Tm 9-1900 1942 AMMUNITION GENERAL

8/13/2019 Tm 9-1900 1942 AMMUNITION GENERAL

1/214Publ

icDomain,Google-digitized

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MENT,

C., August1943.

hangedas follows:

nhandling.

C1, Aug1943.)

ARYOFWAR:

PublicDomain,Google-digitized

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RDEPARTMENT,

N,July3,1942.

graphs

3

fammunition.

munition40-57

75

-87

g,andpreservation.

precautions111-113

nce119-132

33-139

efiring145-153

defenses154

points..155-157

funserviceableammunition158-173

I'M9-1900,September8,1941,includingTrainingCircularsNos.

t,1942.


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3

alispublishedforthe informationand

nnelhavingtodo withammunition.

andlingofammunitionshouldbecome

sprovisions.

manualare applicabletoallArmy

ations,exceptordnanceestablishments

he ChiefofOrdnance,wherethere-

ceSafetyManual(O.O.Form7224)will

oncontainedhereinisofageneraltech-

eseveraltypesofammunition,theirgen-

nsofidentification,careinhandlinganduse,

,surveillanceandgrading,packingand

edestructionofdudsandunserviceable

mationconcerningspecifictypesofam-

chnicalManualsandFieldManualsdeal-

ichtheammunitionisused,or,inthe

sbombsandgrenadeswhichdonot re-

mationiscontainedin TechnicalManuals

nscontainingadditionalinformation,

dotherpertinentreferencesareincluded


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5

hipment12

ammunition"asusedherein,unless

nderstoodtoincludeall militaryammuni-

eof.Itappliestomissilesdropped or

echnics,aswellasprojectilespropelledby

eralcharacteristicsandmethodsofuse,

othefollowingbasictypes:

oncartridgesandshotgunshellsused

andchemicalmissilesthrownbyhand

,or specialprojectors.

osiveminesusuallylaidinadvanceposi-

mechanizedattack.

xplosiveandchemicalammunitionused

wnastrenchmortars.

explosiveandchemicalammunition

ers.

dchemicalmissilesdesignedforrelease

tiondesignedtoproducebrilliantor

onorsignaling.

rdnomenclatureisestablishedinorder

ppliedby theOrdnanceDepartment

ifiedbyname.Thesenamesarepublished

eLists(SNL's).Thenomenclaturefor

shedinSNLgroupsP, R,S,andT.

he useofthisnomenclatureismanda-

ureisusedhereininall referencesto

mplesofrepresentativenomenclature

,M2.

fuze,PD,M48,75-mmgun.


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AL

withfuze,PD.M48,75-mmpack

155-mmhowitzer(adaptedfor

boosterM21).

eenbag),155-mmhowitzer

ound,M30,unfuzed(adaptedfornose

100orM106).

munitionisclassifiedaccordingtouse

k,ordrill.Ammunitionmayalsobeclassi-

ffiller, asexplosive,chemical,orinert.

hatwhichisused foreffect.Such

l-armsammunition)usuallyhasahigh

r.

providedfortraininginmarksman-

smallquantityoflowexplosivefiller

rge,orthefillermaybe inert.

videdforsalutingpurposesandfor

ojectile.

ionis usedfortraininginhandling

piece),andsimilar purposes.Itiscom-

eral.Everyitemofammunitionis

thepainting,marking(whichincludesthe

andaccompanyingdatacardsortags.

standardnomenclatureoftheitem,to-

r,completelyidentifiestheammunition.

ngandthe standardnomenclatureare

e typeorsuitableabbreviation

dditionalinformationasthemodel

ofthecannoninwhichtheitem isfired,

whicha separateloadingpropelling

kedontheammunitionbutisnot a

However,whenreferringtospecificam-

mentionthe lotnumberaswellas the

aparticulardesign,amodeldesigna-

ethemodelis classifiedasanadopted


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8

onbecomesanessentialpartofthe

ndisincludedinthemarkingon theitem.

eyearinwhichthedesign wasadopted,

das themodeldesignation,forexample,

aruntilJuly 1,1925,itwasthe practice

heword"Mark,"abbreviated"Mk.,"

umeral,forexample,shell,HE,Mk.III.

modelwasindicatedby theadditionofMI

condbyMil, etc.Thepresentsystemof

tsoftheletterM followedbyanarabic

eindicatedbyaddingtheletterAand

als.ThusM2A1indicatesthefirstmodi-

hthe originalmodeldesignationwas

dizedforusebyboth ArmyandNavy

rsAN precedingthemodeldesignation.

,AN-Mk.19.

.Whenammunitionismanufactured

r,whichbecomesanessentialpartofthe

ordancewithpertinentspecifications.This

markedoneveryitemofammunitionunless

packingcontainers,andontheaccompany-

ortag.It isrequiredforall purposesof

ncondition,functioning,andaccidentsin

volved.Toprovideforthemost uniform

ponentsinanyonelot aremanufacturedun-

ditionsaspracticable.Forexample,inthe

alloftherounds inanyonelot consistof

mber (onetypeandoneweightzone).

er.

ber.

elot number.

A5-by8-inchcardprintedwith

dataconcerningtheitemanditscom-

munitiondatacard,ispackedineachpacking

r,inthe caseofbundlepacking,ineach

uired,assemblingandfiringinstructions

sideofthecard.Onrecentshipments,the

withthe ammunitionandonlyalimited

ththeshippingtickets.

a.Painting.Ammunitionis

to provide,bymeansofcolor,aready

totype.Thecolorschemeis asfollows:


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AL

nd small-armsammunition:

ack

,yellow,orpurple,

e

heme-hasbeenthe sameasabove.A

nadoptedandbombsofrecentmanufacture

heopen(exceptchemicalbombs)willbe

ess,with1-inchcoloredbandsappearingat

hebodyanda %-inchinterruptedbandatthe

rofthe bandswillbeasfollows:

explosivefiller(demolition.

tation)Yellow

intedgrayandmarkedin accordancewith

ition,cartridgesdonotrequirepaint-

owever,arepaintedbrownwithmarking

ctivecolorband,as follows:

llow

green

gstenciledorstampedontheammuni-

ntainersincludesallinformationnecessary

n.Furtherinformationconcerningpaint-

undunderthespecifictypeinchapter-2

.

onismanufacturedtorigorousspeci-

spectedandtestedbeforeacceptance.


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12

ultsofthesetests, eachlotofammunition

nitioninstorageis periodicallyretested

eristicshavenotchanged.Ifchangeshave

nisregraded.

mmunitionisgradedprimarily onthe

otespeciallysuitableforuse inapar-

weapons.SeeOrdnanceFieldService-

otherthansmall-armsis gradedasa

.SeeOrdnanceFieldServiceBulletin

bjecttospecialinstructionsfrom

munitionofappropriatetypeandmodel

gorder:limitedstandard,substitute

nthisrule,ammunitionwhichhashadthe

toragewillbe usedfirst.Amonglotsof

ven tothesmallestlot.

p ofexcessstocksinthefield,transfers

ecorpsareai fnostockofappropriate

on hand.

ofsmall-armsammunitionisestablished

ndpublishedin OrdnanceFieldService

cialinstructions.

oundintheOrdnanceFieldService

R 775-10.

.a.Inordertokeepammunitionin

eadyforimmediateissueanduse,due

ventothefollowing:

toredinthe originalcontainers,ina

,protectedagainstthedirectraysofthe

xcessiveheat.

tainersshouldbekeptcleanand dryand

itionshouldnotbedisassembledwithout

dnotbeopenednor protectiveorsafety

beforeuse.

orfiringbutnotfired shouldbereturned

ppropriatelymarked.Suchammuni-

subsequentfiringsinorderthat stocksof

keptataminimum.

orshipment.a.Ammunitionis

ordancewithpertinentspecificationsand


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naredesignedtowithstandallcondi-

edinhandling,storage,andtransportation

ateCommerceCommissionregulations.

rmationrequired

tionofcontents.

merceCommissionforshipping,in-

gnorandconsigneeandshippingdesigna-

cerningpackingandmarkingiscon-

er2.

ofonekindoranotherarea fundamental

militarypurposes,explosivesaredi-

s,propellantsandhigh explosives.Oneof

eenthesegroupsistherapiditywith which

pellantsexplodeatarelativelyslowerrate

explosivesdetonatealmostinstantane-

sethoseexplosiveswhichareusedprinci-

lesfromguns.Theyaredescribedin

escomprisethoseusedprincipallyas

explosivecomponentssuchasprojectiles,

dalsothoseusedas initiators.Theyarede-

erinformationconcerningproperties,

etc.,willbefoundinTM9-2900.

iesofexplosivesbeginningwitha

explosiveandterminatingwithalarge

nsensitiveexplosiveistermedanexplosive

twosuchtrains,thepropellingcharge

stingchargeexplosivetrain.Thepropel-

usuallyconsistsofprimer,igniter or


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4-16

llingcharge.Thusaspitof firefroma

explosive(theprimer)is transmittedand

eend thatalargequantityofrelatively

propellingcharge)burnsinthemanner

ectileproperly.Insome instances,such

wherethepropellingchargeisrelatively

quired.Theburstingchargeexplosive

IV.

