TLIM107A - Develop Safe Driving Habits in Others - Learner Guide

8/14/2019 TLIM107A - Develop Safe Driving Habits in Others - Learner Guide

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TLIM107A Developsafe driving habits

in others

Learner Guide


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Contents

What this Learners Guide is about........................................ 3Planning your learning ........................................................... 4

Section 1............................................................................................. 5Human Perception and Decision Making............................... 5

Section 2........................................................................................... 18Commentary Aids................................................................. 18

Section 3........................................................................................... 36Low Risk Driving Commentary............................................. 36

Section 3........................................................................................... 50On Road Sub-Models........................................................... 50


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TLIM107A Develop safe driving behaviours in others

ADELG1061 Armstrongs Driver Education P/L February 20092


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TLIC3607A Apply safe driving behaviours

Armstrongs Driver Education P/L January 2009 ADELG10593

What this Learners Guide is about

Thislearningguideisabouttheskillsandknowledgerequiredtoapplyhigh-levelsafedrivingskillstoenabledriverstoapplysafedrivingbehaviours.Thisincludeshigherorderskills,suchashazardperception,riskcontrolandsafedrivingjudgment,decisionmakingandmulti-tasking.

TheElementsofCompetencyfromtheunitTLIM107ADevelopsafedrivingbehavioursinotherscoveredinthisLearnersGuidearelistedbelow.

Delivertrainingonsafedrivingprinciples

Demonstratelow-riskdrivingstrategiestoclients

Demonstrateapplicablesafedrivingrulesandregulationstoclients

Monitorandmaintainsafedrivingbehavioursofclients

Assessclientsontheirsafedrivingcompetence

Reviewassessmentofclientssafedrivingcompetence

ThisunitofcompetencyisfromtheTransportandLogisticsTrainingPackage(TLI07).


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Planning your learning

ItisimportanttoplanyourlearningbeforeyoustartbecauseyoumayalreadyhavesomeoftheknowledgeandskillsthatarecoveredinthisLearnersGuide.Thismightbebecause:

1. youhavebeenworkingintheindustryforsometime,and/or

2. youhavealreadycompletedtraininginthisarea.

Togetherwithyoursupervisorortrainerusethechecklistsonthefollowingpagestohelpyouplanyourstudyprogram.YouranswerstothequestionsinthechecklistwillhelpyouworkoutwhichsectionsofthisLearnersGuideyouneedtocomplete.

ThisLearnersGuideiswrittenwiththeideathatlearningismademorerelevantwhenyou,thelearner,areactuallyworkingintheindustry.Thismeansthatyouwillhavepeoplewithintheenterprisewhocanshowyouthings,discusshowthingsaredoneandansweranyquestionsyouhave.Alsoyoucanpractisewhatyoulearnandseehowwhatyoulearnisappliedintheenterprise.

IfyouareworkingthroughthisLearnersGuideandhavenotyetfoundajobintheindustry,youwillneedtotalktoyourtraineraboutdoingworkexperienceorworkingandlearninginsomesortofsimulatedworkplace.


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Section 1

Human Perception and DecisionMaking


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Humanperceptionanddecisionmakingisverysubjectiveandhardtomeasure.

Motivationsandattitudesplayamajorroleinhowpeopleperceivewhatis

happeningaroundthemandhowtheybehave.Everyoneinterpretsinformationdifferentlyandthisiswhyinterpretationsaresubjectivewhenevaluatingthecauseofevent,thedegreeofcontrolwefeelwehaveoverasituationandknowledgegainedbypastexperiences.

Peopletendtodrawconclusionsbasedonpreviousexperience.

Driversmustbetrainedtoperceivepotentialdanger,bylearningtoperceivehazardcausingeventsthattheymaynothaveexperiencedbefore.

Perceptionconsistsofthementalprocessingofinformationbythesenses.

Themindobservesandprocessesmakinganinterpretationrelevanttovisualpatterns(templatesorschemers)whichresultsintherecognitionandidentificationofpotentialhazards.

Thesevisualpatternsarestronglyinfluencedbywhatwetendtoexpecttosee.Forexample,aswedrivedowntheroadthingsthatinterestusgrabourattentionlikeaparticularmodelorcolourofcarwemaylikeorwanttobuy.

Perceptionisalsoinfluencedbyothersensesbesidevisionsuchashearing,balanceandmusclesenses.Thesefactorsplayalargepartindetectingproblemsinspecialhazardoussituationsandhigh-performancedriving,butlesssothanvisioninroutinedriving,especiallyfornovices.

Perception limitations

Thedriverisabletoobserveandperceiveonlyasmallfractionoftheinformationavailableintheenvironment.Thislimitationplaysamajorroleinhazardselectionandhowthemindthenstartstoprioritiesandeffectrecognitionofdifferentclosingratesofapproachingvehiclesandpedestrians.

Motivation

Emotions,drivesandappetitesareinternalforcesimposingindividualtosolicitgratificationofindividualrequirements.Itisthismotivationwhichinfluencesbehaviouranddirectchoices.

Whilemotivationcomesfromwithin,itmaybecloselyassociatedwithexternalfactorssuchasindividualincentivesanddisincentives(eg.,Wilde,1994a)aswellasmoreinternalmotivatorssuchaspersonalnorms(Parkeret

al.,1992)oractivecaring(Geller,1991).


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Intermsofhowmotivationrelatestodriving,motivationstendtoinfluencewhatthedriverchoosestodo,asopposedtowhattheyareabletodo.

Skills and experience

Ifyouhaveneverbeentaughtcorrectdrivingskillsfromtheinitialstages,experienceyougainoveraperiodoftimemaynotbeofbenefittoyou.Gooddrivingdoesntcomenaturallyanditisreliantongoodtuitionandguidedexperienceoveraperiodoftime.Inmanyoccasions,novicedriversareextremelyluckytosurviveastheybuildexperiencebothgoodandbadinanexperientialway,relyingheavilyontrialanderrorwhichcanhavemajorconsequencesinhazardoussituations.

Todecreaserisktothenovicedriver,experienceshouldbeassistedby

encouragingthenovicedrivertoprovideasoundmarginforerror",whileenhancingskilllevel.Itisuseful(wise)toencouragethenovicedrivertostrivetomastermoredifficultdrivingtaskssuchasthoserequiredonanextendedtrip,nightdriving,negotiatingdifferentterrainandconditions.


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Information processing

Novicedriverv'stheexperienceddriver

TakenfromDrummond,'AReviewandDiscussionofIssuesRelatedtoTraining.'

SkillPerception Novicedriver Experienceddriver

Perceivesnon-movinghazardsbeingmoredangerous

Analyseseachfeatureseparatelyandindependently,

thereforecannotprocessasmuchinformation

Generallyinterpretsmovinghazardsasbeingmoredangerous

Perceivesrecurrentgeneralpatterns,eg.perceivesa

patternasasinglechunkthereforedoesnothavetosearchandintegrateasmuch

Integration Hasdifficultyinintegratingdiverseinformationintooverallassessmentofhazardoussituations.

Attention Failstoswitchattention

Poorinattendingtorelevantaspectsofthedrivingenvironment

Developseffectiveandflexiblepriortising

Strategiesthereforecanswitchattentionrapidlybetweensub-tasks

Judgement Hasdifficultyinjudginggapclearanceandclosurespeeds

Reactiontimes Slowforcomplextrafficsituations

Fastforcomplextrafficsituations

Search Looksnearthevehicle.Monitorsonlyobviouslydangeroussituations

Monitorsvehiclecontrolsandusesmirrorsfrequently

Turnsheadwhilechanginglanes.

LooksfurtherawayfromthevehicleMonitorspotentiallydangeroussituations

Monitorsvehiclecontrolsinfrequentlyandusesmirrorslessfrequently


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Skill Novicedriver Experienceddriver

Carcontrol Brakingandaccelerationoftenabrupt.

Slowrecoveryafteravoidancemanoeuvres

Smootherbrakingandacceleration

Fastrecoveryafteravoidancemanoeuvres

Speed Averagespeedincreasesduringthefirstyearofdriving.

Failstoslowforpotentiallydangeroussituations.

Showsaconsciouspreferenceforspeedoversafety.

Slowsforpotentiallydangeroussituations.

Confidence Morelikelytoratehimselforherselfasabetter-than-averagedriver.

