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Think, Learn & Perform (TLP) Synopsis Day 1September 1, 2015

Written by IASbaba

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Must Refer Comprehensive Mains Strategy

Day 1 Art, Literature and Architecture GS 1

Q.1) Architecture traditionally, i.e., before the

arrival of British on the Indian soil, was from the

social point of view, a creation of spectacular

sculptural forms hewn out of stone. Analyze.

Understanding the question is of a very high

importance in such complicated questions. We

need to identify the main keywords of the question

to see what exactly they are asking. Here the key

phrases are traditionally, social point of view,

spectacular and stone.

So, what the question demands is this Before the

arrival of Britishers in India, most of the stone

architecture was a spectacle to behold, but their

main purposes were just for socio-religious

gatherings and were not much of practical use.

Whereas most of the British architecture were of

daily use, like administration, post ofces or railway

stations.

An analysis of this phenomenon was required. But,

this is only 3/4th of the answer. One should also go

further and say that the statement is not completely

Think, Learn & Perform (TLP) Synopsis Day 1 | IASbaba http://iasbaba.com/2015/09/think-learn-perform-tlp-synopsis-day-1/

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An analysis of this phenomenon was required. But,

this is only 3/4th of the answer. One should also go

further and say that the statement is not completely

correct, as some of the old architecture were used

for practical purposes also, like building of viharas

as residential buildings, usage of temples for dance

competitions and many more.

So, a balanced ending with the right examples at

the right places was needed. Some of you have

written such answers, but the

Top Answer goes to Ashoka

Ans) Traditional stone architecture of India is

perceived as a creation of spectacular sculptural

forms without much social relevance, supported by

the following examples:

Initially started with creation of grand and

magnicent stupas adorned with beautiful

carvings and images.

Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati schools

produced beautiful images of Buddha.

Temple architecture began during Gupta period,

latter ourished under various rulers. They were

built to show the wealth and power of rulers.

Mughal emperors built tombs, minarets,

mausoleums, arches which reected their

wealth and glory.

However various other architectural forms have

shown their importance for other people

Monolithic pillars erected by Asoka, carried his

message to people.

Chaityas, viharas and monasteries served

Budhha and Jaina followers.

Temples became centre of social activities in

towns.

When we compare it with the British architecture in

India, we see that most of the latter ones have

served many other purposes, but not all of them.

They built churches, administrative and residential

buildings such as Parliament house, Connaught


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served many other purposes, but not all of them.

They built churches, administrative and residential

buildings such as Parliament house, Connaught

place, Victoria terminus of Mumbai.

But some others like India Gate, Gateway of India

and Victoria memorial reect mainly imperial glory.

Architecture in India during every period had some

sort of social importance, which kept on increasing

with time.

Q.2) Hindi is a direct descendant of the Sanskrit

language through Prakrit and Apabhramsa.

Narrate the evolution of Hindi as a language until

modern times, giving suitable literary examples

wherever necessary.

This is a straight forward answer, mainly asked the

evolution of Hindi as a literary language. The

various phases or kal should be mentioned,

alongwith the various important authors in Hindi,

like Prem Chand and examples of their works too.

Also, one should explain how Hindi is related to

Prakrit, Apabhramsa, Sankrit and Urdu. This would

complete the answer and give a complete closure

to the question.

The Top Answer goes to Vicks. Introduction is by

Manpreet

Ans) Hindi, a part of Indo-Aryan family of languages,

is a descendent of Vedic Sanskrit. Prakrit that

evolved from Vedic Sanskrit, and Pali that from

Prakrit gave birth to another language, Apabhramsa

which later gave way to Khari Boli, the dialect on

which todays standard Hindi is based. Evolution of

the Hindi literature can be divided into four stages.

a) Adikal Period between 10th century-14th

century A.D. During this period the hindi poetry

highlighted religious ideas and praised the heroic

deeds of rulers and warriors. Ex: Chandbardais

Prithviraj Raso.

b) Bhaktikal Period between 14th century-17th

century A.D. Bhaktikal poetry is divided between


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b) Bhaktikal Period between 14th century-17th

century A.D. Bhaktikal poetry is divided between

Nirgunas and Sagunas. Nirgunas believed in a

formless God and Sagunas believed in human form

of God.Nirgunas were further divided into two more

groups. First group believed in a single God ex.

Kabir,Guru Nanak, whereas other group believed

that through love one can realise God ex. Jayasi. On

the other hand Sagunas were the followers of Rama

and Krishna ex. Tulsi Das, Surdas, Meerabai.

c) Ritikal- Period between 17th century-19th century

A.D. During this period sanskrit rhetorical tradition

was emulated on aspects like rasa, alankara, nayak-

nayika bheda. In addition to this Brajbhasa was also

used in the hindi poetry.

d) Adhunikkal- Around mid of 19th century A.D.

Khariboli was very much prevalent during this

period. Ordinary writing in hindi too evolved during

this period. Eg., Bharatendu Harishchandra, Mahavir

Prasad Dwivedi, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Prem

Chand and Harivansharai Bachchan.

Two general but effective answers

Sepoy No 1446

Hindi as its modern form developed during 18th

century.Prior to that it was evolving in some forms

during medieval era like Brajbhasa(Surdas),

Rajsthani dialect(Mirabai),Avadhi (Tulsidas) etc.

Sanskrit is the pristine old classical language of

India.It had gone many changes with time.So Pali

evolved as peoples language to teach

Buddhism,Prakrit for Jainism and Apabhramsa as

north India offshoot.The early forms of Hindi

language had element of these local

languages.During Bhakti movement new form of

Bhajans and Kirtans were made using these

forms.This period is called Adikala of Hindi.

Major events in development of modern Hindi

language:

The traditionalists: Bhartendu Harishchandras

contribution during late 19th century. He is called


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The traditionalists: Bhartendu Harishchandras

contribution during late 19th century. He is called

father of Modern Hindi language. Premchanda

depicted contemporary realism through Gaban,

Godan, Karmbhoomi and other creations.

Chhayawad: it was a romantic upsurge helped by

Jayshankar Prasad, Nirala, Sumitranandan Pant and

Mahadevi verma.

Pragtivaad and Prayagavada: It was inuenced by

Marrxist ideology. Yashpal and Ageya come under

it. Ageya was a prolic travel writer.

Nakenwad: It developed post independence. It

takes it name from three writers: Nalin Vilochar,

Kesari Sharma and Naresh Mehta.

Modern Hindi language is fraught with original

creativity. With globalization there is a visible

impact on Hindi language and sustained efforts are

needed for maintaining its originality and strength.

Indushree

Sanskrit is considered to be the mother of many

Indian languages including Hindi. The grammar and

formal vocabulary in Hindi is largely borrowed from

Sanskrit.

Hindi developed from Apabhramsha between 7th

and 8th century A.D. under the patronage of

Rajputs. Prithviraj Raso is one of the earliest books

of Hindi which belongs to this age of heroic poetry.

Braj Bhasha, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Awadhi

are all different forms of Hindi. The Bhakti saints

like Kabir, Surdas, Tulsidas, Mirabai and others are

noted for their works in these various dialects.