plosivescurrentlyusedaspropellants

andarecommonlyknownassmokeless

orinorganicsubstancesareaddedtothe

manufacturetogiveimprovedqualitiesfor

owdersaredistinguishedbysuchtermsas

hless-nonhygroscopic,FNH;andnonhygro-

mercialtradenamesorsymbols.A

wderisknownaspyropowder.Blackpow-

enalmostcompletelysupersededbysmoke-

a.Characteristics.Smokelesspowder

ndit isnotapowder.It ismanufactured

s,pellets,orperforatedcylindricalgrains.

madewithvaryingdiametersandlengths.

ewebsize, thatis,theaveragethickness

eperforations.Incolor,thegrains vary

epbrownorblack.Figure1 illustrates

ermaybeusedas asatisfactorysubstitute

rainsintimeofemergency.

nfinedsmokelesspowderburnslikecellu-

e,butwhenconfineditsrateof burning

reandpressure.Figure2showsthemanner

wderismanufacturedtocontaininthe

mountofsolvent(an etherandalcoholmix-

changeintheamountof solvent,a

eswillresult.Powdermustbe carefully

mperatures,moisture,andchangesintem-

tchangesduetosuchconditions,smoke-

kedinairtightcontainers.

mokelesspowderisusedas thepropel-

gercaliberammunition.Theperforated

ostcommonlyusedinUnitedStates

erforatedgrainsareusedforsmall arms,

certainhowitzers.Powderswithseven


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rgercaliberweapons.Seefigure3 for

itrocellulosepowder).Formany

rsinservicewereof thestraightnitro-

yreferredtoaspyropowderorpyrocel-

edasasubstitutestandardfor theFNH

antageistheproductionofmuzzle flash

opicandhasrelativelylowpotential.

Thetermdouble-basepowderhas

ontainingbothnitrocelluloseandnitro-

servingtoincreasethepotential.Small

saltsareoftenadded,servingtoreduce

rmoreignitible.Ballistiteis atypical

isusedin12-gageshotgunshell andin

n.

Flashless-nonhygroscopic(FNH)

trocelluloseandothermaterialswhich

theproductsofcombustion,therebyre-

dedmaterialsalsoreducehygroscopicity.

moisture.Theyareused inpropellants

rsof 37-mmandlargercaliber.FNH

oneweaponand yetnotcompletely

FNHpowderisdesignatedto beused

hoccurs,itis termedNHpowder.Nitro-

NH powdersforsmallcannon,intrench

especiallyrapidburningisrequired,and

munition.

n,anitrocelluloseofhighnitration,is

fFNHpowders.Smallwispsof dry

mecarriersin thecentraltubeofshrapnel

ebase charge.Itisalsoused inelectric

er.E.C.smokelesspowder,orE.C.

cellulosewithinorganicnitrates.Itis

olorandresemblescoarsesand,though

sitivetofriction,shock,orheat.It

ndsomustbe protectedfromtheatmos-

dby flamefromaprimerorfuze. It

theopen,but explodesifconfined.It

geinfragmentationhandgrenades.Itis

dcaliber.50blankcartridges.

s.Smokelesspowderforsmallarms

annonin thatitisusually glazedwith


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2-23

ineloadingandthuspresentsa black

cethepowdergrainsaresmall,theyignite

efreelythan cannonpowder;andwhen

ormaltemperatureprevails,theyaresub-

ationthanthe largergrains.Small-

npowders,arepackedinairtightcontain-

dersarenearlyassensitiveasblack

ore,allprecautionsusedinhandling

servedforsmall-armspowders.Ingen-

small-armspropellants,thesingle-base

edouble-basetype.

neralcharacteristics.Blackpowderis

ixtureoffinelypulverizedpotassiumor

andsulfur.Thecommercialblastingpow-

nowusedforsalutingcharges.Potas-

powdersforallother militarypurposes.

heform ofsmallblackgrains,whichare

aphite.It issubjecttorapiddeteriora-

oisture,butifkeptdryretainsi tsexplosive

oneof themostdangerousexplosives

easilyignitedbyheat,friction,or spark.

blackpowderhasbeensupersededalmost

der.Itspresentmilitaryuse,in itsseveral

nedto

ingcharges,forshrapnel.

fuzes.

rges.

acticebombs,shell,andsubcali

mbinationfuzes.

wderisparticularlysensitivetoflameo

kpowderincansorbags orwhen

againstsparks,theprecautionsdescribe

bestrictlyobserved.


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dergrains.

wdergrains.


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6-27

etonation.Ithaspowerfulbrisantprop-

tedbymercuryfulminate,tetryl,and

es.Itis nonhygroscopicanddoesnot

swithmetal.Itusuallyresembleslight

eis crystallineandhasaverypalestraw

orymilitaryexplosivebecauseitiseasily

hell orbombtoforma solidcrystalline

nitionloadedwithTNTcanbestored,han-

mparativesafety.

munitionloadedwithTNTwhenstored

warmsummermonthsmayexudean

ateoozesoutaround thethreadsatthe

yformapoolonthe floor.Exudingshell

corpsareaordepartmentordnanceofficer,

yinstructionfortheir useordisposition.

eandmaycarrysmallparticlesofTXT.

removedbyscrubbingthe floorwith

ystallineformdetonatesreadilyunder

etonatorand,whenhighlycompressed,of

st,it isnecessarytousea boostercharge

plosiveofequalbrisance,toinsurecom-

rge.TNTisusedasa burstingcharge

oneormixed withammoniumnitrateto

ol.FlakeTNTis usedin37-mmshell.

are asaburstingchargeforbombs,anti-

tainshell andbombboosters,andasa

owder.

edtodemolishbridges,railroads,and

dminesplacedunder enemytrenchesor

rkTNTismadeupin theformofa

blockenclosedinafibercontainerwhich

nhandlingand rendersitwaterproof.

e CorpsofEngineersareblocksof

cardboardcontainer.

forall typesofblastingwhere40

macordBickfordisthe tradenamefor

onsistsofaflexible fabrictubefilledwith

characteristics.Amatol,amechanical


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9-31

ofexplosiveswhichdetonatemorereadily,

maycausesuddendetonationofburning

samesensitivitytoshockasTNTand

detonatedbymeansofa detonator.Itis

ilitaryexplosives.

NTasamilitaryexplosivehasresulted

oftheuse ofpicricacid.Itis usedfor

mpicrate,asaboosterexplosive,andeven

hemercuryfulminatechargeindetona-

sedextensivelyinthe formofmixtures

s.

s.a.General.(1)Nitrostarchisa

rialsimilarinappearancetoordinarypow-

nsitivetoimpactthanTNTbutless sen-

rnitroglycerin.Itis highlyinflammable,

eslightest sparksuchasmayresultfrom

xplosiveviolence.

arereadilydetonatedbymercuryful-

detonatorproducingcompletedetonation

eenrenderedundulyinsensitivebyexces-

eorby othercause.

nexplosivehasrecentlybeenadopted

sconsolidatedintoy2-poundand1-

cksandincomparisontestsit hasbeen

sforcomputingsmallchargesare di-

ostarchdemolitionexplosive.Nitro-

brokenintofragmentsas thismaycause

beconsideredasasubstituteforTNTin

sashortageoftoluenefor makingTNT.

ostarchwasusedin thefollowingform:

ve.

ellexplosive.

Tetrylisthe standardboosterexplosive.

olid.Whenheateditfirstmeltsand then

s.Itburnsreadilyandismore easilyde-

oniumpicrate,beingaboutassensitiveas

by friction,shock,orspark.Itisprac-

sstableatalltemperatureswhichmay

.

estsshowtetrylto havegreatershatter-


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militaryhighexplosive.Picricacidand

dinbrisance,respectively.

trylissufficientlyinsensitivewhen

rtobesafelyused asaboosterexplosive.

oninsuresa highorderofdetonationof

sedintheformof pressedpellets.Tet-

e standardburstingchargeforsmall-

appreciablybetterfragmentationto

lsomorereadilydetonatedandyet,

standstheforceofset-back.

sousedindetonatorsas abasecharge,

othe bottomofthedetonatorshelland

primingchargeof mercuryfulminate,

r.

a.General.Mercuryfulminateisa

itewhenpurebutordinarilya faint

tint.It isextremelysensitivetoheat,

ock,detonatingcompletelyinnearlyevery

rieswithtemperature.

teisusedonlyforthepurposeof bring-

fthe lesssensitivehighexplosivesorthe

osives.Itmaybeused aloneormixed

deisaninitiatingcompoundusedfor

ofhighexplosives.Itis afinecream-

nsitivetoflamebut istooinsensitiveto

ionis byimpactofafiring pin.Itis not

at.Itflashesata muchhigher-temperature

essweightofleadazidethanof mercury

onateanequal amountofTNT,tetryl,

troducedtosupersedemercuryfulminate.

ves.a.Trimontte.Trimoniteisa

mononitronaphthalene.Itmaybeusedas

ellwhereveramatolmayalsobeusedas a

ahigh-explosivefillerfor shell.Itis

niumnitrate,andflakedaluminum.The

erallytoexplosivemixturescontaining

um.Asarule,ammonalexplosivesare

ofthealuminumcontent,detonatewith

ureandbrighterflashthanotherhigh

nprovinggroundtests forbetterob-


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5-36

n.Achemicalagentisa substance

irectchemicalactionandin concentra-

producesa toxicoranirritating(harass-

screeningsmoke,anincendiaryaction,

e.Anagentthatproducesmorethan one

ccordingtoits principaluse.

eclothing.Theservicegasmaskwill

twargasesin concentrationslikelytobe

will notprotectagainstcarbonmonoxide,

a,orcyanidegas.Itisthereforenot suit-

strialaccidentsorfires.Forspecial

eavyconcentrations,protectiveclothingmay

onswherevesicantgasesarepresent,pro-

worn.

cludedin thissectiononlyageneral

randusesofchemicalagents,theprotec-

tment,anddecontaminationmeasures.

foundinTM 3-215,TM9-850.FM21-10,

calagentsareclassifiedaccordingto

ltyagents.Useddirectlyagainst

cecasualties.

nts).Usedtoreducemilitaryeffi-

ersonneltomask.

sedtoproduceanobscuringsmokeor

sedtocausetheignitionofcombustible

sedfortestingequipmentortraining

esssubstanceswhosephysicalproperties

agentrepresented.