Mayoverestimatethecrashriskinlowtomediumrisksituationsbutunderestimateriskoflessfrequenthighrisksituations.

Lesslikelytoratehimselforherselfasabetter-than-averagedriver.

Risks Seatbeltusedlessfrequently.

Drivesclosertothevehicleinfront.

Underestimatesrisks.

Characteristicsofdeviantbehaviour

Lackofthoughtaboutpotentialimplications.

Feelingsofrepression.

Rebelliousnessandselfishness.

Lowself-esteemandregardforcivicresponsibility

Decisions

Decision-makingisneverendingindriving,asthedriverestimatestherisksandthendeterminesasuitablecourseofaction.Itisimportanttoestablish

withthenovicedriverthattheyformpartofthetrafficsceneandthatthey


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mustmakechoicesanddecisionsthatmaximisethesafetyofothersandthemselvesandthesechoicesaremadecontinuously.

Itisimportantasatrainer,thatyoumonitorwhetherthenovicedriver,onapproachtohazards,coversthebrakepedalthenslowsdownandstopsif

necessarytohelptheirdecisionmethod.Earlypositionselectionandcoveringthebrakepedalonapproachtohazards,isapracticalwayofassessingifthenovicedriverhasmadeadecisiontoavoidpotentialdanger.

How the brain thinks

Intheconsciousmind,thehumanbrainthinksofapproximately7to10thingsatonce.

Inthesubconsciousmind,thehumanbrainthinksofapproximately100thingsatonce.Thingsthatwearesubconsciouslycompetentat,arebreathing,blinkingandotherthinkswedowithoutthinkingconsciously.

How speed effects vision

Theeyesnormallysend40completenewpicturespersecondtothebrain,yet,weonlyobserve7ofthesepictures.Thisaltersduetothespeedwearetravellingat.

Observationisbestwhenstationary(100%).

At70km/h,visualacuitydeterioratestoabout50%ofstationaryawareness.

At100%km/h,visualacuitydeterioratestoabout25%ofstationaryawareness.

Mental habits

Attentionofthemind

Trainingshoulddevelopthenovicedrivertoautomaticallybecomeunconsciouslycompetentatphysicalandmentaldrivingskills.

Theadvantagesofthisautomationarethatitreducesstressandintenseorprolongedconcentration,aswellasallowsthedrivertoperformmultipletaskssimultaneouslywithoutbeingoutoftheircomfortzone.Thisallowsthenovicedrivertofocusonandplacehazardsinorderofpriority.

Whennewperformanceslevelshavetobeachieved,consciousfocusisswappedtothenewtask.Anexampleofthisis,ifapersoncompetentlydrivesanautomaticvehicleanddecidestolearnhowtodriveamanual

vehicle,thenormalsubconsciouslycompetentobservationskillsanddecision-makingskillsbecomeimpaired.Instead,thedriverisdrivingwithinthe


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consciousrealmwithinthevehiclelearningtousetheclutchandchangegears.Thisiswhyyoumustprovideaphysicallyandemotionallysafeenvironment(comfortzone)thatwilltakethepressureawayfromthedriveruntiltheybecomeunconsciouslycompetent.

Sometimesitisimportanttosegregatephysicalandmentalskillsduringthislearningphase,makingsurethatthenovicedriverhasdevelopedmanyvehiclecontrolskillsinthesubconsciouscompetencebeforeintroducingenhanceddecisionmakingskillsassociatedwithprocessingfromscanning,riskmanagementandcalculatingcrashavoidancespace.

Itisimportantthatyoufocusthelearnerdriver'sattentionontherequiredperformance,assistingthelearnerdriver,whenrequired,withtasksthatarenotautomatic.Itisimportanttointerveneifthelearnerdriverisnotcapableofperformingatasklandingoutsidetheircomfortzone.

Asatrainingstrategy,thelearnerdrivershouldbeshownhowtorationallyandpracticallyselectandfilterinformationsoastheycanswitchtheirconsciousattentioninplentyoftime,todealwithneweventsorproblemsthatrequireacomplexdecision.Thekeyfactorhereistheneedtoselectaspeedatwhichthenovicedrivercanmakenewdecisionsconsciouslywithoutbeingunderpressure.Thisrelatestohazarddensity,wherethemorepotentialhazardsneedtobeobservedanddecisionsmadeandthereforetheslowerthespeedthenovicedrivermustdriveinordertocompensate.

Low-riskdriving(developinganin-builtalarm).

Usuallylow-riskdriverscantalkwithpassengerswhilstdrivingcompetently,havingnotroubleinbeingawarewhentostoptalkingandconcentrateonthetaskathand.Peoplewithsoundexperiencehaveanin-builtalarmwhichalertsthemtoapotentialhazardwhenevertheyareinanewsituationorwhenevertheyconsiderthattheirresponsetimecouldbejeopardisingsafety.

Low-riskdriversaimtocommenceforecastingeventsaminimumof5secondsbeforetheyoccurwhichmaximisetheirobservationanddecisionmakingtime.Iftheirfollowingdistanceisnotsufficienttoallowthemtoforecast

potentialhazardevents,thentheyadjustspeedandpositioninordertoachievethis.

Utilisingthistrainingstrategy,theinstructortrainsthelearnerdrivertocalculatethe"5second"distanceatvaryingspeeds,whichshowshowdistanceincreaseswithspeedandwhyitisimportanttoalternatethinkingbetweenshort,middleandlongrangeobservation.

Thismaybedonefromthepassengersidesoasthenovicedriverisundernopressureorneedstothinkaboutotherfactorsindrivingasthedrivertrainerdemonstratesandthenovicedriververbalisestechnique.

Optimismbias


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Psychologistswhostudytherelationshipbetweenthinkingstylesandbehaviourhavediscoveredthatpeoplewhothinkoptimisticallybehavedifferentlytothosewhothinkpessimistically.Peoplewhoareoptimistictendtobemorepositiveinthewaytheythink,believingthattheyaremoreincontroloftheirlives.Inturn,theybelievethatmorepositiveoutcomeswill

occurthannegativeoutcomesforthemincomparisontotheirpeers.

Normally,whenoptimisticpeopleexperiencenegativeeventstheytendtobrushthemaside,notasfailure,butmoreasatemporarysetback,mostlikelycausedbybadluckorunfortunatecircumstances.

Typically,optimisticpeopledonottakethingspersonallyiftheyfail,instead,theytendtoviewthefailureasjustoneincidentandhadnothingtodowiththeiroverallability.Optimisticpeopledonottendtospendalotoftimeonreflectionafterfailurebecausetheystillfeelthatinthefuturetheywillstillbe

abletoavoidanyfuturenegativeevents.

Psychologistsarguethat,asaresultoftheirthinkinghabits,optimistsarehappierthanpessimistsandtendtomakemuchbetterprogresstowardsachievingtheirgoals.Theyhaveastrongsenseofcontrolanddisregardforfailure.Thenegativesidetothisistheytendtotakemorerisksandinturnthisfactorontheroadcancausehorrificoutcomes.

Optimisticpeoplehaveanexaggeratedsenseofcontrol,believingnothingunfortunatewillhappentothem.Theotherpersongoingthroughastopsignillegallymaybeindangerbutiftheydid,becausetheyhavebetterreflexes

andskillswillbeabletoavoidthecrash.Forthisreasontheydonotbelievethattheyneedtobeascautiousasthosenegativethinkingunskilleddriverswithconservativeviewsanddrivinghabits.

Unrealisticoptimismanddriving

Therearelinksbetweenunrealisticoptimismandrisktakingindriving.Unrealisticoptimismiscommoninmostdrivers.Theresearchofmanyroadsafetyexperts,oftenconcludewithfindingsthatmanyaveragedriversconsiderthemselvestobeofaboveaverageandlesslikelytobeinvolvedina

crashthantheirpeers.

Source:FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997

FollowingareexamplesofthoughtprocessesthatmayfuelthisperceptionTheyprovideaguidetotheteachingapproachneededtoalignthedrivers'thinkingmoreaccurately:

'Ilearnttodriveinonlyeightlessonsandpassedmytestthefirsttime.'

'Ihavegoodreflexesandsolammorelikelytoavoidacrash.'

'I'mtolddrivingisdangerousbutIhaven'tcrashed.'