Hindi as we know today is Khari Boli, a dialect

spoken around Delhi. Amir Khusrau is credited with

extensive use of Khari Boli during the 13th century.

However it was only in 19th century that Hindi

became prominent owing to its contributions to the

nationalist movement. Several newspapers and

books were published in Hindi like the Calcutta

Samachar and Bharat Mitra. Satyartha Prakash by


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books were published in Hindi like the Calcutta

Samachar and Bharat Mitra. Satyartha Prakash by

Swami Dayanand Saraswati popularised literary

Hindi. Munshi Premchand, Mahadevi Verma,

Jaishankar Prasad are also prominent writers of

this time.

After Independence, Hindi was accorded the status

of ofcial language of India under the Article 343 of

Indian Constitution. Being the ofcial language of

most of the states in northern India, Hindi enjoys

both popularity and signicance in recent days.

Q.3) Besides entertainment, puppetry serves as

an applied art form, conveying meaningful

messages and stories, thus creating a more moral

and value-laden society. Examine the various

forms of puppetry and their inuence on the Indian

history as an art form.

The various art-forms are of a very high importance.

Puppets and their traditional forms have been

coming in the newspapers since 2013, and we were

expecting a question on puppets for the past 2

years, but it has not come. There is a very high

chance of a 10-marker coming on puppetry this year

(or next), so reading everything about puppets is

recommended.

In this question, the various types should be

enumerated along with examples and places where

they are used. This will take up 100 words. The rest

of the answer should speak about how pupperty is

used as a medium to convey moral stories. They

were also used as propaganda during the Indian

National Movement, using plays like Neel Darpan

etc. They have also been used to portray scenes

from mythology like Ramayana etc., which had a

great inuence on the people.

Such in-depth analysis, along with the facts should

be the crux of the answer. Such answers were

written by many, but the Top Answer goes to

Niranjan P

Ans) India, considered as the land of puppets


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Niranjan P

Ans) India, considered as the land of puppets

showcases different kind of puppetry, both for the

purpose of entertainment and conveying moral

value laden messages to the society. Earliest

reference of puppetry is traced to the Tamil epic

SILAPPADIKARAM.

India hosts 4 categories of puppetry

1. String puppetry Here the limbs are connected

with strings which help for faster movements of

hands and legs. Eg-Kathputhli (Rajasthan)

2. Rod puppetry- An off shot of string puppetry but

rods are used instead of strings .Eg-Putulnauch

3. Shadow puppetry Here straight gures are

created and are projected towards screen with the

help of light. Eg-Ravanachaya

4. Glove puppetry Material from cotton or leather

are used. They are the smallest of all puppets.

Eg-Paavakoothu (kerala)

Their themes are mainly centered around epics and

puranas which gives an account of Indias rich

culture and heritage. During the national movement

they acted as crowd pullers and often

communicated message regarding freedom

movement. eg, Neel Darpan.

The major audience is children and an impact on

them is eventually an impact on the society. It acts

a morale booster for physically and mentally

challenged children. It showcases our expertise on

handicrafts sector.

Even now on many tourism programs puppetry is an

inevitable part. TARANG tv program in Doordarshan

and its viewer ratings stands testimony to this.

Q.4) The dance-drama of Kerala, Kathakali which

originated in the 17 century, literally means

story-play. Enumerate the various classical dance

forms of India, and compare and contrast each

dance form with Kathakali.

th


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story-play. Enumerate the various classical dance

forms of India, and compare and contrast each

dance form with Kathakali.

This is supposed to be a very long answer, and such

questions wont come in the exam paper, especially

comparing eight dance forms! But, we wanted to

cover a wide range of syllabus, and in the same

time, have an in-depth understanding also. So, this

question was designed in such a way that, within

200 words, the eight dance forms are compared,

contrasted and the various unique special features

are explained. This needs a lot of intelligence to

satisfactorily write within the word-limit.

Also, do mention Sahitya Natak Akademi, as it is

the institution which confers this classical status.

The Top Answer goes to Nikitha

Ans) Indian Classical Dance has evolved from

dancing rituals at the temples and have basically

3 components Nritta (pure dance), nritya

(expressive dance), and Natya (abhinaya). There are

eight dance forms recognised by Sahitya Natak

Academi

1.Bharatanatyam is practiced by both male and

female dancers. Kathakali is practiced by only male

dancers. Both say stories of two epics Ramayana

and Mahabarata.

2. Kathak recounts moral tales from scriptures.

Costume wise Kathakali is rich, vibrant but Kathak

bit simple. Both dances use hand gestures and

facial expression. Kathak has fast rhythmic

foot movement.

3.Mohiniyattam performed by female dancers, they

were white sari embroidered with golden brocade.

Here performer use eyes in a very coy, sensual

manner. Kathakali has erceful eyes also.

4.Odissi is older than Kathakali. Jewellery used

made of intricate ligree silver jewellery

pieces. Kathakali dancers use golden jewellery.

Both dances uses costumes of bright colours.

5.Sattriya presents mythological teachings. Earlier


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Both dances uses costumes of bright colours.

5.Sattriya presents mythological teachings. Earlier

only male performed now even women perform this

dance. Uses costume made of silk.

6. Manipuri has raslila has its central theme.

Dancers feet never strike the ground hard. This is

not the case with Kathakali. Movement of body and

feet and facial expression are subtle and aim

at devotion and grace in Manipuri.

7.Kuchipudi older than Kathakali has themes of of

bhagavadpurana. Usually single

performace. Kathakali is performed in group and is

usually performed at night.

Top Answer- Nishant

Originating from Kerala, Kathakali is one of the

eight classical dances of India. The others are:

Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Odissi Odisha

Sattriya Assam

Manipuri Manipur

Kathak Uttar Pradesh

Mohinattam Kerala

Unique features of Kathakali can be compared with

other forms under the following headings:

Costumes:

Unlike other dance forms, the use of elaborate

makeup and costumes are central to Kathakali.

They used to differentiate between different

characters in story telling such as a Noble, a

Royalty, an evil etc.

Facial expressions:

While most other dance forms like Bharatnatyam

and Odissi focus on hand gestures and body

postures, a Kathakali dancer emphasizes on their

facial expressions instead to depict various

emotions. Here body movements are specically


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postures, a Kathakali dancer emphasizes on their

facial expressions instead to depict various

emotions. Here body movements are specically

controlled.

Music:

Heavy use of drums to create an overwhelming and

loud environment to showcase the conict

between good and evil. Most other dance forms

such Kathak or Kuchipudi are accompanied by

soothing music.

Though it lacks the grace of Bharatnatyam, the

contours of Odissi, the romance of Kathak, the

innocence of Manipuri but its unique features have

made Kathakali stand out from other classical

dances. The face of a Kathakali dancer being the

logo of Kerala tourism underlines the point.

Q.5) Indian pottery has an ancient tradition dating

back thousands of years and has never ceased to

exist in its 4000 year old history. Discuss the

various forms, styles, stages and evolution of

pottery as a skilled traditional Indian handicraft.