1)(a)Lungirritants.Incapacitateby

altissue.

ammation,burns,anddestructionoftis-

ernally.


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ucers).Causeacopiousflowoftears

orary,irritationoftheeyes.

mokes).Causeviolentheadache,

dtemporaryphysicaldebility.

ologicaleffectsmaybeincidentallypro-

someotherprimaryclassificationsuchas

moke.

nagentwhichproduceseitheratoxicor

ect.Suchanagentmaybeinsolid, liquid,

persion.Gasesarefurther classifiedas

ngeffectiveatthe pointofreleaseformore

ersistentthosewhichbecomeineffective

chproducesanobscuringscreen.

whichproducesheatsufficienttoignite

a.Painting.Ingeneral,ammuni-

rustandtoprovide,bymeansof thecolor,

ationasto type.Chemicalammunitionis

r,gray.

aragentusedaschemicalfillerisindi-

e ammunitionbyoneortwobandsand the

ol,allinadistinctivecolorin accordance

ph38.

ral.Thetype,commonname,andsym-

alagentsareincludedin thetablebelow.

rincipalpersistentcasualtyagentsare

arkbrownliquidwhichslowly

ashavingtheodor ofgarlic.Itsprinci-

hatofa vesicantalthoughtheblistering

forseveralhours.If inhaled,thevapors

ForcompleteprotectionagainstHS,both

othingarenecessary.First-aidmeasures

iousamountsofsoapand waterorwiping

uchassolvent,dry-cleaning,andneutral-

hlorideoflime.Clothingcontaminated

t onceanddecontaminatedbyairingor

eofHSis toneutralizeareas,contaminate

s,andharassenemypersonnel.Itispro-

tarin shell,fromairplanesbybombsand

ngtroopsin landmines.HSrendersfood


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23/214

rownliquidevaporatingtoa color-

orofgeraniums.Inadditiontobeing vesi-

siteisan arsenicalpoison.Gasmask

necessaryforprotectionagainstMl.

ofwashingwithsoapandwater,or a5-

hydroxidefollowedbyalcohol.Tactical

projectionarethesameas thoseforHS.

ermanentlyunfitfor use.

Theprincipalnonpersistentcasualtyagents

dchlorpicrin.


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AL

tercontaminatedwithClcanbemade

ionofamedicalofficer.

sonprojectionasa whitishcloud

Ithasthe odorofsilageornew-mown

protectionrequired,firstaid,tactical,use,

ononfoodand waterarethesameasfor Cl.

lyliquidchangingslowlyinthe open

odorofflypaper.Physiologicalactionis

dthroat,and,as concentrationincreases.

irritation.Gas maskisrequiredforpro-

measforCl,for exposuretothevapor.

fliquid agentontheskinshouldbe washed

oholicsolutionofsodiumsulfite.Tactically,

trationsasacasualtyagentandinlighter

singagent.PSisused withteargasinartil-

anebombsand sprays,withphosgeneand

rshell,andfromcylinders.Ithas slight

minatedfoodandwatermayberendered

ionofamedicalofficer.

assingagents(irritants)arethe lacrim-

es.

N),commonlyknownasteargas,is

tis asolidwitha faintfragrantodor

ppleorlocustblossoms.Its physiological

ofthe eyes.Agasmaskissufficientfor

mentotherthanremovaltopureairis

ravatedcaseswashingouttheeyeswith

.CNis usedaloneingrenadesandmortar

alone(CNB)andwith chlorpicrin(CNS)

,and fromairplanesinbomb.sandsprays.

als.It impartsonlyadisagreeabletaste

typifiedby adamsite(DM).DMisa

burning typemunitionsandappearsasa

somewhatresemblingcoalsmoke.Its

auselacrimation,violentsneezing,intense

mporaryphysicaldebility.Forprotection,

chisequippedwithan efficientsmokefilter,

erthanremovaltopure airisseldom

hinglightconcentrationsofchlorine,as

ottle,willgiverelief^Tacticaluseis as

anonlybeusedfromburning typemunitions


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8

des.DMhasslight actiononmetalbut

rmanentlyunfitforuse.

heseareproducedbythedispersionofpar-

ythe burningofsolidsandby spraying

reenmovementsandactivity,toblanket

fire superiority,toinactivateobservers,to

ing,andto disguisecloudgas.

fonicacidmixture(FS)isaliquid

oahumidatmosphereproducesadense

din shell,byairplanespray,andfrom

disverycorrosiveandrubber gloves

t. Nomaskisnecessaryforthesmoke.

sconsistsofwashingwithlarge amounts

onateofsodasolution,andthen treatingas

okeisharmlessto personnelexceptin

s.LiquidFSrendersfoodandwaterunfit

mpartsan unpleasanttaste.Onaccount

tainrestrictionsarein forceontheuseof

(FM)issimilarto FSinappearance,

mixture(HC)canbeusedonlyfrom

suchasgrenadesandcandles.Noprotec-

elis required.Foodandwaterarenot

reeableodor.

isa yellowwaxysubstancewhich

ndproducesadensewhitesmoke.Itsprin-

okealthoughitisanincendiaryandcas-

usedonlyinexplosivetypeprojectiles,

ndairplanebombs.Whenthe projec-

allpiecesof phosphoruswhichignitespon-

scontinuetoburnevenwhenembeddedin

sshouldbekeptunder waterorwell

ntiltheparticlesare removed.Phosphorus

obreathebutharmless;however,thepar-

water.

ypesofincendiaryagentsareused.An

mixture(F8),thermite,orthermateare

lcontainers.Thermate,amixtureof

nceswhichacceleratetheburning,isused

renades.Combustibleoilshavebeenused,

ofmetallicsodium,whichre-ignitethe


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uenchthefire.Phosphorusisused,espe-

mmableconstruction.Gasolineandmix-

er,alcoholandother substancesisused

asoline-filledbombshaveablackpowder

soline-filledgrenadesareglassbottles

zelighteror othertypeofignitingfuze.

Ammunitionshouldbekeptinsealed

mustardgas,however,itmustbe thor-

eforeitcanbefired.Contaminatedammu-

gent,decontaminating,noncorrosive,or

ngsoapandcoolwater.Corrodedam-

nedthoroughlyordiscarded.Agent,

eoflime),whichisusedindecontaminat-

erbe usedonornearammunitionsup-

powderedform,asflamingoccurs

of limeonmustard.Materielotherthan

taminatedaccordingtoinstructionsinTM

1941.

esoflewisitecanbedestroyedthrough

usedfor mustard.Theproductsresulting

on,whenwashedontheground,areex-

seoftheirarseniccontentandwillperma-

terinthevicinityofthecontaminated

entgasesarecorrosivetometal,especially

e.Theagentmust beremovedorneutral-

the equipment.Metallicmaterielexposed

ld becleanedofoldoil withasolvent

withasolutionof sodiumcarbonateorother

andleatherexposedtoFSmust be

escribedinparagraph13,AR750-10.


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TION

munition40-57

75

-87

N

ndling,:55

mationinthissectionislimited toa

severaltypesofsmall-armsammunition

Manytypesaremanufacturedtothe

ycartridgesofthesamecaliberalthough

verysimilarin appearance.Eachtype

ngwhichisdescribedinthis section.

metypemaybe identifiedbythemarking

artons.Adetaileddescriptionofeach

characteristics,meansofidentification.


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g,andmarkingwillbefoundin TM9-1990.

ncomprisestheammunitionusedin

es,pistols,revolvers,andmachinegunsin

.50.andshotgunsof12-gage.

al.Aroundofsmall-armsammunition

general,itconsistsofabullet,a pro-

ndacartridgecase,madeinto aunitas-

ypicalcartridgein sectionwiththe

ceusehaveametalcorewhichis

aljacket.Acannelureisgenerallyrolled

ovidearecessintowhichthe cartridge

erearetwotypesofsmall-armspro-

esingle-basenitrocellulosetypeandthe

uble-basetypeisamixtureofnitrocel-

hichburnsmorerapidlythanthe single-

echargeand granulationofthepowder

ficationrequirementsforvelocityandpres-

bledlooselyinthe cartridgecase.

nsistsofabrassor gildingmetalcup

ompositionpelletofsensitiveexplosive,a

vil.

artridgecaseisofdrawnbrass.It serves

hercomponents,theprimer,thepro-

et,are assembledintoaunit,thecartridge.

o sealthechamberagainsttheescape

thecartridgeisfired.This actionisknown

ecartridgewaterproof,theprimeris

andthebulletis sealedintheneckofthe

m oflacquerorvarnishatthe timeof

artridgesareclassifiedaccordingto

ndard).

or guardpurposesonly).