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'I'vedriveninsomeprettytoughconditionsandmanagedtocontrolthecarOK.'

'IseeinformationwhichsayscrashesarecommonbutIhaven'tcrashed.'

'I'vedriventhousandsofkilometresandmadeveryfewseriousmistakes.'

'Iseeotherdriversmakingmistakesallthetime.'

'Icanguesswhichpeoplearemostlikelytocrashbythestupidthingstheydo.'

'ImustbelesslikelytocrashandifIdocrashit'smovebadluckthanbadmanagement.'

Itisimportantthatpartofyourdrivertrainingstrategyaddressesproblemsassociatedwithpromotingoptimismbiasviewsinthelearnerdriver.Itisalsoimportantthatwhentraininglicenseddriverswhodisplayaoptimisticview

thatyoushowtheirlimitationsbothinvehiclecontrolandthoserelatingtoperceptionandrisktaking.Yourtrainingstrategymustincludetherecognitionoffailureandtheimportanceoflearningtoreflectonthisfailuretominimiseriskinthefuturefromotherdriversandtheirownbehaviour.

Attributiontheory

Source:-FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997

Whenpeopleexplainwhattheythinkcausedanevent,theirdescriptionisbasedonwhatmaybecalledtheirworldview.Aworldviewisconstructedovertime,inresponsetoanswersgiventoaseriesofquestions:'Whydidthathappen?'or'Whatcausedthat?'Suchaprocessstartsveryearlyinlifeandcontinueswheneversomethingneworunexpectedisexperienced.Thisworldviewmayleadpeopletoseethemselvesashavingcausedeitherallorpartofanevent,oritmayleadthemtoseethecauseasbeingoutsidetheircontrol.

Causalattributiontheoryisapsychologicaltheorythatarguesthatpeoplewhoattributethecauseofaneventtofactorsoutsidetheircontrolwillbehavedifferentlytothosewhotakeallorsomeresponsibilityforthecauseofthoseevents.Takingresponsibilityforthecauseofaneventiscalled

internalising.Forsituationsthathaveanundesiredoutcome,internalisingcouldbedescribedashavinga'mymistakeview.Attributingcausetootherfactors,suchasotherpeopleorjustbadluck',iscalledexternalising.

Theattributiontheorysuggeststhatpeoplewitha'mymistake'worldviewwillbemorecautiousinriskysituations.Toavoidcausingproblems,theyanticipateproblematicevents.Whentheymakemistakes,theyrecognisetheparttheyplayandlookforwaystoavoidrepeatingthemistake.

Peoplewhointernalisearemorelikelytogivethemselvesusefulfeedbackon

theirperformancethanpeoplewhoexternalise.However,internalisinginitselfwillnotguaranteeimprovedperformance.Knowledgeisnecessary,


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bothofthespecificcauseandofwhatmayleadtothesolution,otherwisethe''why?'questionsmaybeansweredincorrectly.Hence,withtheappropriateknowledgeandskillandinternalworldview,explanationsmaybeexploredandimprovementsmade.Withanexternalview,knowledgeislargelyusedonlytoprovideexcuses.

Causalattributionanddriving

Source:FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997

Thecausalattributiontheorypresentsitselfasapowerfultoolforimprovingdriverskilland,moreimportantly,drivingbehaviour.Learningexperiencesshouldaimatproducing,instudents,aworldviewthat:-

Recognisesfailurewhenitoccursandsituationsthatcouldhaveresultedinfailure;

AskschallengingandappropriateWhy?'questions;

Seeksexplanationsthatpointtointernalfactors;

Providesachievablesolutions.

Itisimportantthatthenoviceorlicencedrivertakeownershipofalleventsandinternalisestheirworldviewaspartofthisownership.

Asatrainerhowyoucommentonpotentialdangercanhaveaneffectonwhetherthedriverinternalisesorexternalisetheproblem.

'Lookoutforbaddrivers'candevelopanexternalview.

Recognisewheretheotherdrivercanmakemistakesandcrashwithyou,candevelopaninternalview.Thenovicedrivermustlearntorecogniseotherdriversmistakestobeabletointernalise.

Recognise optional responses

Driversshouldlearntodescribeoptionalcoursesofactionandhowmuch

timetheyhavetotakethisactioninresponsetopotentialhazards.Theyshouldalsobeabletoevaluatewhichresponseismoreappropriate,discussingthereasonsbasedonhazardpriortisation.Itisimportantforthemtodiscusstheproblemswithinaction.

Riskacceptance

Thedrivershouldbeabletojustifythefactorswhichshapetheirownpersonallevelofriskacceptance,discussingwhatlevelofrisktheyjudgedecisionmakingby.

Retry/abort


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Ifthedriversfirstchoiceisnotappropriate,thentheymustbeabletoquicklyreassesspotentialdangerandre-altercourseappropriatetopreventdangerofcollision.

Motorskills

Thedriversmusthavecompetentpsychomotorskillsinordertoproperlyexecutetheintendedactionwhilstthevehicleisundertotalcontrol.Theyshouldbeabletoverbalisetheirdecisionbasedonwhatcouldeffectvehiclecontrol.

Novicedriversriskacceptance

Jonah(1986)providesagoodsummaryofresearchonthepositiveandnegativevalue(ordisutility)ofriskforyoungdrivers.Hesummarisessuggestedpositiveutilitiessuchas:outletforstress,impressingothers,increasingstimulationorarousal,takingcontrolandactingindependently,opposingadultauthority,frustration,fearoffailureatschool,andpeeracceptance.

BasedonFinnishdata,Summalasuggeststhatittakesabout50,000kilometres(30,000miles)ofdrivingbeforeayoungdriverhassatisfiedhisstrongestextramotivesandlearnttousethecarrationallyorasrationallyastheolderexperienceddriver:

The value of safety

Acompetentdriverwhovaluessafety,basesthissafetyonmotivationsthatencompassesthefollowing:

Theyhighlyvaluelife,boththeirownandothersaswellaspropertyinoursociety.

Theyunderstandandapplytheroadrulestominimiseconfusionbytheirownbehaviourwithothersontheroad.

Theyunderstandwhatariskisandhowtoprioritiesandprotect

themselvesontheapproachtothem.

Isawareofthepotentialconsequencesofaccidents.

How to promote safe driving behaviour

Thebehaviourofdriversisseldomgovernedbyaltruisticmotives(ie.unselfishregardforothers).Trainingshouldpreparedriverswithanattitudetopreservetheirownsafety.


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Humanbehaviourisgenerallymotivatedmorepowerfullybyself-preservation.Therefore,youshouldaimtomakereducedrisk-drivingstrategiesapersonalmotivationforsurvival(defensivedriving).

Theworldviewattitudestoroadsense

Attitude

Attitudedetermineshowknowledgeandskillswillbeused.Itdetermineswhetheradriverwillbecooperativeorcompetitiveintraffic,whetherheorshewillacceptahighlevelofriskorputintopracticetheconceptstaughtindefensivedrivingcourses.

Asapracticeyourbiggestcontributiontoyourchild'ssafetyandeffectivenessbehindthewheelwillbefromyourexample.Patience,courtesyanda

willingnesstoimprovewillbeyourgreatestassets.

Thesafetyeffectsofgooddrivingskillsappeartobeoffsetbyoverconfidenceandincreasedexposuretorisk.Welltrainednovicedriversbecomelicensedsooneranddrivemore,inpartbecauseoftheirownincreasedconfidence,butalsobecausetheirparentsoftengivethemmorefreedomtodrive.

Hazard perception, risk evaluation, and riskacceptance

Whatdriversareabletodoandwhattheychoosetodoaretwodifferentthings.Knowledgeofhowtocontrolacarisnotascriticaltosafetyasindividualmotivation.Strongmotivationmakesupforweakskillsmoresothanstrongskillsmakeupforweakmotivation.Withoutstrongmotivationtoreducerisk,advanceddrivingskillscanleadtomorecrashes,notfewer.

Riskacceptanceisnotthesamethingascrashacceptance.Fewdriverswilltakeariskiftheyknowitwillresultinacrash.Instead,riskychoicesresultfrompoorriskperceptionandtheinabilitytodetecthazardsoftencoupledwithoverconfidence.Goodriskdetection,goodriskevaluationandstrongmotivationmaysupporteachother.However,ifdrivereducationistoproducesaferdriversitmustreinforcetheindividualandcommunityfactorsthatpositivelyinfluencepersonalmotivationandsocialresponsibility.