This is also a straight-forward question. Not many

questions have been asked from the handicrafts

portion of the syllabus, so this also has a high

chance of being asked in this years Mains. Pottery

is one such art form, which has been known for a

very long time and has been always practiced

continuously. There was no break in the Indian

history, at least regarding pottery as an handicraft.

This unique feature gives it a special place, so

understanding everything about pottery is

mandatory.

The answer for this question must contain the

various forms, explanation of those forms and the

styles used in them, some examples of places can

be mentioned along with the era they were made in.

200 words would be more than enough then.

The Top Answer goes to Silverlining and Baboi

Silverlining


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The Top Answer goes to Silverlining and Baboi

Silverlining

Ans) The evolution of Indian Pottery can be traced

back to the time when agriculture made its way in

human civilization i.e. neolithic age in 4000 BC

onwards. The need arised with the problem of

foodgrains storage and as the time passed it was

used as decorative item which was patronised by

various rulers who ruled over India at different

times.

1. IVC While prevalent use of pottery for the rst

time was seen in Indus Valley Civilization for

storage purpose and decoration as well as stainer.

It was painted grey ware pottery where red colour

formed the base with black colour on it.

2. Mauryan age The pottery found here was

Northern black polished ware(NBPW) which was

highly nished pottery and other colours were also

used.

3. Kushan period(1st AD) Indian architecture took

swift positive change with the advent of many

foreigners and development of Mathura and

Gandhara Art which had greeco-roman inuence.So

pottery also took a way ahead due to patronage of

Kushana rulers and foreign inuence.

4. Gupta Era(4th century AD) Gupta period saw

the beginning of temple architecture and revival of

hinduism which also saw the pottery prevalence as

rulers supported it.

5. Delhi Sultanate and Mughals- They brought with

them Iranian inuence, like glazed style and were

lovers of art.

6. Present day- It is used as means of livilihood by

poors. They are still important can be understood

by the fact that some areas are marked as

geographical indicators. Even today people use it

as decorative item in their homes and sometimes

as a gift item.

Baboi

The ancient pottery of a country speaks volume


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Baboi

The ancient pottery of a country speaks volume

about its civilisation. A large quantities of pottery

excavated from different sites enable us to

understand the gradual evolution of various design

motifs as employed in different shapes and styles.

The real beginning of Indian pottery began with the

Indus valley civilisation which consisted primarily

of Plain pottery more than painted ones. Plain

pottery is generally of red clay while Black painted

ware (BPW) has a ne coating of red slip on which

geometric and animal designs are executed in

glossy black paint.

The Ochre coloured pottery is a culture of

Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is contemporary to and a

successor of the Indus valley civilisation. The OCP

marked the last stage of the North Indian Bronze

Age and was succeeded by the PGW culture.

PGW culture lasted roughly from 1200 BCE -600

BCE. PGW primarily consisted of bowls and dishes

characterised by a style of ne grey pottery painted

with geometric pattern in black.

NBPW: Roughly 6th Century marks the beginning of

the NBPW phase and also the beginning of second

urbanisation in India. NBPW is a glossy, shinning

type of pottery which was made of very ne fabric

and apparently served as the table ware of richer

people.NBPW became abundant during Mauryan

period.

Red Pottery techniques became prominent during

central Asian invasions.

Glazed Pottery: This era of pottery began in the 12th

century AD. This type of pottery contains a white

background and has blue and green patterns.

Today, pottery thrives as an art form in India with

diverse styles reecting the local culture of each

and every place.


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Day 2 The Constitution, Comparison and Features

GS 2

Q.1) Critically examine the extent to which the

Directive Principles of State Policy have been

implemented in India. Examine their relevance in

the era of liberalization and globalisation.

This is a straight-forward question, so the selection of

the Top Answer would be strict, as almost everyone

will write a similar answer.

For this, mentioning of the relevant Constitutional

articles is mandatory, where the DPSP are mentioned.

Even mention of Ireland is helpful. Then one

paragraph dealing with the legislation which have

implemented the DPSPs and another paragraph which

talks about the negative aspects is a must.

Then a last paragraph showing the impact of LPG and

DPSPs relevance would be more than enough.

The Top Answer for this question is written by

Pushkal


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Pushkal

Ans) Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSPs)

enumerated in our Constitution(Art.36-51) are based

on Ireland model. DPSPs serve to provide citizens their

social and economic rights and to make India into a

welfare state.

Successive govts. have been successful in granting a

legal framework to a majority of DPSPs . Few of these

are listed below:

1) Providing free legal aid through National Free Legal

Service Act.

2) Right to work through MGNREGA.

3) Organisation of village panchayat through 73rd

Amendment Act 1992.

4) Protection of Environment through Environment

Act 1986.

5) Providing free and compulsory education to children

through RTE via 86th Amend. Act.

But as far as implementation of these legislation is

concerned, govts. have remained unsuccessful.

Implementation of these requires political will that

comes under the Governance. There is no

accountability of the implementing agencies, there is a

lack of infrastructure, resources required, lack of

financial decentralization , etc.

Art. 39 provide for equal distribution of resources

among the people to ensure social and economic

equality. But after the LPG reforms of 1991, rather

than providing more opportunities to the people in

open market, reforms have resulted in more inequality.

The Indian market favored the foreign goods and

compromised indigenous industries.

So, observing the results of LPG reforms, there is a

need today that govts. should strive towards

implementing the objectives of the DPSPs rather than

merely enacting the legislation on them.


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implementing the objectives of the DPSPs rather than

merely enacting the legislation on them.

Q.2) Fundamental duties are only ethical or moral

duties and should not form a part of the

Fundamental law. Critically comment.

Always remember that for such Polity questions, a

mention of the relevant Constitutional Articles is a

must. And for this particular question which has

critically comment has its directive, there are two

aspects on top of just pros and cons

a) The need for making F.Ds a part of the fundamental

law Pros and Cons.

b) Some of the F.Ds are already a part of various

legislations while some are not.

So, covering thes two dimensions would be more than

enough.


Meera Kelkar

Ans) Fundamental duties were added to the Part IV A

of the constitution under Article 51A by the 42nd

amendment 1976, on the recommendations of Swaran

Singh Committee.

Over the years, many important laws have been

enacted out of them which plays a major role in the

present scenario. Some of them are the Prevention of

Insult to National Honour act, National Flag code,

Protection of civil rights act, Wildlife protection act,

forest conservation act, other criminal laws dealing

with punishment for encouraging enmity etc.

Some of the fundamental duties from which these

legislations are formed play a major role in the

development of the nation.If they were to remain mere

moral duties, then the nation would have seen chaos

and destruction of biodiversity by now. The

Fundamental duties therefore act as an implicit

warning / obligation on the people and thereby helps in


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and destruction of biodiversity by now. The

Fundamental duties therefore act as an implicit

warning / obligation on the people and thereby helps in

maintaining harmony and integrity between them.

But, all the Fundamental duties cannot become a part

of Fundamental law since that would lead to too much

ambiguity and wastage of national income by long

court hearings. Some of these are developing scientific

temper, cherishing the noble ideas that inspired

freedom struggle, Collective activity etc. An act on

these duties would be too vague and confusing.

The existing laws should be amended at regular

intervals and more stringent laws should be framed to

safeguard Public Property and abjure violence.