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2-48

ridge,intendedforuseagainstper-

rgets,is themostwidelyusedofthe service

oughnolongeraccuratelydescribingthe

,hasbeen continuedinusetodesignatethat

tionusedfor thesamepurposesasammuni-

e bulletofwhichwasactuallyaball.

fferentcalibersareshownin figure4.

ypeofcartridge,intendedforuse

armoredvehicles,concreteshelters,and

gets,ischaracterizedbythebullet,which

e.Itisdistinguishedfrom othertypesof

thebullet, whichispaintedblack.Atypical

sshowninfigure6.

a.Tracer.Thistypeofcartridge

hertypestoshowthegunner,by itstrace,

also usedforincendiarypurposes.The

edredtocorrespondtothe colorofthetrace

types.Figures8and9 show,typical

on.

unitionincalibers.30and.50resembles

mmunitioninoutwardappearance.It

ht bluepaintonthetip ofthebullet.

rtridgeisdistinguishedbytheabsence

ulatedfire,trainingcavalrymounts,sig-

lsoin machinegunsequippedwithblank

ertooperatetheseweaponsforinstructional

sinfiringblankammunition,seeTM9-1990.

idgesmaybefoundinservice,onlythose

llbe fired.Typicalblankcartridgesare

hepresentstandardammunitionfor

ridge,ball,caliber.22,longrifle(fig.4)a

ercialmanufacture.

ery-practiceammunition,cartridge,gal-

M1919,isnowreservedforguardpurposes.

artridge,thebulletofwhichhas a

hatofserviceammunition,isprovidedfor


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5-56

markingstothenewparts ofthebox.The

testedandsealedifequipmentforthe work

uldnotbeopeneduntilthe ammunitionis

ionremovedfromairtightcontainers,

tes,isaptto corrode,therebycausingitto

enfromtheiroriginal packingsforload-

gunbelts,theclipsorbeltsshouldbe so

servethe ammunitionlotnumber,thereby

onfromfallingintograde3through lossof

arefullyprotectedfrommud,sand,dirt,

dirty,itshould bewipedoffatonce.

erdigrisformon cartridges,itshouldbe

dgesshouldnotbepolishedtomakethem

oncartridgesis dangerousandispro-

ed,thosethathave loosebullets,and

eshouldnotbefired.

seesectionsIand VIandTM9-1990.

a.Becauseamisfirecannotimme-

omahangfire,it isunsafetoopenthe bolt

namisfire occurs.WhentherifleMl,

shouldberecockedbyoperatingthetrigger

peningthebolt.

ventofmisfire,therifle shouldbere-

hecockingpieceandrefiredbeforeopening

ouldbe surethatthebore oftheweapon

ersuchascleaningpatches,mud,sand,snow,

ponwithanyobstructioninthe borewill

mayresultininjury tothefirer.

beexposedtothe directraysofthesun

hoftime.Thisis likelytoaffectitsfiring

tionwillbefireduntil ithasbeenidenti-

tionlotnumberandgradeas publishedin

3-5.

ofammunitionmustbereported

officerunderwhosesupervisionthemate-


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d.The ordnanceofficerwillreportsuch

OrdnanceasprovidedinAR45-30. It

atallevidencebepreserved.Thisincludes

ercartridgesfromthesamebox, theweapon

epiecesinshort,everythingthatmight

themalfunction.

Detailedpackingandmarkingreg-

-1990.Thefollowingtableshowsthe

eidentifyingcolorbandon thepackingboxes

all-armsammunition.Typicalpacking

1.


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esforcaliber.30 andcaliber.45ammunitionarevertical;bandson theendsare

sforcaliber.50ammunitionarediagonalon allsides.Markingsoncaliber.50

s.


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35/214

cartridge,caliber.50.

mor-piercing,caliber.50.

nk,caliber.50.

cer,caliber.50.

cer,caliber.45.


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8-60

tion58

sivegrenades59

ndling63

ication.a.General.Grenadesare

siles,intendedforuseatrelativelyshort

esignedtobethrownbyhand,they may

eorother typeofprojector.Grenadesare

tingprimaryweaponssuchastheriflein

singmobs,quellingriots,etc.Thegrenades

ith adelayactionfuze,thedelayfor ex-

ghtlymorethantheaveragetime offlight,

enades,slightlylessthantheaveragetime

basictypesofgrenades:thosedesignedto

osedesignedto beprojectedbyriflesorother

edriflegrenades.Handgrenadesareclassi-

:fragmentationgrenades,offensivegre-

s,andpracticeortraininggrenades.Rifle

antitankandpractice.

ensivegrenades.a.Fragmenta-

tationgrenadescontainanexplosivecharge

yofthe grenadeandprojectfragmentsat

e formationofuniformfragmentsthe

llyandvertically.Itis madeofcastiron

on,approximately2i4inchesindiameterby

hestandardbursting chargeisK.C.firing

dbyanignitingfuze.Fuzesfor alltypesof

cegrenadesaredesignedtofunctionafter5

Offensivegrenadesaremadeofpaperor

xplosivefiller.They areusedfordemo-

acements.Theyareequippedwitha

onds'delay.Thegrenade,hand,offensive,

fthistype,containsapproximatelyy2

Chemicalgrenadescontaina"burning


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ERAL

tedbyitsfuze,producesanirritant gas

eseareknownasgas grenadesorsmoke

chemicalgrenadeisa shortcylinder

sindiameterby5y2incheslong(fig.12).

esaredesignedtofunctionwith2 seconds'

epresentstandardriflegrenadesare

seagainstarmoredtargets.Theyaredes-

ndM9A1.Theyhaveasteel bodycon-

anda fuzeassemblyandatailassembly,

anda wheel-shapedfin.Thefuzefunc-

ypinlocatedonthe bodyofthegrenade

e fuze.Thefuzeinthe grenade,AT,

eonlyuponimpactwitha hardresistant

grenadeis moresensitiveandwill

softearth.Thesegrenadesareto befired

30,M1903or M1917.Theyareprojected

hfitsonthemuzzleof therifle.Aspecial

tridge,riflegrenade,M3,mustbeusedfor

s.Thegrenadesarepackedinkitscon-

cherforeither theM1917orM1903rifle,

rtridgeis packedwitheachgrenadein

etubeof thegrenade.

ssimilar inshapeandfunctiontothe

liber .30rifle.Itis largerandisprojected

tor.

.Agrenadeofthesamesize,shape,

gmentationgrenade,butinert,is provided

egrenadeformerlyusedfor suchpur-

nand wasknownasgrenade,hand,dummy,

entlybeenmodifiedbyaddingapullring

therebymorecloselysimulatingthe

hismodifiedgrenadeisknownasgrenade,

disshownin figure12.

wnasgrenade,hand,practice,Mk.H,

fuzeMI0Al,wasformerlystandardfor

ainsasmallchargeofblackpowderand

bluetodistinguishit fromthetraining

esignatedgrenade,AT,practice,Miland

andappearanceastheexplosivetypesM9A1

eyareprovidedfortrainingandpractice

grenadesare inertandmaybefired a


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-

-

9

ACKI-9.274MAX

ades.

enotdamaged.Replacementfinassem-

reprovidedseparately.Thecartridge

ameasthatusedfor thecorresponding


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ERAL

nhandling.a,.Care.Information

exercisedinhandlinggrenadeswillbefound

manualand inFM23-30.

ntothegeneralsafetyprecautionsin

ninsectionsIand VI,chapter3,tin

eprojectedover200 yards,fragments

sedintrainingwithoutadequatecover.

willberemovedjustbeforethrowing

yoccasionallyflash,hence,whenusedin

thrownasto functionnotlessthan20 feet

ofinaccordancewiththe provisionsin

a.Packing.'Thepresentpractice

ndchemicalgrenades,asfuzed complete

alfiber container.25inawoodenpacking

nd,packedunderolderstandards,contain

nedbox.Otherscontain unfuzedgrenades

ngrenadesandthosecontaininghigh

gw^Chemical-filledgrenadesarepaintei

offiller stenciledontheside.(Seetable

esare paintedblue.Traininggrenades,

l^,68

ndling-.;_'68

kmineisanexplosivedevicedesigned

plantedflushwith thesurfacefordefensi

anks.

presenttimethereisone modeleach

tankmines,the mine,antitank,HE,Ml

actice.Ml,figures13 and14,respectively,

a.General.Thisminewithprin-

shownasacompleteroundassemblyin


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7

undconsistsoftwocomponents,theloaded

edisassembledcomponentsareshownin

of thebodywhichfitsoverthe fuzeto

ofitsheadis knownasthespider.

bodyiscylindrical,approximately2%

n diameter.Theflangedrimaroundthe

esforassemblingthespider.Inthe center

y,approximately2inchesindiameterand

ngringis attachedtothesideofthe mine.

eandfuze,weighsapproximately10.4pounds;

ounds.The spiderconsistsofaring and

hookoneachend, rivetedtogetherasshown

ngagethe flangeontheminebodyand

stsonthestrikerhead ofthefuze.