Attention

Attentionismeanttoincludealertness,arousal,andvigilancethatareessentially'internal'predispositionsinrespondtotheenvironment.Attentiondrivesthesearching,scanning,andnoticingthatthedriverdoes.Itisassumedthatattentionisbothautomaticandcontrollablebydeliberateactionofthe

driver,andthatthequalityofthiscontrolcanimprovethroughexperience.Criticalfactorsincontrolofattentionaredividingitoverthemanydriving


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tasksandswitchingtheallocationofattention.Attentionmustbedistributedamongdifferentareas(eg.,aheadv's.behind)anddifferentcategoriesofobjectsorinformation(eg.,objectsintheroadv's.instruments)

Itispossibletobe'payingattention'andstillmissimportantinformationin

theenvironmentbecauseofscanningorotherdetectionorperceptionfailures.Ourmodelassumesthatattentionisnecessarybutnotsufficientforthedetectionofvisualtargetsandotherinformationinput.

Alertness

Recogniseeffectsofimpairedstatesonalertness

Alertnessisfundamentaltoattentionandnovicesshouldunderstandthe

rangeofpossiblelevelsofalertnessandbeabletoidentifytheinternalstatesandexternalfactorsthatcaneffectit.Theyshouldbeabletoassessandrecognisesymptomsoffatigue,preoccupation,andsubstanceeffects.


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Section 2

Commentary Aids


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Driving when visibility is poor

Keepasafedistancebetweenyourselfandthevehicleinfront.

Donotstopunlessyouhaveto.

Ifyouhaveto,stopthenpullofftheroadtotheleftsideandswitchonyourhazardwarninglightsoryourleftindicatortowarnothers.

Putyourheadlightsonlowbeam.

Highbeamwillnothelpyoutoseefurtherbecausethelightwillreflectbackandmaydazzleyou.

Infoggyconditionsusefoglights.

Managingspaceandtime

Thedrivermusthavespacetomanoeuvreandtimetoreact.

The3-secondrule

Chooseafixedpointontheroadwayaheadandcountthreeseconds.Thedistancetravelledisthedistanceyouarerequiredtomaintainwhenfollowinganothervehicle.

Onethousandandone,onethousandandtwo,onethousandandthree.

Youmustnotletanythingcomeintoyourfollowingdistance.Ifthishappensreducespeedtocompensate.

Ifthefollowingvehicledoesnotkeepthreesecondsbehindyou,thenyouaddthedesireddistancetoyourownfollowingdistance.

The4secondstoppingrule

Thisisanapproximateguidetoenablethetraineetounderstandhowmuchdistanceisneededtosafelystopthevehicleontheapproachtohazardsandwhentheyshouldcovertheirbrake.

4secondsistheminimumdistancerequiredontheapproachtoahazardandalsorelevanttohowcloselyanyfollowingvehiclemaybe.Thecloserthefollowingvehicleisontheapproachtoahazard,thegreaterthebrakingdistancerequired.Therealsomaybeaneedtoincreasetoa6secondbrakingdistanceontheapproachtoahazard.Similarly,increasingthebrakingdistancemaybenecessarywhentravellingdownhillasapposedtodecreasingthebrakingdistanceuphill.

The12secondvisualleadtime

Within12secondsofforwardmovement,thedrivershouldscanthescene,includingthepathsandmakeadjustmentstospeedandpositionasnecessary.


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Giveacommentaryofhazardsthatcollidewithyouoryoumaycollidewithoverthedistanceyouwouldcoverin12seconds.

Onceyouhaveidentifiedthehazards,youmustprioritisetheminorderofimpactzones

Thesmithsystem

TheSmithSystemisoneofthemostwidelyusedmethodsforimprovingdefensivedriving.Itprovidesfiverulesfortrainingtheeyestoseewhatisimportantindriving.Incommentaryyoumustuse'theSmithsystem'relevanttoitspurpose,explaininghowitappliestothetask.

Aimhigh(lookingasfarasyoucanuptheroadtoimprovelongrangeplanning).

Keepyoureyesmoving(dontfixyoureyesonanyonething)

Analysethebigpicture(describealltheroadscene)

Leaveyourselfan'out'(haveyougotanescaperoute).

Makesureothersseeyou(arethereanyfactorswhichcouldpreventothersfromseeingyou).

Professional driver trainer

Stayalert

Aprofessionaldrivertraineranticipateproblemsandalwaysbereadytoreactbecausesomedriversmaygivetheimpressionofbeingconfidentandincontrolbutbetotallyunpreparedtodealwithanysuddenchangeinconditions.Mostnovicedriversarereliantonthedrivertrainerforguidanceandassistance.

Communicateclearly

Directionsshouldbegivenwellinadvanceandexpressedinsimilarterms.Itis

importantthatdrivertrainersarenotmisinterpretedasadangeroussituationmayresult.

Teachsmallmanageablechunks

Arightturninvolvesseveralstepssuchascheckingmirrors,signalling,checkingblindspots,braking,vehiclepositioning,checkingfortrafficbeforetheturn,steering,andrecovery.Toexpectabeginnertofollowallofthesestepscorrectlyduringtheearlysessionsisaskingtoomuchandtheywouldbeworkingoutoftheircomfortzone.Learningtodrivedependsonhavinga

strongfoundation,followedbyaddingsmallbuildingblockswhichcanbeeasilyunderstoodandpreformedsoasconfidenceisbuiltandsound


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techniquesdevelopedthroughouttheprocess.Itisimportantnottotakethenovicedrivertomainroadstooearlywithoutthefoundationandconfidence.

Cool,calmandcollectiveduringpracticesessions.

Ifthedrivetraineractsinarelaxedmannerandincontrolofthesession,itcreatesasoundsupportbasetoenablethenovicedrivertogoontomorecomplextaskswithoutfeelingunsupported.

Informationoverload:

Adrivertraineriscontinuallyremindingthelearnertochecktraffic,tosignalandtobringattentiontopotentialhazards.Itisimportanttofocusoncoreinformation.Commentsshouldbefewandassistalearnerdriverinavoidingsituationsthatarehardtohandle,whichmaydeveloplearningbarriersand

whichmaybedetrimentaltoconfidence.

Reviewontheroadside:

Aftermakingamistakethelearnermaynotunderstandwhatyouwhataccuratelywentwrong.Stopassoonaspossiblewhilethemistakeisstillfreshinthedriver'smemoryanddiscusstheproblem.Itisimportantthatminormistakebetoleratedsothatconfidenceandconcentrationisnotimpaired,alsowhenstoppingatthesideoftheroadtooaddresstheseissues,minimisethetimeasmuchaspossible.

Planning escape route

Peripheralvisionusedforobservingvehicleweave.

Positiondetectionandspeedselectionshouldbeobservedbytheuseofperipheralvision,freeingupcentralvisionforhazardresponse.

Display'innersense'consciousnessforinitiallossofcontrol

Vehiclemovementthroughslidingandorunusualchangesinroadsurfacesshouldbeidentifiedbothvisuallyandauditory.

Risk assessment

Safegapacceptance

Estimateandverify'timetoimpact'(closingrate)

1.Oncomingvehiclesundervariousconditions

2. Vehiclesfromeithersideatintersections


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3. Followingvehicles

4.Overtaking

Estimateandverify'timetocompletion'ofmanoeuvresinvariousconditions.

1. Rightturn.

2. Leftandrightturnsatintersections.

3. Overtaking(completion).

High-riskcollisionevaluation

Novicedriversneedtobeawareofthehigh-riskcategorytheyareinandbeawareofthesecircumstancesontheroad.Theabilitytoprioritiesthecontext,situationandactiongatheredfromcrashstatisticsshouldbeusedtoenhance

decision-making.

Individualisingriskassessment

Novicedriversneedtoknowhowoverconfidencedevelops.Beingawareoftheirindividuallimitations,particularlyintheevaluationofrisk,isdifferentfromdrivertodriver,soasoundknowledgeofonesowncapabilitiesisrequired.

Novicedriversshouldbeabletoidentifythepersonalcausesandeffectsof

underestimatinghazardsandoverestimatingtheirownabilities.