Q.3) Enumerate the political philosophies

enshrined in the Indian Constitution. How far are

they mutually reconcilable?

The crux of the question is mutually reconcilable, as

one can enumerate whatever political philosophy one

wants, but one should give more importance in

ensuring that the philosophies which are mentioned are

mutually reconcilable.


Sepoy No. 1446

Ans) The Indian constitution is an expression of a wide

range of political philosophy enshrined in one big

document.

Six Major political philosophies can be traced into

Indian constitution Socialism, Liberalism,

Republicanism, Federalism, Feminism and

Environmentalism.

Socialism looks for socio-economic equality which

comes under conflict with liberalism

sometimes,especially after introduction of economic

liberalization. In pursuance of liberalism government is

amending certain laws to provide more autonomy to

facilitate individual freedom and openness. Federalism


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liberalization. In pursuance of liberalism government is

amending certain laws to provide more autonomy to

facilitate individual freedom and openness. Federalism

also comes into this conflict war. There are mechanism

like NITI Ayog and National development council to

iron out differences. But this continues to be a

challenge,especially for liberalism.

Republicanism strengthens democratism which in turn

strengthens socialism and feminism. The last one is

getting more emphasis these days due to increasing

women participation, gender budgeting and gender

parity in occupational mobility and education

achievement. Political gender parity remains

elusive,partly to be blamed for patriarchal structure of

Indian society. The last one, Environmentalism, has

also grown in stature and size,especially under aegis of

UNFCCC and Indias national action plan of climate

change. Environmentalism strengthens feminism but

sometimes creates problem in federal relations.

Thus there are occasional incompatibility in some of

the philosophies but as a living document constitution

continues to foster these philosophies with varying

success.

Q.4) The present Indian Constitution is an

amalgamation of various British provisions and

Acts introduced in the previous two centuries.

Narrate the evolution of the various British

legislations right from 1773 until 1947 and critically

comment on their influence on the present

Constitution.

Commenting on the philosophy of each British

legislation and how it contributed to the Constitution is

what is demanded in this question. One-Two line

explanation for each legislation from 1773 till 1947 is

more than enough.

The Top Answer is written by Samudra Gupta

Ans) The evolution of British legislation from 1773 to

1947 are as follows:


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Ans) The evolution of British legislation from 1773 to

1947 are as follows:

Until 1858 the acts were mainly intended to shift the

control of power the company to the british govt

though they did make attempts to facilitate

administration in the country.

-Pitts Act 1784 created a board of control to check the

activities of the company,

-Charter Act 1813 removed monopoly of the company

in trade with the East,

-Charter Act 1833 created a centralised administrative

structure in the country

Post 1858 ,the legislations mainly aimed at improving

the administration in the country and they finally

culminated in responsible government.

-Councils Act 1861 created a wing for legislation while

that of 1891 expanded it.

-Act 1909 created separate electorates

-Act 1919 created bicameralism, dyarchy at provincial

levels etc

-Act 1935 had provisions of federalism, separate

electorates, provincial autonomy etc

Indian connstitution in its present form draws heavily

from the act 1935 in terms of divison of powers

between center and states, bicameralism at the centre,

more powers to Governor etc. At the same time we

incoroporated provisons to suit the needs of an

independent india such as Universal adult franchise,

Removal of untouchability etc

Though an amalgamation of previous acts,our present

constitution incorporates only those provisons which

match the ideals of freedom struggle.

Q.5) How are the Fundamental Rights different

from other legal and constitutional rights? What

makes them so special?


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from other legal and constitutional rights? What

makes them so special?

Though a very simple question in literal sense but

deceptive for most of you. Could have been handled

easily but it was not the case. Except one or two, no

one did justice to this. Here, rather than mentioning the

features of FR, you have to compare and contrast it

with legal and constitutional rights. It should include

examples in case. Like, if you are talking about

enforceability then do mention the rights for FR as well

as Legal & constitutional. For the first part of the

answer, you shouldnt take more than 100 words.

Next part is where only special features need to be

mentioned. Not everything!

The Top Answer is written by Nishant

Ans) Fundamental Rights are those which are

important for the well-being of an individual. They are

guaranteed and protected by the Constitution. They are

fundamental for two reasons:

a) They are mentioned in the Constitution itself.

b) They cannot be taken away by ordinary legislation

except in rare circumstances.

On the other hand Legal and Constitutional Rights are

granted and not preexisting such as the right to vote.

An individual cannot move the Supreme Court for their

violation or curtailment through appropriate legislation.

Certain features which make Fundamental Rights

special and different from other rights are:

They are absolutely essential for an individuals all

round development. It makes them most vulnerable

towards a tyrannical government and hence needs

highest protection

They facilitate establishment of Rule of Law by

respecting individual freedom and liberty. For eg.

Article 21 encompasses all necessary conditions

required for a meaningful life.

Act as a natural check on the absolute authority of


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Article 21 encompasses all necessary conditions

required for a meaningful life.

Act as a natural check on the absolute authority of

the government and abuse of power, like implementing

populist measures to further self-interest. Thus they lay

foundation for social justice and equality

Provide heft to the Directive Principles to be

followed by the government

Hence, where legal and constitutional rights are merely

privileges extended by the state, Fundamental Rights

go much beyond their stated meanings.


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Written by IASbaba

Archives


Day 3 Indian Economy GS 3

Q.1) What is Special 301 report? Why is India kept

in the Priority Watch List, in this report? Discuss

the various IPR issues and their role in promoting

foreign investment in India.

Background: IPR issue is one of the most trending

segments of World news in contemporary

times especially between India and USA. Apart from

Pharma issues, there are other areas to look upon

Theme of the Question:

First two parts are very easy and direct. You shouldnt

waste more than 80 words there. Second part is the

most important one. When we talk about IPR issues,

here in Indian context, most of you have written only

about ongoing issues.

This is a simple question to answer, as the structure of

the answer can be found in the question itself. Just

answering one paragraph on each sub-question will

bring out a very logical, coherent structure to the

answer.

Start off with what the Special 301 report is and who

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bring out a very logical, coherent structure to the

answer.

Start off with what the Special 301 report is and who

makes it. And then explain what the Priority Watch

List is all about, after which explaining why India is a

part of it.

Then the report gives a list of IPR issues regarding

India. Discussing about those issues and then

commenting if that would be a problem for the foreign

investment should suffice for this question.

For India, there is no National IPR Policy or Law for

addressing IPR other than Patent Law. And hence

many other domains falling under TRIPS gets

unaddressed due to lack of clarity on technical issues.

One line conclusion regarding a robust national law to

deal with IPR issues would be very good.


Somesh

Ans) Special Report 301 is prepared annually by the

Office of US Trade Representative reviewing IPR laws

in various economies. India is in the Priority List

because US observes that Indian Patent Law is

inadequate, hindering entry of US companies relying

on innovation.