E,Ml.Thisfuze(fig.15),whichcon-

egralpart,isusedonly inthehigh-explosive

yofa strikerassemblyandabodywhich

ator,andbooster.Thestrikerassembly,on

2-inchdiameterhead,protrudesapproxi-

bodyofthe fuze.Thefiringmechanism,

erassembly,isrestrainedfromfiringwhen

etyforkwithdrawn)bythecollar just

earpins. Aforceofapproximately500

s requiredtoactuatethefiringmechan-

eminewiththe spiderinplace,aforceof

sappliedtotherimof thespiderwillactuate

safetyinshippingandhandling,a safety

rheadbya cord,isfittedoverthe collar

ndthetop ofthefuzebody.Thesafety

ceptwhenit isintendedtoarmthe fuze.

ming).Thefollowingstepsarere-

mpleteround:

mthebottomof thebody.

ty.Pushthefuzedownuntili tlatches.

uppersurfaceofthe fuzebodyisflushwith

ne.

ze,besure thatthefuzecavityisclearnoforeign

semblethespider,aline,but donot

withthe twonotchesintheflangeofthe

ohooksoverthe flangeonthebody.Next

rough thenotches,thenrotatethespider


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ERAL.

therdirectiontosecurethe spidertothe

slocation.

herebyarmingthefuze.Thesafety

e mine,attachedtoitscordneverbe-

.

anddisarming).Minesmaybedisarmed

he stepsindabove.

e,Ml.a.General.Thisminewith

gsisshownas acompleteroundassembly

roundconsistsof twocomponents,an

ncludesthespider),anda fuze.

rtsaresimilarinappearancetothecor-

hexplosivemineexceptthat thebodyhas

pacedaroundtheside.Thereare differ-

whicharedescribedin paragraph70.

ractice,Ml,issimilarin formandoper-

ghexplosiveminedescribedabove,except

uffchargeinplaceof theboosterelement.

kmine),iscompletelyinert.Itis made

latetheservicefuzeandhasa removable

withthepracticeminebodyfortraining

andmarkingaredescribedin para-

ming).Thepracticemineisassembled

emine,antitank,HE,Ml,describedin

nddisarming.Seeparagraph67e.

nhandling.Inadditiontothe gen-

1and 3,thefollowingwillbeobserved:

yforkwillnotberemovedexceptwhen

ze.Theforkis notremoveduntilafter

.Shouldthe minebetakenup,thesafety

isedthatnoundueload isaccidentally

der,especiallytherim,afterthesafetyfork

ofapproximately250poundsonthe rim

hefiringmechanism.

eventsympatheticdetonationofpart

slaidsinglyon thegroundshouldbe3 feet

sh,2 feetormoreapart.


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9-70

Shoulditberequiredto layminesin

owerfulblast,theminesmaybeburiedone

byside,plantedflush,or laidonthesurface.

minesshouldbein contact;iflaidonthe

uchas18 inchesapart.Suchplantingwill

egroupwilldetonatewhenanyone detonates.

etonationofpartorallof thegroupsina

veninb aboveshouldbecorrespondingly

a.Packing. Antitankminesare

hichcontainsfiveminesandfive fuzes

einclosed,oneloose andoneattached

othatthei nstructionsarevisible.Thebox

ywoodseparatorsandtwosetsof grooves.

acedin afuzecontainerwhichoccupies

ox;thefivemines,withspiders nestedto

carryingringup,onein eachoftheother

onvenienceincarryingfuzedminesin the

hthe partitionsmovedtothesecondset

heboxwith fivehighexplosiveminesand

ely67pounds.Theboxwithfivepractice

proximately62pounds.

e,antitank,HE,Ml,ispaintedyellow

mine,antitank,practice,Ml,ispainted

Themarkingon theheadofbothtypes

e.

orsymbol.

fuze,mine,antitank,HE,Ml,ispainted

titank,practice,Ml,red.Botharemarked

escontainingpracticeminesarepainted

isa3-inchblueband aroundthemiddle.

inesareunpainted.Representativemark-

infigure16.For furtherinformationse#'jj,


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explosive.Mi


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nk,practice,Ml.


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nk,components.


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ERAL

ndling74

munition(fig.17)isdesignedforfiring

nathighanglesoffireand atrangesless

Suchweaponsandammunitionare par-

zedtrenchwarfare,hencehavebeencom-

ortarsandtrenchmortarammunition.In

esign,theprojectile,notbeingstabilized,

equirementsforgreater rangeandaccu-

ojectilesarestabilizedbyfins.Toprovide

usranges(zonesoffire),thepropelling

tothebaseof theprojectile,isdividedinto

ioncartridgeandthe requirednumberof

earlierdesigntheignitioncartridgecon-

shell containingachargeofpropelling

ufactured,theignitioncartridgeand

ents,theprimerbeingdesignedto screwinto

aseendoftheprojectile)after theignition

d.Becauseitisdesignedfor loadinginto

ontainsprovisionsforadjustingthepro-

munitionisclassifiedassemifixedammuni-

dits ammunitionarelimitedstandard.

dingtothepurposeforwhichit isin-

onisclassifiedashighexplosive,chemical,

used forfragmentationordemolition

ionofthefuze.

entlyauthorizedforuseonlyin 81-mm

mokeandgas.Thereisno chemicalfiller

tarammunition.

aspottingchargeor beinert.

providedfortrainingand practice.

signedtobefiredmorethan once.Several

pliedwitheachprojectile.

ral.Twogeneraltypesofammunition

he81-mmmortarand3-inchtrenchmortar.

rthe3-inchtrenchmortaris limited


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3-74

yknownas3-inchtrenchmortarammunition

mmunitiondesignedoriginallyforthe

tainrestrictionsastouseof thefullpro-

,bothtypesofammunitionmaybeused in

mmortarammunitionisissuedasfuzed

outerzone)propellingcharge,whereas

mmunitionisissuedas unassembledcom-

eassembledpriorto firing.The60-mm

edasfuzedcompleterounds,similarto

nition.

tion,.Becauseofitsstabilizingfins, this

nthoughfiredfromasmooth-boremortar,

esnosefirst.A point-detonatingtypeof

theshell. Thepropellingcharge,consist-

eandpropellentincrements,isattached

ectile.Theincrementsareremovableto

enfiredin themortar,trench,3-inch,

e) propellingchargewillbereducedas

e.

munition,Thisammunition,whichis

asno stabilizingfins,andbecauseitis

tarwhichimpartsno rotationtothepro-

andmaystrikethetargetin anyposition

itsside.Henceit requiresafuzewhich

hepositionof theprojectileatthein-

e,knownasthe "Allways,"isprovided

theshell.Thepropellingcharge,con-

geand propellentincrementsinthe

tbeattachedto thebaseoftheprojectile

terzone)propellingchargeofthis

whenfiredeitherin themortar,81-mm,Ml,

Mk.IA2.

tion.Exceptforsize,this ammunitionis

as the81-mmmortarammunition.A

ure 17.

nhandling.Generalprecautions

willbeobserved.In additionthefollowing

fuzed,willbehandledwithdue careat

ementsinprimersand fuzesareparticu-

hightemperature.

noothertime,the safety(cotter)pin

fuze.


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BER

ACK)-23.59MAX:

ACK)-22.89MAX

CK)1656MAX.

rtarshell.


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insertedintothemortar,cartridgeend

easedtoslidedownthebarrel,the hands

edfromthemuzzle.

dledormoved.Theyshouldbedestroyed

-a.Packing.Ammunitionofcur-

81-mmmortarsis packedasassembled

anindividualfibercontainerandthese,in

8roundsof 60-mmshellperbundle,and3

l,dependingupontheweight.Ammunition

renchmortarsis packedasunassembled

x,withoneextrapropelling charge.

othepaintingwhichidentifiestheam-

owinginformationis stenciledonthe

ortarinwhichfired.

r.

befoundin chapters1and3and in

ndling86

eround.Theterm"artilleryammuni-

nusedincannonofallcalibers.It includes

ponentsthereof.Thecompleteroundcom-

ntsnecessarytofirethecannononce.These

al,thefuzedprojectile,thepropellingcharge,

guponboththe typeofpropellingcharge

nto thecannon,completeroundsofartil-

nasfixed,semifixed,orseparateloading.


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ERAL

ompleteroundsinwhichthe propelling

adjustable,andwhichareloadedintothe

nas "fixed"ammunition(fig.18).As

ellingchargeisassembledlooselyinthe

mpedrigidlytotheprojectile.Theprimer

artridgecase.