Othersroadusers'expectationsandperspective's

Differingpointsofview

Topredictthelikelyactionsofothers,drivershavetoconsiderwhatcanbeseenfromtheirposition,andwhattheyaretryingtodo.Manydecisionsdependonwhetherthechosenbehaviourwillcauseconflictsbyviolatingtheexpectationsofotherdrivers,pedestrians,andcyclists.Theyshouldfullyappreciatewhatothersexpectfromthem.

Causalattribution/optimismbias

Situationalcontributionstodrivererror

Novicedriversshouldunderstandcausalattributionandshowinsightintonegativeemotionaleffectsresultingfrombias.Theyshouldrecognisetheeffectsofdistractions,emotionsandconditionseffectingtheirowndrivingwhichcauseserrorandbeawarethatothersmightperformthesameerrorsgoingthroughastopsignathighspeed,withoutevenconsideringthe

potentialoutcomes,isaprimeexample.


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Thecommentaryshouldfocusonthemistakesofotherdrivers,bringthesemistakestotheattentionofthenovicedriversothattheymaybeawareofandhopefullylearntoprotectthemselvesintheprocess.

Optionmatchingcommentary

Recognitionofoptionalresponses

Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletodemonstratetheabilitytochooseoptionalcoursesofactionandtiminginresponsetohazardidentification,relevanttotheirexperienceandability.

Thecommentary

Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletodescribetwopossiblecourseoptionsandthepotentialproblemassociatedwitheach,aswellasdetermineswhichisthe

mostappropriatecourse.

Responseselection

Novicedriversshouldbeabletodiscusswhethertheyhaveapproachedandexitedthehazardappropriately.

Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletoverbalisethepositivesandnegativesoftheiractions.

Riskacceptance

Justifylevelofrisk

Novicedriversshouldrecognisefactorsthatinfluencetheirownandothersriskacceptance.

Motor skills

Acceleration

Vehiclehandlingskillscanbeinfluencedbyadriver'sposturalandpositioningchoiceinthevehicle.Novicedriversshouldbeabletoadoptaneffectivefootpositionforthrottlecontrol.Theyshouldbeawareofthebenefitsofsmoothaccelerationandsteadycruisingspeeds.

Deceleration

Novicedriversshouldbeawareofthebenefitsofearlyandgradualdecelerationwithregardsoftheexpectationsoffollowingdrivers.Theyshouldbeabletoaccentuatesteadylightbrakinganddisplaysmoothstops.


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Thenovicedrivershouldnotbraketoolateorheavilycausingthefollowingvehicletobrakeinthesamemanner.

Brakingwithinatimeframe

Novicedriversshouldbeabletousethebrakewithdifferentandappropriatelevelsofdeliberatebrakepedalimpact,stoppingatadesiredpoint.

Optimalbraking

Anappropriateseatingpositionisimportantforapplicationofheavybrakepressure.Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletopreformthresholdbrakingandunderstandthelogicforitsuse.Theyshouldunderstandhowtosqueezethebrakepedalwithoutbangingitandifbreaklockupoccurs,knowhowtoremoveenoughbrakepressuretoencouragewheelrotationwithoutpicking

upmomentumagain.IfthevehicleisfittedwithABSthentheyshouldbeabletosqueezethebraketotheappropriatepressureandallowthecomputertopreformitstasktokeepbrakingpotentialatthethresholdpointoftraction.

OncethedrivercanpreformthresholdandmanualABSbrakingthentheyshouldbeabletodemonstratetheirabilitytobrakeandsteeraroundanobject.

Steering

Novicedriversshoulddevelopconsistentseatingandhandpositionstylesthat

allowforquickandprecisesteeringcontrol.Theyshouldbeabletodemonstratesmoothsteeringresponseswithoutunderoroversteeringandhavetheabilitytoturnacornerusingeitherpullpushorhandoverhandsteeringandstraightenupusingpullpushsteeringonly.

Displaysteadylanetracking

Novicedriversshouldrecognisethebestlanepositionsrelativetotheirsituationandbeabletoholdasteadylinewithminimaldeviation.

Errorcorrection

Novicedriversshouldbeabletodefinethe"pointofnoreturn"inaskidandrelatereasonsforlockupasalastresortwhencorrectionattemptshavefailed.

Demonstrateevasionskills

Novicedriversshouldrecogniseerrorcorrectionsituationswhichrequireemergencyevasionmanoeuvres.Theyshouldunderstandtheprinciplesofandbeabletodemonstrate,wheels-off-road,bitumentogravelandback

recovery,head-oncollisionavoidanceandrearendcollisionavoidance.


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Safetymargin

Choosingasafetymargininvolvesmanagingthetimeandspaceavailablefordetection,perception,evaluation,decision,andresponse.Safetymarginiscontrolledprimarilythroughchoiceofdrivingspeedandplacementofthe

vehicle.

Speedchoice

Modelspeedchoicethatprovidessafetymargins

Novicedriversmustcommittoproperandmoderatespeedchoice,relevanttohazarddensity.Todothistheyhavetorecognisetheeffectsofexcessivetravellingspeedsonerrorcorrectiontime(theirownandothers'errors),whichcanbecriticalevenwhenthetravellingspeedseemsacceptable.

Separation

Safeheadways

Tocommittoproperfollowingdistanceinallconditions,includingspeednovicedriversmustbeabletoidentifywhentheyaretooclosetothevehicleaheadandreadjusttheirownfollowingdistanceaccordinglywhilegivingconsiderationtoanyfollowingvehicle.

Peerpressureonsafetymargins

Manysituations:-distractions,emotions,otherroadusers'errors.Thesefactorscanleadtocompromisingsafetymargins.Fornovicedrivers,passengersseemtobeamajorriskfactorandnovicedriversshouldrecognisetheeffectpassengershaveontheirdrivingandtakestepstothese.Theyshouldbeabletomanagetheeffectsoftimepressuresandotheremotions(grouppressure)ontheirmaintenanceofsafetymargins.

Externalconditions

Novicedriversshouldrecogniseexternalconditionsthatleadtocompromised

safetymarginsandadapttotraffic,roadway,andweatherconditions.

Basicdrivingtips

Drivedefensively.

Concentrateonyourdriving.

Obeyalltrafficcontroldevicesandtrafficlaws.

Becourteoustoothers.

Communicateyourintentionstoothers.

Beawareandkeepalert.Eventhoughyoufollowthelaws,realiseothersmaynot.


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Recognisethatyousharetheroadwithotherswhethertheyarewalking,bicyclingordriving.

Avoidlookingatanyonethingformorethanafewseconds.

Watchforvehiclescomingfromlanesorparkingplaceswhendrivingina

businessdistrict.

Alwaysgiveyourselfenoughtimeandspacetodowhatyouneedtodosafely.

Neverfollowanothervehicletooclosely.

Bemorecarefulandincreaseyourfollowingdistanceatnight,duringbadweatherconditions,peakhourandduringmanoeuvressuchaslanechangesandwhenapproachingintersections.

Donotdrivewhenyouaretired.

Alwaysobeyapoliceofficersordersordirections.Theirdirectionstakepriorityoveratrafficlightorstopsign.

Signalling

Signallingisalegalrequirementandacourtesy.Youarecommittedlegallytocommunicatetootherdriversyourintentionsbygivingtherequiredsignalatleast30metresaheadofwhereyouplantoturn,diverge,slowdownorstop.Beforestopping,turningordivergingmakesureitissafe.Inheavytrafficoronfreeways,signalsoonersodriversbehindyouhavetimetoadjusttheirspeedorposition.Makesureyourturnsignallightstopsflashingbythe

completionoftheturnordivergences.

Passingparkedvehicles

Whendrivingpastparkedvehicles,watchforvehiclesthatmaypulloutinfrontofyou.Lookforcluessuchasapersoninthedriver'sseat,exhaustcomingfromatailpipe,illuminatedbrakelights,aflashingturnsignal,illuminatedreversinglightsor,atparallelparkingareas,avehicle'sfrontwheelsturningout.Watchforavehicledoorbeingopenedinfrontofyou.Also,watchforpedestriansorbicycliststryingtocrosstheroadbetween

parkedvehicles.