Various IPR issues highlighted by the Report:

Inadequate legislative and administrative

framework to protect IP

Trade secrets unprotected in case of

non-contractual violations

Audio-Visual content piracy over wireless, cable,

media devices and CDs

Biomedical and Chemical industry affected because:

Section 3(d) of Patent Law says, mere innovation

of new drugs not patent-worthy unless there is

significant enhancement of efficacy

(Glivec/Novartis)

Compulsory Licensing criteria are not objective

and predictable


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Compulsory Licensing criteria are not objective

and predictable

Rampant trademark violations and counterfeiting

Foreign investment in areas of green technology,

defence technology, R&D and pharmaceuticals will

certainly be encouraged if the IPR laws protect

commercialization of innovation, since they involve

massive investment in R&D. As pointed out in the

report, there is scope for improving IPR laws to make

them predictable, objective, non-discriminatory and for

better administrative framework for enforcement.

However, Indias stance against evergreening of

patents and compulsory licensing of certain drugs

comply with TRIPS and reflects our commitment to

public interest which cannot be compromised. There is

a need to balance public welfare with protection of

IPR which can protect commercial interests without

curtailing developing worlds access to life-saving

drugs.

Q.2) Why is the Poverty Line methodology so

controversial in India? Is the criticism justified?

Narrate the evolution of various methodolgies and

critically comment on each of them.

Background: An all time favorite topic of UPSC.

Prepare it specifically for Rangarajan Committe report

or Tendulkar Povery Line or overall Poverty

Estimation and related criticism and way ahead related

to it. Every now and then, you will encounter news

paper articles citing poverty numbers, socio-economic

datas etc. Prepare some facts from Standard reports,

Eco-Survey etc and be ready with some ready made

pointers. Any question on Poverty will not be out of

your reach once you prepare it holistically.

Theme of the Question: In the first part, two aspects

are to be dealt.

First, Why PL Methodology is controversial? Write

about Methodology of present time and explain the


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First, Why PL Methodology is controversial? Write

about Methodology of present time and explain the

negatives of it. If you cite 4 negatives then you have to

use them for addressing the next part of the question

which is Is the criticism justified?

Now most of you have right away said, yes it is

justified, rather some of you have written, Completely

Justified Buddy, never do it. Even if question

asked for Critical Comment, you need to present both

sides and be optimistic. Our Socio- Economic Framers

are not stupid to run the system. There are flaws but

the flaws are not the limitations of formulation or

methodology only. There are many other reasons that

should become your postives saying, criticsims are

valid but not justified al together.

When you follow exactly the format of the question

asked, you dont need to break your heads for good

structuring and all. It will come automatically.


Ashwini

Ans) Poverty estimation in India has been a sensitive

issue. It is used as a benchmark for identifying

beneficiaries for various schemes of government.

Controversy over the estimation of poverty line:

Does not take into account various vulnerable

groups such as women and senior citizen and low

castes.

Does not address the concerns of population

marginally above the poverty line.

Seemed to have come under political influence.

Not revised at regular intervals to take care of

changing trends in consumption basket.

Very low compared to international standard of

$1.25 per day at PPP.

Does not cover the indicators to reflect standard of

living.

Eg: As per UNDPs Multi Dimensional Poverty Index,

approximately 52% of the Indians would be poor.


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Eg: As per UNDPs Multi Dimensional Poverty Index,

approximately 52% of the Indians would be poor.

Is the controversy justified? Not entirely

Estimation is for a family of 5 on a monthly basis.

It works on the principle of economies of scale.

Subsidies are not taken into account.

Under reporting of consumption expenditure.

Evolution of various methodologies:

DadabhaiNaoroji was a pioneer figure in nutrition

based poverty line.

Dandekar and Rath Committee 1971: First

calorie based poverty line. Uniform for rural and

urban areas.

Alagh Committee 1979 : calorie based. Separate

for rural and urban areas.

Lakdawala Committee 1993 : poverty esmaon

at naonal level and at statelevel. But sll had an

outdated consumpon basket.

Tendulkar committee- 2009 : uniform poverty line.

Reduced the weightage given to calories. Updated

the consumption basket. Which increased the

number of poor falling below poverty line.

Rangarajan Committee 2012: yet to accept its

recommendations. Improved consumption basket.

Considers non calorie components such as rent,

education etc.

Q.3) Discuss the major weaknesses in agricultural

price policy of India. Suggest suitable remedial

measures.

This is a direct question. Two parts. But then again, if

you point of 5 weaknesses then remedial measures

should address them for sure. You shouldnt mention A

as weakness and the then give remedy for Z which was

not at all your point of discussion. Take care of these

small writing tricks.

The Top Answer for this question is written by BS

Ans) Indias agricultural pricing policy have two-fold


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The Top Answer for this question is written by BS

Ans) Indias agricultural pricing policy have two-fold

objective: supporting farmers through MSP and

ensuring affordable price for consumers by providing

food grains through PDS.

Major weaknesses and their consequence:

MSP:

High MSP: distort market as well cropping pattern.

It does not take into consideration the fact that

cultivation cost vary from region to region: For

example they are higher in Punjab, Haryana due to

high wage, land value & end up creating

dissatisfaction among farmers.

PDS:

High procurement of grains leading to

accumulation in store house and subject to rotting,

attack from rodents.

Fuels inflation.

High storage is a problem for India Under WTO

AoA.

Price subsidies can distort markets in ways that

ultimately hurt the poor as pointed out by

Economic survey.

Remedial measures:

Support vs procurement price: Swaminathan

committee suggested differentiating between

Support & procurement price. MSP should be a

tool to only avert distress sales, while government

procurement should be at market-determined

prices.

Shanta Kumar committee recommendations to

reform FCI should be implemented

Moving from agro-subsidy regime to

agro-investment.

Reforms in agricultural policy that is making it more

market oriented based on supply-demand logic will not

only avert market distortion but also provide us with

more capital to reinvest in ensuring food security, high


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market oriented based on supply-demand logic will not

only avert market distortion but also provide us with

more capital to reinvest in ensuring food security, high

yield and framer prosperity.

Q.4) Discuss the reasons as to why outsourcing has

become an economically beneficial mechanism for

both rich and poor countries?

Outsourcing is a very common phenomenon

which you see almost everywhere these days.

Inter-country outsourcing is what made Indias

economy have a boom in the 90s, so this is an

important concept to understand.

In this question, it has not asked whether the

countries have been benetted, but has instead

asked the reasons why it has been benecial to

both the countries. The question already assumes

that outsourcing is benecial, so no need to delve

on the pros and cons of outsourcing. Some of you

have done that.


Santhosh Venkatesh

Ans) Outsourcing refers to entrusting or contracting

certain processes of business functions to another

party. Outsourcing to foreign countries is a byproduct

of Globalisation and has created immense benefits for

both rich and poor countries.

Benefits for Rich countries

i) Poor and developing countries have cheap labour

outsourcing which help in cutting production and

overhead costs for rich countries.

ii) With certain non core business processes

outsourced, companies can concentrate on their core

functions thereby increasing efficiency

iii) With outsourcing more work gets completed in a

day due to timezone differences giving rise to round

the clock businesses

Benefits for poor countries


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the clock businesses

Benefits for poor countries

i)With Good working age population , countries benefit

in getting employment opportunities .

ii) Since the advent of outsourcing, In relatively poor

countries GDP and Personal disposable income have

risen. This has boosted domestic demand and provided

impetus to growth.

iii) There is a possibility of creating a knowledge based

economy as a result of IT process outsourcing.

iv) Increase in Foreign investments ,thereby reducing

deficit in Balance of payment.

v)The benefits of outsourcing for one sector create

spillover benefits for other sectors and industries

With competition from SE Asian economies and other

South American and African countries, India needs

skilled labour and a conducive environment for

Investment to have a competitive edge over other

countries.