Completeroundsinwhichprovisionis

pellingchargetothe zonetobefiredand

on,areloadedintothecannonasa unit,

mmunition(fig.18).Inthe usualdesignof

epropellingchargeis dividedintoparts

hsuchpartofthechargeis assembledina

mbledin thecartridgecaseinthebaseof

ckof thecartridgecaseisa freefitover

ence,whenit isnecessarytoadjustthe

ectileisreadilyliftedfromthe cartridge

ryincrementshavebeenremoved,thepro-

ecartridgecaseand theroundisloaded

aseoffixedammunition.

nition.Completeroundsinwhichthe

rojectile,propellingcharge,andprimerare

paratelyareknownas"separateloading"

oughthepropellingchargemaybeinone

dinto partswitheachpartassembledina

moninourservice,thepropellingcharge

ridgecaseinsteadof bag,butinsuchin-

snotfitted totheprojectile,butis loaded

y.

eyammunitionisclassifiedaccording

blank,ordrill. Itisalsoclassifiedaccord-

hemical,orinert.

hatwhichisfired foreffect.Itmaybe

ercing(shell),lowexplosive(shrapnel),

orinert(canisterandsmallercaliber of

asapropellingchargebuttheprojectile

vespottingchargeormaybe inert.

videdinsmalland mediumcalibersfor

andsimulatedfire.It containsnoprojec-

dedfor practiceinloadingandhan-

mmonwithothertypes,artilleryam-


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8-79

inting,marking,and,theaccompanying

rtherinformationwillbefoundinpara-

al.Althoughdifferingincharacter-

ectilesareof thesamegeneralshape,

ricalbodyandanogivalhead.Theprinci-

cesare

ntorbase.

erforlow,largerfor highvelocity

wforlow,wideforhighvelocity.

"squarebase."

sedonlywitharmor-piercingprojec-

ewhererequiredforimprovedbal-

ctilewithprincipalpartsnamedisshown

redescribedbelow.

ortionoftheprojectilefromthebour-

heogive.Theradius oftheogiveisgen-

s,acaliberbeingthe diameterofthebore

heogiveinfluencestheflightof thepro-

nsgenerallyvariesfrom 6to11calibers

eletistheaccuratelymachinedpart,of

theforwardendof thebody,whichbears

heclearancebetweenthediameterofthe

meterofa newcannonvarieswiththecali-

37-mmprojectileto0.020inchfora16-inch

bletotheentireprojectile,thetermbody

ylindricalportionoftheprojectilebetween

ngband.It ismachinedtoasmallerdiam-

reducethesurfaceincontactwiththelands

eletand rotatingbandbearonthe lands.

otatingbandisacylindricalring of

essedintoa groovenearthebaseofthe

emovesforwardinthebore,the rotating

ng, andcausestherotationofthe projectile

bilityinflight.In addition,bycompletely

dpreventsthe escapeofgasespastthe

at-tailed"Whenthesurfacetotherear


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AL

ndrical,theprojectileisdescribedashaving

eredorconical,itis knownas"boat-tailed."

temanufacture,armor-piercingprojec-

osedatthebaseend withaheavysteelplug.

sa seatforthefuzeand fuzeplug.

escontainingahighexplosivefillerare

r(fig.22)athin metaldiskcoveringthe

ntthe hotgasesofthepropellingcharge

ththeexplosivefillerthroughjoints or

of thebase.

Thearmor-piercingcapisof forged

ohaveahardfaceand relativelysoftcore.

aceofthecapdestroysthe hardenedsurface

e softercoreofthecapprotectsthehardened

stributing theimpactstressesoveralarge

shield,madeofsteeloraluminum,is

oftheprojectiletogiveimprovedballistics.

ghexplosiveshell,designedforblast,

effectagainstunprotectedtargets,require

herofsuperquickordelayaction.Armor-

ruseagainstprotectedtargets,mustfirst

rmor,thenexplode,hencerequirebase-

delayornondelayaction.

tionoffire,someshellareequippedwith

hetracer isusedtoignite thefillerand

heshellmissesthetarget.

lassifiedaccordingtotype,projectilesare

rmor-piercing,chemical,shrapnel,canister,

subcaliber),anddrill.

E).Theseprojectiles(fig.21),are

a relativelylargechargeofhighexplosive

basecoverandusuallydesignedfora

tile(AP).Thistypeofprojectileis

orplateandmayor maynothaveanexplo-

ngcapisfittedover theogiveandawind-

APprojectilescontaininganexplosive

darelativelysmallamountof explosive

eprojectilesisclosedby abasepluginto

dthewholecoveredbyabasecover.

micalshell,in general,aresimilartohigh

rincipallyinthemannerofassemblingthe


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ature[undefined]


55/214

9-80

whichmustbegastighttopreventleakage

medesigns thiswasaccomplishedby

einotherdesigns thesepartsareassembled

ce-fit,andwelded.Atypicalchemical

histypeisshowninsectionin fig.24)

flightandisthereforeequippedwitha time

efuzeat apredeterminedpointalong

ckpowderchargeinthe base.Thischarge

cballs forwardinaconeofdispersion,

.Althoughsomeshrapnelarestill in

ntirelysupersededbyhighexplosiveshell.

onsistsofalightmetalcase,filled with

xplosivecharge.Itbreaksuponleaving

allowingtheballs toscatter.

tiles.(a)Cast-ironshotandsand-

ze,shape,and weightasserviceshell,are

e.Somemodelscontainasmoke-puff

t.(Seefig. 25.)

nisfixedammunitionwithspecialprojec-

elevating,traversing,andsightingthe

berequipmentpertains.Itsadvantagelies

conomicalandmaybeusedin relatively

projectilesandcompleteroundsfor

myordrill ammunition.Theyareused

handlingshell andintheserviceofthe

tileisillustratedi nfigure26.

Afuzeisamechanicaldeviceusedwith

thetimeandunderthe circumstances

9,and30.)

assifiedaccordingtopositiononthe

se."

fiedas time,impact,oracombination

nagraduatedtimeelementin theform

wdertrainora mechanismsimilartoawatch,'

determinedtime,priortofiring.Impact

iththetarget.If thefuzeisdesignedto

erylight materieltarget,suchasan

upersensitive."

rclassifiedas superquickanddelay,

knessofaction.

quick"and"delay"areusedin referencetotheaction

whereas"time"referstotimeaftertheinstantof firing


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Sign

ature[undefined]


56/214

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echanismofarming,certainfuzesare

hatis,theexplosivetrainissointerrupted

tiveelementsshould functionprematurely,

odeuntilafteritleavesthe muzzleofthe

artilleryfuzesarein anunarmedcon-

ghinastrictsense timefuzesarealways

nicalrestraintwhichpreventsinitiationof

mpacttypeare usuallyarmedbycentrif-

f thefuzeaftertheprojectileleavesthe

oftimefuzesis initiatedattheinstant

app.I).To preventaccidentalarming

ng,safetydevicessuchasa safetywire

enrequired.Suchsafetydevicesaretobe

s.a.Adapters.Anadapterisa steel

ofashelland threadedtoreceivethefuze.

booster"isappliedtoone oftheexplosive

argeexplosivetrain.It consistsessentially

a metalcase.Insomedesignsthebooster

gassembly,inothers itisassembledtothe

hemostcommonlyusedboosterexplosive.

iveelementinchemicalshellwhichopensthe

micalagentis calleda"burster."

enaboosterisassembledto anadapter,the

nadapter-booster.Ingeneral,adaptersand

assembledtotheshellorfuze atthetimeof

hippedseparatelyforassemblyinthe field.

a.General.Ingeneral,propelling

onsistof achargeofsmokeless(NHor

erchargeofblackpowder,assembledin

owdersusedaspropellantsare described

enatureofthecontainerdependsupon

on.Inthe caseofsmall-armsandfixed

ecase,crimpedrigidlytothebulletor projec-

rfor thecharge,whichisassembledloosely

eryammunition,thecharge,beingdivided

rzone firing,isassembledwitheachincre-

ullcharge,withallincrementsinproper

artridgecasewhich,for thiskindofam-

theendofthe projectile.Insemifixed

crements,consistingofbundlesofsheet

enthebladesofthefins. Theignition


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2

tercharge.Insmall-armsammunition,the

equatetoigniteproperlythesmallgrains

igniteris notrequired.Infixedandsemi-

terchargeofblackpowderiscontainedin

eryprimerwhichisfittedinto thebaseofthe

eloadingammunitionthepropellantand

ncloth bags.Dependinguponthedesign

nownassingle sectionormultisection

tionchargesaresubdividedinto"baseand

n,"and"unequalsection"types.Separate

s,whichareshippedandstoredincartridge

furtherdescribedbelow.,

Inthistypeofcharge(fig.32), thepro-

dina singlebag,tightlylacedtogivethe

gchargeisdividedinto threeparts,each

ds andacorewhichextendsaxiallythrough

dconnectstheigniter padssewedto

rge.Chargesofthistype(fig.32)have

moreincrements.Theincrementsmaybe

s,butusually weighlessthanthebasesec-

igniterpad isattachedtothebaseend

hileother typeshaveacoreigniterrunning

ase andeachincrement,withanigniter

basesection.Othershave,inthe basesec-

nectinganigniter padoneachend.

Thistypeofcharge(fig.32)is also

harge."Asthename implies,these

ivennumber ofequalsections.Inthose

rpad isseparate,tyingstrapsareprovided

he propellentcharge.Inotherdesigns

edinto parts,havinganigniterpadat the

nother typesthereisa longitudinalcore

gniterpadon eachendofeachsection.

mycharges,simulatingservicecharges,

ill projectilesforthepurposeoftraining

the piece.

sbeenfoundtobe themostsatisfactory

s,althoughwool,mohair,orcottonmay

owergradesofsilk.

eretwotypesof propellingchargesare

oneforinner,theotherfor outerzonesof

or theinnerzoneis dyedgreentodistin-


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ERAL

othertype whichisassembledinundyed

ctureusedforthe igniterchargeare

esenceof theblackpowderigniter.Those

dyed)aremarked"IGNITER."