Freewaydriving

Whenmergingselectanappropriatespeedsimilartothespeedsbeingtravelledonthefreewayprovideditislegal.Checkappropriatemirrors,signalaminimumof30metreswhileevaluatingtrafficflow.Youmightdecidetoleanforwardwhileglancingbetweenthefrontandsidemirrorssoastowidentheangleofthesidemirror.Whenyouthinkitissafetoproceed,doaheadchecktoremoveanyblindspot.Rememberitisimportanttotravelinlanesthatarenoteffectedbyenteringorleavingtraffic,providedthatitissafeto

doso.


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Windscreen:

Cleancondition.

Noscratchesorcracks.

Windscreenwipers

Nonicksinrubberblade

Operation(wetwindowonly)

Lights

(head,park,stop,reverse,indicator,hazard,no/plate).

Operation.

Cleancondition

Cracks(whitelightshowingbehindlens)

Emergencyequipment

(Tools,jack,jackhandle,wheelbrace,sparetyre)

Location.

Operation.

Condition.

Bodydamage

Checkforanyseriousbodydamageorrust.

Fluidlevels

Checkfluidlevelsof:water,oil,brakereservoirandbattery.

Hoses&belts

Checkforcondition&serviceabilityofradiatorhoses&fan,alternator,airconditioner&powersteeringbelts.

Location&descriptionofinstruments&controls

Dashboard

Lefttorightorrighttoleft


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Fuelgauge

Fuelremainingintank

Temperaturegauge

Temperatureofwaterthatpassesthroughtheradiatortocooltheengine(shouldreadnormal).

Speedometer

InformstheroadspeedinKm/h.

Tachometer

Informsusoftheenginespeedinrevolutionsperminute.(RPMs):-wherefitted

Oilpressure

Alertsusifoilisnotreachingthemovingpartsoftheengine.Seriousdamagewillresultiftheengineremainsrunning(lightshouldbeoutwhileengineisrunning).

Charginglight

Informsifthereisafaultintheelectricalchargingsystem(batterywillrunflatifwarninglightremainsonwhileengineisrunning)

Handbrake

Warninglight:Informsusifparkingbrakeisnotfullyreleased(mustbeoutwhilevehicleisinmotion).

Ignitionswitch

Locksthesteeringwheel(whenkeyisremoved).

Isolatesignitionsystemtoallowaccessoriestooperate(accessoryposition).

Activatestheelectricalsystemtoallowoperationofthevehicle.(onposition).

Startsengine.

Hazardwarning

Lightswitch:Activatessignallightfrontandrear(tobeusedwhenvehicleis

inahazardouspositionwhilestationary).


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Directionalsignal

Lights(left&right)Toinformusifcorrectsignalhasbeenactivatedorcancelled.

HornWarningdevicetoalertmotoristsorpedestriansofimpendingdanger.

NOTE:WhenIgnitionswitchisactivatedallinstrument-warninglightswillbeactivated.Oilpressure&charginglightsmustbeoutwhentheengineisrunning.Parkingbrakewarninglightmustbeoutwhenvehicleisinmotion.

Head&taillightswitch(includingdippingdevice).

Windscreenwiper(includingwashers).

Controls

Accelerator

Toincreaseordecreasetheenginespeed.

Addsfueltoenginewhenpedalisdepressed(increasingspeed)andwhenpedalisreleaseditreducesfuelflow(decreasingspeed).

Operatedwithrightfoot.

Brake

Todecreasethespeedoforstopthevehicle.

Hydraulicallyoperatedonallfourwheels,itadjuststherateofspeedreductiondependingonthepressureappliedtobrakepedal.

Operatedwithrightfoot.

Clutch

Toengageanddisengagethegearboxdrivefromtheengine.

Whendepressed,allowstheenginetoremainrunningifthevehicleisstationary.

Whendepressed,allowsageartobeselectedwhiletheengineandgearboxaredisengaged.

Whenreleased,allowsthevehicletobedrivensmoothlyfromastationaryposition(withoutjerks)."FRICTIONPOINT"iscalledclutch1inmodernterms.

Allowssmoothchangingofthegearsifoperatedcorrectly.

Operatedwithleftfoot.


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Gears

Toallowthevehicletoproceedfasterorslower,withmorepower.

Toallowaneutralgearwheretheclutchcanbeengagedwithoutstallingtheenginewhenvehicleisstationary.

Toallowareversedirection.

Standard"H"pattern.

Palm on top of the gearshift to be used in direction of push.

1stgear-slowestgearbutstrongest.

5thgear-fastestgearbutweakest.

Handbrake

Appliesthebrakesbycabletotherearwheelsofthevehicletopreventrolling(effectivenessdependentuponleverageapplied).

Consistsoflever,lockingbutton&releasebutton.

Buttonmustbedepressedduringoperationtoavoidwearonlockingmechanism.

Tobeusedwhenvehicleisatrestandfootbrakeisnotapplied.

Steeringwheel

Todirectvehicleintherequireddirection.

Handspositionedat10to2or9to3.

Handstoremainontheoutsideofsteeringwheel.

Guide to instructive commentary

Whenverbalising,itisimportanttocreatesomeformofordertothecommentary.Whenapproachingapotentialhazardthefirstthoughtinmindistodevelopasystematicapproachthatplaceshazardsinpriorityofpotential

danger.Iftimeislimitedandyouareunabletoexplaineverything,deletetheleastimportantinformation.

Itwouldbeadvisabletousethesameterminologyconsistentlysoastoavoidanyconfusion.Keepinstructionsshortandtothepointandaboveallcommunicateinsimplisticterms.

Belowyouwillfindtypicalwording,whichmaybeofuseininstructivecommentaryforbothaleft-handturnandarighthandturn.


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Righthandturns

Checkmirrors(interiorandside)signalnotlessthan30metres,headcheckandmovewhensafetowardthecentrelineorislandandcancelsignal.Checkmirrors,signalnotlessthan30metres,brake,select2ndgear,clutchupbefore

theintersection.

Thisisastandardcommentaryfordivergingandpositioningwhennegotiatingarighthand.Thenextstepistoinstructthenovicedriverofwhatshouldbedonewhenconfrontedbyindividualsituations.

Redlight

Stopbeforestopline.

Greenlight

Moveintointersection1/3ofthewayandkeepwheelsstraight,givewaytotrafficfromoppositedirectionproceedingstraightandturningleft,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwhereappropriateandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Stopsign

Stopbeforethestopline,givewaytovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingcarriageway,oncomingvehiclesproceedingstraightand

turningleft,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwhereappropriateandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Givewaysign

Givewaytovehiclesontherightandleft,vehiclesfromtheoppositedirection,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwherethereisabicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootwayandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Uncontrolledintersection

Givewaytovehiclesfromtheright,vehiclesfromoppositedirectionproceedingstraightandturningleftandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.Checkleftfordanger.

Aroundabout

Approachatasafespeed,positionleftofthecentreofthecarriageway(two-waycarriageway).Mirrorandsignalnolessthan30metresbeforetheroundabout.


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Givewaytovehiclewithintheroundaboutandapproachingfromtherightandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Passthroughtotheleftofthecentralislandandpositionthevehicletotheleftofcentreofthestreetbeingentering.

Ifturningataroundaboutwheretherearelaneswithin,thelanewhereyoustarttheturnisthelanewhereyoufinishtheturn.

Keeptorightlaneofroundaboutandexitintotherightlaneofthestreetyouareentering,mirror,signalforatleast30metres,headcheckandmovetotheleftifsafetodoso.

NOTE

Althoughitisnotlegallyrequired,itwouldbeadvantageoustosignalLEFT

uponexitingfromLARGERroundaboutsifyouareinfactcrossingalane/lanestodoso.

Lefthandturns

Keepleft,mirror,signalfornotlessthan30metres,brake,select2ndgearandclutchupbeforetheintersection.

Redlight

Stopbeforestopline.

Greenlight

Commityourselftotheintersectionandgivewaytopedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Stopsign

Stopbeforestoplineandgivewaytotraffictravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Givewaysign

Approachataspeedrelevanttotheamountofvisionblockout.

Givewaytovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.


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Pointstobeconsideredduringcommentary

Keep1.5metresawayfromparkedvehicles,soastoavoidopeningdoors,vehiclesmovingoutandtoallowformaximumvisibilityofpedestriansstepping.