Q.5) Critically evaluate the utility of the JAM

initiative in facilitating financial inclusion.

Direct Question- Evaluation is the key here. What is

Evaluation?

It means to estimate or determine the nature, value,

quality, ability, extent, or significance of anything.

Now here the crux is JAM Trinity and that too

critically Break the theme of evaluation into Nature,

Value, Quality, Ability, Extent and significance

associated with JAM trinity. When you talk about

JAMs Value (positive), at the same time talk about its

negative value. This is critical evaluation. Same for

others like ability, extent and significance and there is

your answer


Nishant


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Nishant

Ans) Financial Inclusion is the delivery of financial

services at affordable cost to disadvantaged and low

income segments of the society. The JAM trinity as

announced in Budget 2015 can play the perfect role in

Indias quest for financial inclusion.

With telecom operators obtaining payment bank

licensing, people can keep deposits and carry out

e-transactions via their mobile phones. This removes

the necessity of having bank branches in remote areas,

a traditional caveat in this regard.

Aadhar Card facilitates seamless and near foolproof

identification of beneficiaries. People can now receive

subsidy cash transfers, MGNREGA salaries directly

into their accounts. The success of PAHAL scheme of

LPG cylinder subsidy is a positive sign.

The Jan Dhan program has empowered over 12 crore

people with bank accounts and more are being added.

This combined with the potential of 1.5 lac post offices

acting as bank correspondents completes the JAM

trinity.

The JAM trinity is not without legitimate concerns.

Lack of financial literacy, non-use and duplicity of

accounts remain a possible impediment. There are

fears of JAM becoming a potential target of money

laundering activities. Also, the legal issues regarding

Aadhar Card need to be sorted out. Bottomline is if

JAM works at it should, India would have achieved

more than just financial inclusion. Removal of subsidy

leakages is one such added benefit.


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Think Learn & Perform (TLP): Synopsis Ethics [Day 4]September 4, 2015

Written by IASbaba

Think Learn & Perform (TLP): Synopsis Ethics [Day 4]

ARCHIVES

In writing answers of Paper IV, there is a lot of

confusion.

Should one incorporate moral thinkers and their

theories and thoughts or should one be focusing

on rationality and logic? When one listens to

toppers, confusion gets perpetuated further as

they say different things. So what is the right

approach? The answer is no one knows what

UPSC has in mind while evaluating the answers.

But one thing can be said with certainty- if you are

able to impress the examiner by your answers no

matter what approach you are following; good

marks are there for the taking. So stop asking the

question whether one should use philosophical

jargon or be simple and logical. It is like asking

what dress one should wear. No one but you

know your taste and strengths. A T-shirt might

suit you or a Kurta may work wonders to your

personality. So you get the idea- irrespective of

your way of dressing if you are able to carry

yourself well, you get appreciation from your

friends and relatives. Similarly it doesnt really

matter whether you write in points or in

paragraphs, follow thinkers or day to day logic. If

your answer speaks for itself, your job is done. So

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matter whether you write in points or in

paragraphs, follow thinkers or day to day logic. If

your answer speaks for itself, your job is done. So

relax and identify your strengths. Dont imitate the

toppers or your friends. Write regularly and build

upon your own USP.

It is not possible to provide a single answer to

these questions. The TLP platform provides you

the golden opportunity to have access to

hundreds of answers. Build on the collective

strength of this fraternity and learn from each

other.

Corruption in India is systemic and deep

rooted. People often take recourse to the fact

that it is impossible to ensure ethical public

conduct in a milieu that is replete with people

of low ethics. Many young recruits in the

government departments are counseled by

their colleagues about how common and

normal it is to earn some extra money and

favour by manipulating the public. If these

young ofcers dont get assimilated in the

milieu, they are discarded by their own

colleagues or even targeted by their bosses. In

such a situation, what path would you take to

act ethically? How would you tackle the

challenges imposed by your own colleagues

and seniors?

Directives: Such questions are meant to test your

attitude as well as temperament. The question is

asking for the most amicable and viable

alternative to be followed in given scenarios. It is

difcult to resist the temptation of writing

something that will give an impression as if you

alone would change the system. Options like

complaining to the higher authorities, taking

action against the subordinates, moral preaching

to your colleagues etc sound ideal but arent

realistic. You can mention some ideal approach


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action against the subordinates, moral preaching

to your colleagues etc sound ideal but arent

realistic. You can mention some ideal approach

but only when some of your strong stands are

practical enough. One never expects an

over-enthusiastic idealistic approach from to be

an IAS ofcer neither it is possible. You will

kicked out if you are not strong enough to react to

such situations instantly Moreover, almost

everyone would follow the same approach. Your

approach has to be innovative.

Think something out of the box but be within your

limits. One should start by thinking that why

being ethical or not corrupt is good for individual

as well as society? This itself will create some

practical solutions to your answers. You must

show certain amount of optimism in your

answers. For example, you may start by

reiterating the fact that even though the majority

of your colleagues are corrupt, there would be

few honest ofcers also. You can try to build a

social capital of such like minded people to

create public awareness. A modest start like this

would go a long way in setting a precedent in an

otherwise corrupt milieu.

Similarly, you must display your administrative

and scientic acumen. It is a fact that what is

there in your mandate, no one can interfere in.

You can use your powers to set things right in

your jurisdiction. Even if you face opposition from

within your department no one can go against

you if you are following the rules. Any pressure

from your superiors can be thwarted with due

courtesy. In such situations what comes handy, is

your communication skills. Use your pen

frequently for communicating with the seniors

and keep a track of them. You can always insist

upon written orders. If such an approach is

followed initially, without exception that would

send a strong signal about your uprightness and

integrity.


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followed initially, without exception that would

send a strong signal about your uprightness and

integrity.

You can also take help of ICT for specic

exchange of critical information against national

interest.

There are shining examples of honest and upright

ofcers in India who have worked wonders in

similar situations. The best lesson they teach you

is that if you embrace all that comes in your way

be it transfers or punishment postings, you wont

feel depressed and demotivated. We can take

inspiration from them. Dont name these ofcers

in your answers though.

Hardly anyone of you mentioned family support

and friends. They are your assets. You go to them

with all your pains and sufferings and they heal

you with all their support and blessings. But in

your answers, they didnt nd any place. Rather

most of you mentioned Nagpal & Khemka! Are

you following ethics?

TOP Answer by Indushree

Ans) The true test of honesty occurs only when a

person is surrounded by the corrupt. Even an

honest person may lose the ability to differentiate

between the right and wrong and become a part

of the system. Hence retaining an ethical

behaviour is crucial.

There could be two approaches :

Radical

Keeping oneself away from corrupt, rejecting all

unethical practices outrightly, staying true to

beliefs, excel in the eld.