General.Acannonprimer,commonly

mponentusedto initiatetheignitionofthe

ghmadeinvariousforms,itconsistses-

yof sensitiveexplosiveandalargerquan-

sedinametal container.Themethodof

veelementandthequantityof blackpow-

design ofthepropellingcharge(fig.35).

mifixedammunition,theprimer(fig.18)

nga slightlyenlargedheadwhichisforced

dgecase.Inthecaseofseparateloading

designedforinsertioninto thebreechblock

,friction,oranelectriccurrent.Basedon

onprimersareclassedas

eectric.

istypeofprimer(fig.36),designedto

ngpin, isgenerallyusedwithall artillery

orharbordefenseandrailwayartillery.

gecasescontainsufficientblackpowderto

esspowderinthecartridgecase.Those

gpropellingchargescontainonlyenough

blackpowderigniterattachedto thepro-

ypeofprimer(fig.36)is firedbythe

ratedplugis pulledthroughanexplosive

eatorfriction.Atthepresent timeitis

eelectricprimerinthe eventoffailureof

ypeofprimer(fig.36)is firedbythe

ectriccurrentpassesthrougharesistance

veexplosivecomposition.Itisused only

ayartillery.Althoughboththe friction

rysimilar,theelectricprimer isdistin-

naroundthewire.

n-electricprimer.Thisprimer(fig.36)

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3-86

erelectricallyorbyablow ofthefiringpin.

rbordefenseandrailwayartillery.

peofprimer,althoughverysimilarto

stherefrominthatit containsaninertcap

thepercussionelement.Itisintendedfor

mmunitionwhichisdesignedtobe firedbya

fromtheserviceprimerpassesthroughthe

ngprimer,thusignitingthe blackpowder

er.

lingchargeexplosivetrain,the

ckpowder)whichintensifiesthespit from

theendthat thepropellentpowderis

"igniter"ismorecommonlyusedin

gein theformof"pads"or"cores"at-

parateloadingpropellingcharges.The

soflatermanufacturearemadeofred

omthebags containingthepropellent

4 andpar.82.)Priorto packingin

clothor paper"igniterprotectorcap"is

sof separateloadingpropellingcharges

mentandstorage.Igniterprotectorcaps

oading thechargeintothecannon.

a.General.Blankammunitionispro-

upto andincluding105mm,forpractice

forfiringthemorningandeveninggun,and

nsgoverninguseofblankammunition

,AR600-25,AR 600-30,andsectionII,

artment,1941.

ecompleteroundofblankammunitioncon-

h primer,achargeofblackpowder,a

sealed inthemouthofthe case.The

adebytrimmingthe servicecartridgecase

calroundofblankammunitionisillus-

nhandling.a.Inadditionto the

chapter3,thefollowingwillbeobserved:

ytherotatingbandsandcartridgecases,

hdamageaswouldaffecttheir serviceability.

willaffecttheflight characteristicsofthe

gecasemayjaminthe chamber.

ntainerswillnotbebrokenuntilthe

exceptas requiredforinspection.

gsensitiveexplosivessuchasfuzes,

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ERAL,

illbeprotectedfromundueshockandhigh

etodisassemblefuzesinthefield without

theChiefofOrdnance.

a.Packing.Exceptforcalibers

harepackedin ametal-linedbox,fixedand

ackedasassembledcompleteroundsin

ntainerswhicharebundledor boxed(fig.

munitionispackedseparatelyasfollows:

eprojectileswithgrommettoprotect

boltliftingplugs (fig.23).

or-piercing,havingawindshieldorfalse

.41).

ellingchargesinairtightmetalcar-

9).

alormoisture-resistantcontainersand

dboxes(fig.42).

oostersinindividualwaterproofor

nersandthese,inturn,inwoodenormetal-

munition,incommonwithothertypes,

andmarkingandtheaccompanying

ar.8).Thebasiccolorschemeyellow,

plosive;gray,chemical;blue,practice;

oartilleryammunition.However,there

cticeprojectilesoflarger caliberwhich

tiscontemplatedthatwhenreplacement

eywill bepaintedbluein agreementwith

mor-piercingprojectileswhichcontaina

ntedyellow;thosetoosmall tohavea

zeare paintedblack.Themarkingonthe

inwhichfired.

oke,etc.).

.

kedonothercomponents.Forexamples

ures19,23,31, and38.Furtherinfor-

eTechnicalManualsandFieldManuals

ypeandcaliber ofammunitionand

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Shell.H.E..Ml(withM48P.D. Fuze)for

-1-75,P.

rsenal

y1550F

.in.

6ozs.

fired,approx..Zonett.

ert.

NT

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64/214

RASSEMBLY

etail.

i

NNON-,

OW)-26.81MAX.

ell.

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l.

ED

E

LS

detonating.M4(i.

DE-

NUFACTURE,

OFDRAWING.

LSAND

3-second,M1907M.

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69/214PublicDomain,

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71/214

NTOPOFINCREMENT-

reenbag,M1A1.

NTOPOFINCREMENT-

whitebag,M2.

UMBERANDYEAROF LOADING

MENT

er.


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1-GRAIN,MK.2AI

ELECTRICAND

D.I

14

100-GRAIN,MIBIAI

22A2

mers.


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ature[undefined]


73/214

HANE

blankammunition.

g.RAPD4I3


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ature[undefined]


74/214

oragecaseandcharge.


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ature[undefined]


75/214

MARKINGINBLACK)

king.


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ature[undefined]


76/214

kingcrate.

ngcan.


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ature[undefined]


77/214

8

cation89

ndling97

remissilesdesignedforreleasefrom

afetytheyareusuallystored andshipped

Foruseinthefield theyareissuedas

oundswhichmustbeassembledpriortouse.

3.)Whilethecomponentsofbombsdiffer,

artypeandmodel,in generaltheyconsist

horwithout finassembly.

maller bombs,assembledtobombas

bly.

ompleterounddemolitionbombareshown

airplanesbymeansof suspensionlugs

mb.Bombsof 100poundsandheavier

ontheside ofthebodyarrangedforhori-

omb.Smallerbombshaveonelug onthe

ilend,therebypermittingthebombto

izontalorverticalbombrack.

bsisdependentprimarilyuponthe

retosuperquick,delay,ortime.The

yareusedin referencetotheactionat

reastimerefersto timeafterrelease.

edfromarmingor functioningbymeans

normallyremovedbythebomb'srelease

s necessarytoremovethearmingwire

onsattachedtothefuze willbecarefully

eforreleasingthebombfromthe air-


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78/214

ERAL

earmingwirefromthefuze whenitis

uldland withoutfunctioning.

severaltypesofbombsisincludedin

Forcompletedetailsofthevarioustypes

0.

tification.a.Dependinguponthe

e classifiedaccordingtopurposeasdemo-

actice.Practicebombsareprovidedfor

p;theymayhavealowexplosivespotting

t.Drill bombs,whichareinert,provide

g(fuzing)andhandlingthe complete

hothertypesofammunition,areidenti-

ng,andthe accompanyingammunition

tion,thesamebasiccolorschemewhich

stokindof filler(par.8)is used

thebombidentifiesit astotype,weight,

oadingplant,anddateloaded.Repre-

owninfigures47and 48.

.Thesebombsaredesignedforthede-

materieltargets,thedestructiveeffect

theviolenceofthedetonation,although

itionaldamage,particularlywhenthedeto-

nd.Thewallsofsuchbombsarerelatively

is almost50percentofthetotal weight

s obtainedbyusingafuzedesignedfor

geffect,byadelayactionfuze.Standard

deinsizesrangingfrom 100to4,000pounds

othnoseandtailfuze (fig.43).Exceptfor

sare shippedseparately(fig.47).The

bsofcurrentdesignare cylindrical;those

mlined.Figure44showsa typicaldemo-

eround;figure45showsthebombasshipped

d;figure46showsthepackingcrate.

aredemolitionbombsmodifiedforuse

s.Thesearedesignedforpiercing

other similarlyarmoredtargetsandcon-

heyareofheavierconstructionthan

tainarelativelysmallerpercentageof

esignedfortailfuzes ofthetimedelay


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2-94

s.a.Fragmentationbombsarede-

onnelandlight materieltargetssuchas

nes,theprincipaldestructiveeffectbeing

thebombbodyprojectedathigh velocity,

2to0.3ounceseach.Bombsweighing20

ativelythickwalls producethemosteffec-

sivefillerweighsapproximately15percent

omb..Tailfinsareused tostabilizethe

hoseused forspecialpurposessuchaslow

caseaparachuteisused toretardthe

eairplanehasclearedthedangerarea.

edesignedfornosefuzeonly.Fragmenta-

nassembledcompleteroundsinwooden

ndlepackings.Typicalfragmentationbombs

incendiarybombsareassembledin

ffectiveuseand foreaseinhandlingand

ssupporttheindividualbombsandin turn

bombracks.Theclusteris droppedfrom

armingwireactstorelease thebombs

ymechanicalmeansdirectlyorbyfiring a

eirrelease.

ombscontainingchemicalagentswhich

ng physiologicaleffect,ascreeningsmoke,

ycombinationofthese,aretermedchemical

sgas,smoke,orincendiary,depending

Theforcenecessarytoopenthebombbody

hemicalagentisprovidedby anexplosive

Asthebodyneed serveonlyasacontainer

ewallsarevery thinandtheproportionof

ylarge.Chemicalbombsareauthorized

zes.Fuze actionissuperquicktoprevent

argebyitsbeingcarriedunderground.

edfinned,butwithoutfuzeandburster,in

hemicalbombisshowninfigure50.

cticebombsareprovidedfortraining

aybesandloadedatpoint ofuseandthey

vespottingchargewhichforsomeuses,such

maybeomitted.Suchbombsare designed

servicebombsofthefragmentationandde-

acticebomb,onewhichsimulatesthe

nfigure51.


