut cttputosotltfsduo wnsoduts uuotueuvoH 7r,trg .srsou8erp urspogtJuJ Suruorlrpuoc luerJdo .X .g .,{a1spur1

'gL-99'rz (o96r''1ddns'rEouoru "ttfs'n$t'Jrd,'spoqlaur Euruoqrpuorluerrdo-eo{ Iq paleaaar se sorloqrdsd rruol{l JoJorAeqeq arll Jo srnsrr.tr?J"rJC'U'g'fappurl

(q) .s"lt .ureqll?i[ .lutrd-soH 3re1s uelrl0doqa;41'f:o]e:oqe1 rpJsrs3uror^pqog '956r 'nqure^oN-9E6r .aun{ por:ad :o1II uodrJ ss:.r3o.rd pslrultrC .totnoqaq cltoqttsd{o ststpuo Toluauuadxa ily 't 'O 'felspurT

(u)'gS6r trrdy'drr3ruuEllv "rossy '10q:(s4 urerseg tB pea.l :ade4'srqoqcdsd 3ruo:rlf, ur uongeua.l3g:rp pue uorl-Esnutrrsrp lueredo Jo srslleuy 'U 'O (,{alspurT

'rozr (r-og) IV lrel-uor CAV (f56r) r:odog leurg lgfs!-g^]\I 'o51pr€)orrrry 'f96r 'gooqr5 lef,rprl I 'Ja^run uolsog'sarPrus loluol 1urr3010qrrd Pue lBrdololeujaqpalBtal :3op eql ur Jor^Eqaq puB asDJaxe

'b'tg6r ''tDtp&'louy 'dr,.1 .uarp1q, O.;?J;lqlr.$ ssf,uBruroJFd slnprr{ls-eldrtlnru lo lu:ur-dolarap pldBU 'U 'opuEIrO A ..lA 'S .no{rg

'296r lrdy'{rrJ tnu?ltv,.jossv'1og:,{s4 uralseg le pear r:de4 'ua:plrgr paprel?rPJZIlEUOnnlqsur ur uorlEUnurltsrp pue uollsrlus-"ragrp luerado 1o uorlrsrnbry .H 'B ,ita:-reg

s33N3UE.{1U

'aJnlr?J 3qnsdEreql Jo

.(aslou,, IBrrlsrlels s3 uELp JeqlEJ lunlBplrsPq PuE tuBuodr.ur uB sB seSraua{rlIq"lt"n Fnpl^Ipur Jo lunourg pue3rnlEu ar{t (srsorl]sord prder uo uEqtraqt?J srs{lEuE Ietueurrredxa peluer-rodlprnsou8erp uo snloJ Jno Jo 3snErJB',{pnls pe8uoiord puBrqap ol srsBf, orrros

uI q8noue eurajlxe sr-uorssase.rlur puBuorssssJstur qroq-{rqrqerrB^ IEnpr^rpuI'suorsses IEluaurrodxs dueur :arlo suorl-s^rasqo pellorluol'paprorer dlsnonurl-uol (pot€ader r{Snorrir lpo papaaa:aro./t\ slllgeP ssol{] to lsow 'sllrgaP

Jo o8uBr apr/lr B Surpnlour srrreuBdasuodssJ I?nPI^rPur 3lqBrlar ]o ,balre,r e

ol aArlrsuas sE/!l uorlEururrJlsrP snlnu

PUE uorlsituoJaFrP asuods3J Jo tu-aJns?eur tuapusdspur puE snosuBtlnl

Jo. Poqteur eql 'lueuruoJr^us IEtu-rJadxa panoltuoJ E ur slrlgap Jor/-3q tuB^3lar dlpuonernpe puu IIIetr{

]o lu3ul3jnsB3ur f,rluurolnB pue uortE

oql uo PasnsoJ rprBasal 3gI 'u.

Tql PePrelal P3zlleuollnlllsut Jo dnr

s^rtBluaseJder B Jo Jor^Er{aq lueJado

]o uoltB8llsa^ui {JoluroqEl SurnurtrE Jo rEe.{ tsrg ar{t uror} s8urpug

'o euros Poqrrrsap sErI trodal srr{J

rf,vr{wos

'uortf,Er3tur PalnPu dgeluarur-xe Jo snoauEluods Jrsr{} Jo uorte.l-qo llarrp slrwred 'sasseco:d 1e:oi,-eg o.&l ]o luatuernsBsuJ snoeuEllnr

'tuopuadepul (snonurtusJ'Joileqrq

suorsuaurp FJodwet luaurusd lea^O.uEds etult q8noua 3uo1 e ra^o sas.ill

lEtuaurrrsdxa tlnpuol ol aigrssod :-3r3i{1 sr tI 'tuaurarnsBeru patBadar ri,ttr,lrtisuos asol tou soop poqtour'serq ;e,uesqo urorJ Jegns qlnl.{ stn-q)31 a{rlun 'teqt uz'rogs 3^Br{ BtEp

'eroruraqtrnC 'spnpr^rpu asar{l ot t:-aJ r{tr.u suorsnl3uof plar.{ ilr^\ r]rrsrs{leuE lBtueuruadxa uB ur slorlu^to rler{l sE uaJPIrr{3 iBnPr^rpur 3rsllrrrJ3d PoqtauJ sIIt Jo l]rarlrsues a^g

)o

urelJal Jo uorleJtsrurwpe puB spJE^\

uo PuEuIIJdoJ tllsrl

IElu3JEd sE stu

qlns ot uorPirgl ureuaf 'o

suolt:

IErlueJagrp stBnle^s ot alqrssod 3q {er(lauueul f,rlpurals{s E ur u^\oqs eq

sFIl Ji '{lluq"lr"o aql }o aruos 3

-ord .{sru sJotreJ lrtuorurrodxa-Erlxa :

slqE^I3ruo3 dla:rlua sI lI (oslv '(l'ueurprg eas) ult\ou{ aq $nul {rr-rJBA surleseq srql

'o lunourE PUE i

-Bu eIIt 'sa8uegc Ieluerulredxa Jo uoll-ortur r3lBI ]o s]l3ge 0rll 3lBnle^a o1

-ro uI 'slrlgaP snolreA Surztrelceiel{

ra'rsaNlT 'u N8aco (INv J.rtrurrv8 'H ircruJvsg g€vstb NTUq'UHC O3o