Although it is an ideally expected situation, it

could lead to victimisation.

Direct confrontation may lead to targeted

violence, fake complaints and in extreme cases

suspension too. This deprives the opportunity to

be able to continue honest work.


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suspension too. This deprives the opportunity to

be able to continue honest work.

Rational

Accepting the situation at hand, do not rebel

against the practice altogether but make a

judicious choice of options available. It is an act

of diplomacy to maintain good relationships with

colleagues and seniors, yet retaining ones

individuality by

Requesting for written orders from seniors

Creating awareness about citizens charters

Encouraging citizens participation through

social audit and RTIs

Complaining to super seniors in case of

extreme oddities

Just as a swan when offered a mixture of milk

and water, doesnt reject the mixture altogether

but judiciously separates milk from water(hamsa-

ksheera nyaya) a young recruit has to make right

moves to avoid conicts while retaining the

opportunity to work for the society.

Why do you think there is an asymmetry of

perception and attitude with regards to almost

everything in the society? Why some people

appreciate art while others vandalize art

exhibitions? Why the young generation seeks

independence but the older generation wants

restraints in behaviour and conduct? Give a

reasoned response.

Directives: This question intends to test your

understanding about the society. A certain level

of intellectual faculty is expected in you. The

central argument that you have to build upon is

the fact that not all the sections of society

undergo similar levels of transformation. While

the values are changing, their pace may be faster

in some places and at the same time too slow in

others. It is this differential secularization of


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the values are changing, their pace may be faster

in some places and at the same time too slow in

others. It is this differential secularization of

thoughts, values and public mores that create

ssures and tension in the society. You can

conclude by saying that we are living in a tricky

transition period of history when everything is

undergoing a transformation. Additionally, one

needs to understand that every change has

certain level of mutual existence. The asymmetry

of perception and attitude is subjective and open

to various interpretations. Most importantly, one

has to take lessons from differentiated opinions

and individuals without discarding them

altogether. Mutual respect even if the thoughts

are poles apart will be best for the larger good of

society.

Top Answer by Subhas Tadala

Ans) Asymmetry exists in the human existence

itself. Perception and attitude both seem to be

similar words, but a small line of difference still

exists.

Perception is a direct input, it may or may not be

same for everybody. For example:If we see a

sculpture, one may like the way the shape was

made. Other may like the mechanical structure i.e

where the centre of gravity is, or how it balanced

perfectly.Hence it is the input what we take as

perception

Attitude usually says appears as output in

behavior. Our mind takes the perceived input,

weigh along the predetermined choices, then

gives out a behavior that may be different for

different persons. In the above example, if I am

expert in sculptures, I may say that the structure

needs still perfect balancing, but to a lay men it

was perfectly balanced. With the same

perception, one is criticising and the other is

praising.

Now some appreciate/ vandalize art because the

perceived information about the same thing may


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praising.

Now some appreciate/ vandalize art because the

perceived information about the same thing may

be different and if it is same, their past

experience/knowledge varies their behavior

towards the input. The case with the old/ young

generation also determined by their beliefs and

experience. Old people may consider absolute

freedom as against qualitative development, but

the young may feel freedom is pre-requisite for

development.

Case study: As chairman of the Genetic

Engineering Appraisal Committee, you are

faced with an ethical dilemma. The western

most part of the country is facing a severe

drought and people are dying of hunger. Since

such conditions are prevailing for the past 3

years, supplies from other parts of the country

are inadequate for the dying population. You

are reviewing the possibility of giving approval

to a genetically modied variety of wheat

which can sustain severe drought conditions.

The modied variety has shorter growing

period and can prevent the appalling

conditions from getting worse. However, the

health and environmental impacts of the

variety are unknown. There is pressure on you

to grant approval for full time farm production

to the modied variety without examining its

possible health and environmental effects. If

you grant approval, there might be severe

health and environmental implications.

However, if you delay the approval any further,

the death toll would rise substantially in the

coming few months. What options do you

have? Which of these options would be most

suitable? Substantiate by giving their merits

and demerits.

Directives: For case studies, we have in store


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Directives: For case studies, we have in store

something special for you. We will provide a

detailed write up on dealing with case studies.

We are not providing any directives for this case

therefore.

For your reference , TOP answer by Ashish

Mishra

(He gave merits and demerits of each option)

Option 1: To allow the introduction of modied

variety of wheat

Merit :

1. This will solve the immediate crisis of death

due to starvation.

2. This would maintain law and order situation.

Demerit :

1. Might endanger health and environment in

future.

Option 2 : Ban the introduction of wheat till

approval.

Merit :

1.This approach justify the following of rules and

regulation.

2. Long term health and environmental effect

would be saved.

Demerit :

1. Imminent food crisis may lead to loss of life of

poor people.

2. Law and order situation may deteorate.

3. Loss of faith in administrative machinery.

Option 3: Restrict the introduction of wheat,

expediting study of health and environmental


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Option 3: Restrict the introduction of wheat,

expediting study of health and environmental

impact and exploring other approved improved

variety, alternative way of food grain supply

Merit :

1. Immediate relief to people through alternative

means.

2. Long term implication on health and

environment could be prevented.

3. Law and order situation would be maintained.

4. Process as per rules and regulation.

Demerit :

1. Delay in alternative arrangement of supply may

lead to loss of some life or deteoriate law and

order situation.

2. Hasty research on health and environment may

lead to subverting of rules


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10 Comments

Think, Learn & Perform (TLP): Synopsis [Day 5]September 5, 2015

Written by IASbaba

Day 5 Ancient and Medieval History GS 1

ARCHIVES

Q.1) Critically analyze the contributions of

Buddha to the religion and philosophy of India.

What were his main principles and how did he

manage to have such a large following?

One should read the questions very carefully. This

question specically asks for the contribution of

Buddha to the religion and philosophy, and not

Buddhism. Also, it asks for a critical analysis. So,

the rst 100 words should take care of pros and

cons of his contributions.

Then, his philosophy should not take more than

50 words. The basic tenets like 8 fold-path,

compassion etc. Here in second part one should

not try to present all the principles. Question asks

for Main Principles. So do focus on such key

words and frame your answers accordingly.

Moving on, the last part of the question should

deal with the psychological aspects of crowd-

pulling. One should explain why exactly did he

have such a large following throughout the world.

If one answers each sub-question systematically,

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have such a large following throughout the world.

If one answers each sub-question systematically,

the structure would also be brilliant.

Todays Top Answer is by Pooja

Ans) Buddha emerged as a spiritual leader during

6th century BCE and was the contemporary of

Mahavira. He had profound inuence in the

religion and philosophy on India :

Religion :

1. Buddha gave rise to a new religion Buddhism

2. Rejected the dominance of Brahmans and

opened the gates of his religion to all people.

3. Preached Nirvana that is freedom from the

cycle of births and death.

4. Attacked idolatry.

5. Later, due to internal problems the buddhist

sect in India broke and this was lled in by the

Bhakti movement.

Philosophy :

1. He gave the doctrine of Ahimsa. Which was

followed by great leader like Mahatma Gandhi to

achieve independence.