Scanfrombuildinglinetobuildinglineandwatchforpedestrians,animalsandothervehicles.

Scanintersections,coverthebrakeifnecessaryandensureothervehiclesaregivingwaytoyou.

Reducespeedonapproachinghazardsandapproachataspeedthatwillenableyoutostop,ifrequiredcoverbrake.

Reducespeedthroughshoppingcentres,watchoutforextrapedestrianactivityandvehiclesmovinginandoutfromthekerb.Keepwellbackfromslowmovingvehicles.Coverthebrakeifnecessary.

Keepaspacecushionaroundyourvehicle.Thefurtheryoukeepawayfromothervehiclesthelesslikelihoodyouhaveofhavinganaccident.

Keepa3-secondgapawayfromthevehicleaheadsoastomaintainasafestoppingdistance.(4secinthewet).

Makesureyoucanseetherearwheelsofthecarwhenstoppingbehinditwhileintraffic.

Driveentirelywithinlanes,wherepossible.

Stopontheapproachsideofstoplines.

Keepleftwherepossible.

Keepintersectionsandcrossingsclear,whenstopping.

Checkmirrorsregularly(approximatelyevery7secs).

Observewellahead.Thefurtheraheadyousee,themoretimeyouhavetoplanyourcourseandtakeevasiveactionifnecessary.

Checkyourgaugesandspeedregularly.

Observespeedsignsandadaptyourspeedtosuit.

Observeadvisoryandtemporarysignsandadjustyourdrivingtosuit.


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Badhabitslist

Theitemslistedbelowarecommondrivinghabitsthataredisplayedbydriverswhohavenothadprofessionalguidanceintheirdrivereducation

programs.Perhapsthesefaultshavedevelopedbecauseoflazinessorpoorattitude.Howeverifyourlearnerdriverdisplaysanyofthefollowingbadhabitsyoushouldimmediatelyattempttorectifythem.

Armsrestingonrestsorsillswhilethecarinmotion.

Handsnotatapproximatelythe10to2positiononthesteeringwheel.

Handsplacedinsidetherimofthesteeringwheel.

Watchthatthelefthanddoesnotremainonthegearselectorafterthecompletionofagearchange.

Watchthatclutchpedaldoesnotremaindepressedtoolongafterthegearisengaged,ieclutchinaroundcorners.

Watchthattheclutchisnotdepressedtooearlywhenstoppingatapproximately15-20kph.

Watchforthefootrestingontheclutchpedalandperhapsunnecessarilydepressingtheclutch.

Rearviewmirrorincorrectlyadjusted,causingexcessivemovementofthehead.

Watchforcorrectseatingpositioneg,slouching,leaning,stretchingoflegs,crampedlegspaceandarmdistancefromsteeringwheel.

Theabovehabitsshouldberectifiedasearlyaspossibleintheprocessofthedrivingprogram.


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Section 3

Low Risk Driving Commentary


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Commentary technique 1

Position selection and gap selection around thevehicle

Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)

1. Earlypositionplanning.

2. Frontandrearfollowingdistanceandsideclearance.

Keycommentaryelements(bothtechniques):

Positioningonroadwithregardtothelegalandsafetyrequirements.

Followingdistance(3-secondrule).

Increasingfollowingdistancewhenavehiclebehindistravellingtoclose.

Sideclearance.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonforward,rearandsidegapselectionwithina5kilometrezoneorovera5minuteperiod.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonselectingthesafestroadpositiononapproachtohazardsataminimumof12secondsbeforethehazard.


Hazard approach (4 second brake approach)

Onecommentarytechnique

Keycommentaryelements:

Coveringthebrakeapproximately4secondsbeforeahazardonaflatroad.Coveringthebrakeapproximately4to6secondsbeforeahazardwhen

goingdownhill.

Coveringthebrakeapproximately2secondsbeforeahazardwhengoinguphill.

Explainwhyyouorthelearnerneedstocoverthebrakeontheapproachtothehazard.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,instructingwhenthelearnerdrivermust

coverthebrakeandwhy,ontheapproachtohazardsina5kilometrezoneor


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over5foraminuteperiod(itisnotnecessarytocoverthebrakeatspeedslessthan25km/h).


12 second visual lead time


Keycommentaryelements:prioritise

Evaluatingifpotentialdangerofacollisionwithothervehiclesorpedestrians.

Identifyinghazardsandpriortisingimpactorderduringa12secondvisualleadtime

Explainingthemandinvalidatingthepotentialdangerofthehazardidentified(traineeortrainer).

Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,identifyingandpriortisinghazardsinimpactorder.Commentarymustbeover5differentonekilometrezones.


Observation

Threecommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)

1. Highaimsteering.

2. Leaveyourselfanout.

3.Beingseen.


Planningoverashort,mediumandlongrange.

Creatingpotentialescaperoutesandevaluatingtheoutcomeofevasiveaction.

Evaluatingproblemsassociatedwithotherdriversorpedestriansnotseeingyourvehicle.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonallthreeobservationareas.Commentarymustbeover5differentonekilometrezonesora5-minuteperiod.


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Observation at intersections

Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)

1. 180degreescanning.

2. Visionblockout.


Scanningatintersections,two180degreescans.

Removingvisionblockout.

Thetrainermustgivetwocommentariesoneachofthefollowingsituations;

Proceedingstraightaheadafterstoppingatstopsign.

Proceedingstraightaheadatgivewaysigns.

Proceedingstraightaheadatroundabouts.

Rightturnatacrossroads.

Rightturnatgreenlights.

Rightturnfromthebottomofa't'intersection.

Leftturnatacrossintersection.

Leftturnatasliplane.


Driving in a systematic way

Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)1. Systemofvehiclecontrol.

2. Systemofdecisionmaking.


Usingthesystemofvehiclecontrol(sixfeatures).(Foreachstep,statethefeature,whatitmeansandwhatyouneedtodo.EgfeatureonCourse,whichmightmeanthatyouneedtodivergetoadifferentpositionontheroadbycheckingmirrors,signalling,headcheckingandmovingwhenitssafetodoso.)


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Usingthesystemofdecisionmaking(threefeatures).(Foreachstep,statethefeature,whatitmeansandwhatyouneedtodo.Eg.FeatureoneLegal,whatisthelegalrequirementof.FeaturetwoRisk,whatistheriskandFeaturethreeLogic,whatdoIneedtodotofollowthelegalrequirementandatthesametimehowdoIavoidtherisk?

Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,usingthesystemofdecisionmakingovera2-kilometrezoneandonthreeoccasions.Commentarymustbecompletedatleast5secondspriortoahazard.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,usingthesystemofvehiclecontrolovera2-kilometrezoneandonthreeoccasions.Commentarymustbecompletedatleast5secondspriortoahazard.

Commentarytechnique7

Risk assessment


1. Riskassessment.


SelectingtheGap

JustifyRisk

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera10minuteperiodwithaminimumof5leftand5rightturnsonwhatisanappropriategapselectionandhowitcanbejustifyacceptanceofthatgap.


Causal attribution


1. Attributiontheory.


Evaluatingwhattheothervehiclesorpedestrianscoulddowrongandwhichmayaffectthesafetyofyourvehicleandothers.


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Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneonthepotentialmistakesofotherdriversandhowthelearnerdrivercanprotectthemselvesandothers.


Speed selection

Onecommentarytechniques

Speedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.


Justifyingspeed

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneoncorrectspeedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.


Driving at night


Speedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.


Usingheadlightsandhazardperception.

Speedselectionaccordingtovisibility.

Keepinglightsonhighbeamuntilallhazardsareidentifiedbetweentwovehicles.

Usingeyetechniquetoavoidhighbeamdazzle.

Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneonskillsappropriatetonightdrivingandvision.


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Givewaysigns

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

ProceedingSTRAIGHTAHEAD

Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.

GIVE WAY to vehicles travelling along or turning from anyintersecting road.

TurningRIGHT


SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.

PositiontoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.

PositiontoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.

GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootway.

Ifatacrossroad,GIVEWAYtovehiclesfromtheoppositedirectionandleftturningvehicles.

GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouare

tuninginto. GIVEWAYtobicyclestravellinginthesameoropposite

directiononabicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootway.

TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection

Completeturnto:LEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad

CompleteturntoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.

TurningLEFT


SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.

PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT.

GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

Complete turn to the left.