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ERAL

bsareprovidedfortraining inassem-

operations.Theyarethe samesizeand

ionbombs,ranginginweightfrom100 to

entsareinert.

ombfuzesareclassifiedaccordingto

mechanicaldelay.

medelay.

etypesmaybedesignedforusein the

b.

nhandling.Bombsandcomponents

din chapter3.Inaddition,thefollowing

willbehandledwith thegreatestcare

ll betakentoseethat primer-detonator

omall foreignmaterialpriortoassem-

oabomb.

andlingservicebombs,personnel

drillandpracticewithdrillbombsand inert

safeandproperassembly.

sedtoseethatthesectionofarming wire

eissmoothand straight,askinksorburs

a.Packing.(1)Allbombsare

d.Thenoseandtail fuzeopeningsare

whichwillnot beremovedexceptwhenthe

the completeroundisbeingassembled.

hing100poundsor lessareshipped

eteroundinonepackage.Bombsweigh-

reshippedintwopackages;one,theloaded

ands,theothercontainingthefin assembly

uiredfortheround.

appropriate,thecolorschemeusedfor

bedinparagraphs8and 89isusedon the

llinformationforidentificationanddirec-

edon containersforbombsandcompon-

ieswhennocontainerisused.

mponentsrequiredforthecomplete

hippingcontainerinwhichthesecom-

ked.Itisusual,however,tostore these


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ature[undefined]


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nd,whensuchisthecase,thewordWITH-

listof componentsontheshippingcon-

componentsarepackedwiththeirrespec-

or shipment,thewordWITHOUTis

ng thecomponentsaspacked,isinserted

,orbox.

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ED-1

R'^M^RApp425A

olition,1,000-pound(asshipped).

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90/214

9-102

101

gnals102

ndling109

otechnics(fig.52)are designedto

purposesofillumination,orcoloredlights

metypesareprojectedfrom,or usedon,

asedor projectedfromairplanes.

ccordingtouse,pyrotechnicsmaybe

round.

raft.

rdingtopurposeis

ing.

sforillumination.

whenprovidedwitha parachute,isknown

itions.a.Apyrotechniccomposition

micalelementsandcompoundswhichpro-

gfromthe"darkfire"usedas elementsof

nt flashusedinnightphotography.

functionbymeansofanignitertrain

etrain.Itis initiatedbyaprimermixture,

ompound"whichproperlyignitesthe

omposition,ingeneral,consistsofchlo-

rburning;aluminumormagnesiumfor fuel;

tiumsaltsforcolor;anda bindingand

asasphaltorparaffin.

nicsignals.Whilethedistanceat

sarevisibleanddistinguishablevarieswith

weatherconditions,thefollowingdatamay

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obabledistancesatwhichsignalsaredis-

eweatherconditions:

ible,butnotdistinguishable,atgreaterdistances.Thevisibilityofcolors

elyasfollows:green,1;white,1.1;amber,1.4;red,2.8.

-Flares(fig.52)are usedforillumina-

operationsinvolvingreconnaissance,bom-

andlanding.

Theflare,aircraft,parachute,M9,shown

dtosatisfy therequirementforasmall

aissancework.Itisfiredfromthe pistol,

tionsapproximately2%secondsafter

oneminute,producinga lightof60,000

(1)Theflare,aircraft,parachute,M24.

dfornightbombing.It isaparachutetype

tectthebombardierfromthe glareofthe

eburnsfor3y2minutes,producinga

candlepower.Theflareisdesignedfor

izontalbombracks,andmaybereleased

released"safe,"theflaremayfunction

"armed,"theflarebecomesfullyignited

chute,M26,showninfigure56,is sta-

withamechanicaltimefuzeadjustable

seconds.Itisdesignedto functionata

release,dependinguponthesettingofthe

hefuzeprojectsthecandle,shade,and

Thecandleigniteswhentheparachute

nutes,producingapproximately800,000

nasbestosshadewhichsupportstheflare

rfromtheglare.I tisdesignedfornight

einstalledonlyina horizontalrackinthe

deither"armed"or "safe";ifreleased

iononimpact.

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94/214

08-110

ge.Thesignalsburnforapproximately

sinhandling.a.Storage.Pyro-

tedagainstmoisture.Containerswhich

moisturewill becarefullyexamined,and

moistureonthepyrotechnicstheywillbe

ouldbehandledwith careandprotected

houldnotbedroppedor thrown.They

otherkindsofammunition.Photoflash

edamagedinhandlingorstorageshouldbe

withtheprovisionsofchapter4.Theywill

ranycircumstances.

nconcerningtheserviceablelifeofflares

flares,seeOFSB3-9.

materialispoisonoustomenand animals

ouldbeusedtoholdthe pistolwhendis-

,parachute,M9,becauseofthepowerful

effectofpyrotechnicmaterialshouldbe

materialinthevicinityof drybrush

ersoverterrainotherthanmilitaryreser-

flaresand photoflashbombswillbeob-

ught outanddestroyedassoonas possible.

.a.Packing.Pyrotechnicsare

nlined,nailedorwire-boundwoodenboxes.

packedin innercontainersconsistingof

cartons,cylindricalfibercontainers,ormetal

edippedinparaffintoprotectthe contents

nersarelabeledormarkedtoshowthe

uantity,andlimiting dateforuse,ifany.

Pyrotechnicsaremarkedinsuch away

ificationforall purposes.Eachitemis

r kind,lotnumber,andlimitingdatefor

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ft,parachute,M8A1.

K)-

t,M13.

LACK)

ft,parachute,MO.

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102/214


103/214

RESERVATION

precautions111-113

nce119-132

33-139

firing 145-153

defenses154

points155-157

UTIONS

a.General.Astudyofaccidents

ehandling,shipping,and storageofexplo-

wsthat,inpracticallyeveryinstancewhere

ned,theaccident hasbeenduetocircum-

sedas avoidable.Therefore,thefollowing

swillbestrictlyenforced.

munitionshouldbehandledunderthe

ceror oth* competentpersonwhounder-

ardsandrisksinvolved.Personshandling

pressedwiththefactthat theirsafetyas

endsupontheintelligenceandcareexerciser

rfellowworkers.

munitionshouldnotbepermittedto

eanycomponents.Seriousaccidentsmay

unitionshouldcleanallmud andgrit

teringthemagazine,car,or boatinwhich

munition.

hoesshouldbewornwheneverexplosive

blackpowderorhighexplosiveloading

reshoeswithoutexposedmetalplatesor

grubbersoles.

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11-112

(1)Explosivesandammunitionshould

hookswillnotbeused. Containerswill

hrown,ordroppedoneachother oron

pairing,opening,orclosingcontainers

osivesshouldbeofnonferrousor nonspark-

itionshouldnotbeexposedto moisture

ectraysofthesun foranylongperiod.If

es temporarilyoutsideofmagazinesorcars,

thatarpaulinwhichis soplacedthatair

h,thepile.

reconditioned,renovated,orsalvaged

nlessthesites, buildings,orcarsinwhich

votedexclusivelytosuchworkandare

hecommandingofficer.

vesspillorsiftfroma leakycontainer,

l theexplosiveshavebeensweptupand

ngparticlesordusthavebeenneutralized

atchesorotherflame-producingde-

n anymagazineormagazineareaexcept

mthecommandingofficer.Whennecessary,

carrysafetymatches.Theywillbecar-

eptacle.

elyprohibitedin anymagazineor

cars,wagons,motortrucks,orboatsinwhich

munition.

thanapprovedelectriclanternsand

magazinesoraroundexplosivesandammu-

tortrucks,orboats.Electriclanternsand

eBureauofMinesor byUnderwriters

upD locationsmaybeusedinlieu ofsuch

efofOrdnance.

owerlineswhereauthorizedwithin

unitionandexplosivesorexplosivevapors

ancewithdrawingsandspecificationsap-

nance.

a.Magazinesandmagazineareasin

sandammunitionshouldbeadequately

zineareasshouldbe protectedbynon-

ntrancesshouldbesecurelylockedunless

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

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_use#pd-g

oogle

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ature

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105/214

ENERAL

m.Specialprecautionsshouldbetaker

ot protectedbyasuitablefence.

argeofex

Tm 9-1900 1942 AMMUNITION GENERAL

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