2. Promoted the middle path.

3. He taught tolerance, compassion and equality.

Buddhism as a religion rose alongwith Jainism ,

however, Buddhism is more widespread in other

Asian countries other than India because the

Hinduism was already prevalent in India and

because other regions did not have a well formed

religion.

He managed to have such a large following

mostly in Eastern Asia :

1. It had patrons like the Ashoka and Kanishka

who promoted Buddhism both in India and

surrounding regions.

2. The simplistic nature of the religion appealed

to the masses.

3. Use of language like Pali and Prakrit

popularised it.

4. The kstariyas and the vaishayas were averse to


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3. Use of language like Pali and Prakrit

popularised it.

4. The kstariyas and the vaishayas were averse to

the dominance of the brahmanas ,hence,

supported Buddhism with huge patronage.

5. Gave a better social standing to the Shudras.

Q.2) How does Abul Fazl describe the socio-

economic and religious life of Medieval India?

Are there any inconsistencies in his analysis?

This question is a disguise for What are the

contributions of Akbar or How was the life during

Akbars time. So watch out for such tricky

questions in UPSC. Most of you have written

good answers point-wise, so we have

concentrated on the structure and the way you

have written for giving marks.

A very simple question to answer, once you know

who Abul Fazl is and what his contributions were.

Todays Top Answer is by Somesh

Ans) Abul Fazals Ain-e-Akbari has a vivid account

of the socio-economic and religious life in

medieval India. Salient points are discussed

below

Socio-Economic life:

1. Caste system was prevalent and 16 different

sub-castes arose from intermarriages

2. Choice of occupation was still limited by caste

credentials

3. Land was the major source of revenue. Raja

Todarmals lad measurement and assessment

improved tax collection

4. Literature,music, art and architecture

commanded royal patronage

Religion

1. Religious discrimination was ended by Akbar

as Jaziya and Pilgrim Tax were abolished.

2. There was greater religious freedom. Akbars

Din-e-Ilahi tried bringing people of different faith

together.


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2. There was greater religious freedom. Akbars

Din-e-Ilahi tried bringing people of different faith

together.

3. Abul Fazals attempt at nding common ground

between Hindu practices and Islamic beliefs

betrays the existing differences.

4. Hindus were tried under Hindu laws.

Abul Fazl enjoyed royal patronage of Akbar so

one can imagine he was under obligation to

eulogize about the emperor. In such an attempt,

he bestowed occult powers upon Akbar. Eg. he

said Akbar could control rain at will. On the other

hand Fazal emphasizes on the need of rationality.

This was a major inconsistency.

Despite its shortcomings, Abul Fazls profound

scholarship gives a great insight into the history

of medieval India.

Q.3) Give an account of the impact of Islam on

the Indian Culture in respect of society, religion

and ne arts.

Another simple question to write. Any straight-

forward answer would get good marks. Just

ensure that you are not writing anything

controversial or political.

The Top Answer for this question is by Nishant

Ans) Islam had a great impact on all major

aspects of Indian Culture. It can be understood

under the following sub-headings:

Social Life

Brought visible changes to ceremonies, dresses,

mannerism etc. For eg. Purdah System became

widespread among upper caste women,

marriages became extravagant. New interests

like perfumes and scents were introduced. New

fabrics from Persia were picked up by Hindu

rulers and elites. Urdu as a common language

became popular

Religion


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became popular

Religion

Islam and Susm introduced elements of love,

brotherhood and equality. These assimilated into

the Bhakti Movement later popularized by Kabir,

Guru Nanak etc. Sikhism can be considered a

direct offshoot of Islam. Though against Hindu

caste system, Islam couldnt break it down

completely.

Fine Art

A new culture that gave lavish patronage to

artisans. Musicians like Tansen became

courtmen and new styles such Ghazal and Tarana

were introduced giving Hindustani music a

different avor. Glazed pottery made Indian

potters world renowned. Miniature paintings

synonymous with Mughal period later spread to

different regions.

Architecture

Added a distinct Persian touch through new

features like Arch and Dome style, Jali Work for

lighting inside halls, Chaar Bagh construction

style later picked up by the British. Polished stone

like marble or sandstone was used for the rst

time. Intricate geometrical design replaced

human gures.

An inuence to begin with, Islam soon

assimilated completely into the India culture and

co-exists till date.

Q.4) Harsha governed his empire on the same

lines as the Guptas did, except that his

administration had become more feudal and

decentralized. Narrate the spectacular rise and

imminent fall of the rule of Harsha.

Many of you have asked whether the quote is

anyway related to the question asked. Well, the

answer should have the following structure.

The rst 100 words should introduce Harsha and


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answer should have the following structure.

The rst 100 words should introduce Harsha and

talk about his phenomenal rise and how he went

on to become one of the greatest rulers in

Medieval India. Then, use the quote given and

comment on the administration falls. From which,

one should start writing an answer on his sudden

fall which was rooted in some administrative

inconsistencies.

If you know your history well, this is an excellent

question to attempt.

Todays Top Answer is written by Somesh

Ans) Harsha is credited for bringing peace and

stability after post-Gupta chaos that gripped

India. His ascension to the thrones at Thanesar

and Kannauj was amidst tragic circumstances

but he turned out to be a great conqueror.

He formed alliance with Varmans of Kamarup and

defeated Shashanka of Gauda (Bengal). In the

following six years he extended the boundaries

from Kashmir to Narmada river and Gujarat to

Assam valley by forming alliances and relations.

The administration of Harsha modelled on the

lines of Gupta ensured that his rule lasted over

four decades. However, to facilitate his conquest

he needed to raise a large army that was not

possible to do centrally. Thus many feudal lords

emerged with their own army battalions. Paid

with land grants, they became even more

powerful. Also, Harsha failed to leave a worthy

successor. These reasons led to the imminent fall

of his dynasty.

In his long reign, Harsha successfully brought

peace and stability in the region. He also

patronized art and culture of the Ancient India

and uplifted the status of Shudras, bringing social

change.

Q.5) Though not very useful from the point of


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Q.5) Though not very useful from the point of

view of a connected political history of South

India, the Sangam literature portrays the social

and economic conditions of its time with

remarkable vividness. Comment.

Sangam literature was a very important phase in

understanding the contemporary society, but not

in understanding the political scenario. This

brilliant question was asked in 2013 Mains, so we

dont think that it will be repeated in the 2015

Mains. But, do ensure you know the basics of

Sangam and also ensure that you know how to

handle such questions.

The Top Answer is written by Sepoy No 1446

Ans) Sangam literature refers to a body of

classical Tamil literature that developed in

Ancient south India.The works like Tolkappiyam,

Pottupottu, Silappathikaram and Manimekalai are

examples of Sangam literature.

Though the sanagams were held under political

patronage, the literature was never meant to

glorify any one kingdom or ruler. These were free

expression and hence major focus was on

depiction of culture,society,economy and life of

people.But in doing so,it also provided some

references to the polity of the region.One can nd

references of chola,pandya,chera kingdom but no

detailed description was there. The description

was not a chronological and continuous historical

accounts and its utility should be seen only in that

context.

On the other hand, Sangam literature provided a

more detailed descript

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