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Roundabout

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

ProceedingSTRAIGHTAHEAD


GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutapproachingfromtheright

Pass through to the LEFT of central island.

TurningRIGHT


SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforethe

intersection PositionLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.

Positiontotherightofcentreifa1wayroad.

GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutandapproachingfromtheright.

GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouaretuninginto.

PassthroughtotheLEFTofcentralisland.

CompletetheturnLEFTofCENTREtotherightboundaryofthecarriagewayyouareenteringifitis1way.

TurningLEFT




GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutandapproachfromtheright.

GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouareturninginto.

Complete turn to the LEFT.


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Terminatingintersections

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

TurningRIGHT


SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.



GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclesonabikepath,

segregatedfootwayandsharedfootway. GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingroadyouaretuning

into.

TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection.

CompleteturntoLEFTofCENTRE2wayroad.


TurningLEFT


SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metres

PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT

GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclesonabikepath,segregatedfootwayandsharedfootway.

GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingroadyourtuninginto

Complete turn to the left


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Trafficlights

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

ProceedingSTRAIGHT


PROCEEDonaGREENLIGHT.

STOPbeforestoplineiflightisAMBERandifsafetodoso.

STOP before stop line if LIGHT is RED.

TurningRIGHT

Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopif

necessary. SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforethe

intersection.



IfaGREENLIGHT,GIVEWAYtovehiclesfromtheoppositetravellingstraightaheadandleftturningvehiclesandbicyclestravellingintheoppositeorthesamedirectionifapplicable.

GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouareturninginto.

IfanAMBERLIGHTstopbeforestoplineifsafetodoso.

IfaREDLIGHT,stopbeforethestopline.

TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection.

CompleteturntoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.



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TurningLEFT




IfaGREENLIGHT,GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.

IfanAMBERLIGHT,stopbeforestoplineifsafetodoso.

IfaREDLIGHT,stopbeforestopline.

Completeturntotheleft.

Where a SLIP LANE is provided, give way to all other vehicles

and pedestrians crossing the slip lane.

Pedestriancrossing

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

RealSituation


Stopbeforethecrossingifnecessary.

GIVE WAY to any pedestrians on the crossing.

Hypotheticalsituation

(Introductionofanothervehiclestoppedatthecrossing)


Stopbeforethecrossingifnecessary.

GIVEWAYtoanypedestriansonthecrossing.

Donotproceedifanothervehicleisstationaryatthecrossingandheadedinthesamedirection.

Do not proceed until pedestrians are safely clear of yourvehicle.


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Schoolcrossing

TESTSITUATION

MAJORPOINTS

RealSituation


Stopatthestoplineifany,orbeforethecrossinganddonotcrossifanypedestrianisonthecrossing.

Proceed only when crossing is completely clear of pedestrians

Hypotheticalsituation

(Introductionofanother

vehiclestoppedatthecrossingand/orsupervisoroncrossing)


Stopatstoplineifany,orbeforereachingthecrossinganddonotentercrossingif:-

Anypedestrianisonthecrossing.

Anyothervehicleisstationaryatthecrossingandheadedinthesamedirection

Astopsignisdisplayedfacingyou(supervisor).

Proceed only when the crossing is clear of pedestrians andstop sign has been removed.


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Teaching a driving skill

Themostimportantthingwhenteachingadrivingskillistomakethewholeprocess

tangible,inordertolinkintoeitherthetrainee'spreviousexperienceortocreatethedesiredexperiencesbyutilisingasmanysensesaspossibleinyourtraining.Rememberitisimpossibletotransferyourthinking,mentalschemersandyourexperiencetothetraineemindbyusingwordsonly.

Thedefinitionoftangibleistomakeyourteaching:

Real

Clearlyintelligible(thatcanbeclearlyunderstood)

Definite(havingexactlimits,distinct,preciseandnotvague)

Perceptiblebytouch

Notelusiveorvisionary(impractical,puzzling,unreal,insubstantial,misjudgingandimaginary)

Stage1 Pre-sessionexplanation

1. Informthetraineewhattheobjectiveofthesessionis.

2. Informthemoftherelevanceintermsoflicensingorsurvival.

3. Explainthetypeofteachingmethodyouareusingandtheadvantagestothem.

Stage2 Modelling/demonstration

Modellingcanbedoneintwowaysdependingonthetraineespreferredlearningstyle.

1. Demonstratingthefinishproductwhichiscallednormaldemonstration(demonstratingtheskilltoitscorrectassessmentstandardtobecompetent)

2. Demonstratingthekeycomponents,whichiscalledslowdemonstrationinwhichyouwillneedtoexplainkeyfeatures,asyouareabouttoperformthem.

3. Thedrivertrainerdrivesthevehicleandquestionsthetraineewhattodonextonkeycomponentsofthedemonstration.Thisiscalledthequestioningphase.

Stage3 Sub-modelling

1. Learnerdrivesthevehicle.

2. Createtheexperience-How,why,when.

3. Seesub-modelguidelines.

Stage4 Theory

Explainandusetrainingaidsonthekeytheorypoints,basedonwhatyouhavemodelled.

Rememberyouwillneedtoaskrelevantopenquestionstoevaluatetheeffectivenessofyourmodellingandthetheoryfollowingit.


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Stage5 Transferoflearning/Practice

Thisiswherethetraineeissupportedintheearlystagesofdoingthenewskillbyassistingthem,relevanttotheirneeds.

1. Itisveryimportanttoquestioningthemwhattodonext,inordertoworkoutifthere

hasbeenanytransferoflearningbetweenstage2to4.

Stage6 Assessment

Thetraineeisnowinformedthattheywillbedoingtheskillwithoutyourassistancetoevaluatetheirunderstanding.Thisisassessmenttimeforyou.Youmustdecidewhetheryouaredoingaformativeassessmentorsummativeassessment.

Note:Ifapersonhasdrivenbeforeandyouneedtoestablishcurrentcompetency,thenyouwouldconductadiagnosticassessment.

Stage7 FeedbackTherearetwoformsoffeedback,positiveornegative.Positivefeedbackiswhenthetraineehasperformedtheskilltothedesiredstandardandyouwillneedtoreinforcethisbehaviour.Negativefeedbackiswhenthetraineedidnotperformtheskilltothedesiredlevel,sotheyneedcorrectivefeedbackthatcoverscorrectandincorrecttechnique.Ifusingnegativefeedback,itisimportantthatstagetwoofthemodelisrevisited,startingatmodellingandfinishingoncemorewithfeedback.Whenremodellingitisimportanttodemonstratewhattheyarecurrentlydoingagainstthedesiredassessmentperformance.

Stage8 Evaluation

Atthecompletionofthepracticalsession,youwillneedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessof;

thesessionplan.

yourtrainingperformance.

thetrainingenvironmentselected.

improvementlevelsofthetrainee.


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'Teaching a driving skill' model

Pre-session

ObjectivesMotivation

Structureo session

InexperienceTrainees

Sub-modelThetraineeexperiences

1. Why2. How

. When

Transfer of learning / Practice

Useofleadingandopenquestion.Practiceusingoverleaning

techniques

Demonstration1. Normal2. Slow

. uestionin

TheoryKeyprimacyandrecency

messagesexplained

Correction

Correctanyweaknessutilisingasmanysensesaspossible.

Sub-modelsorDemonstrationwillbeusedaspartofthecorrectionalfeedback.(Tangible)

Evaluation

Thesessionplan.Trainersperformance.Thetrainingenvironment

Improvementlevelsofthetrainee.

Feedback

Positivefeedbacktoreinforcedesiredbehaviour

Negativefeedback(CorrectionPhase)

Assessment

DiagnosticorFormative

orSummative

assessment

Experience

Trainees(RPL)


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Driver training sub-models

Topic1 TakeOffs

Why

Submodel1.1

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencestallingbybringingclutchoutslowlywithoutholdingatclutch1.

Submodel1.2

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowwecreatemomentumbyholdingateachclutchpoint.Holdeachclutchpointtodiscoverclutch1to4andhowweneedtowitheachclutchpointbyholdingclutch1to3forapproximately2metres.

Submodel1.3

Applystartingpoweronly,approximately1200RPMandholdclutch1,2,3andthen4showinghowthemotordies.

How

Submodel1.4

Clutchtechnique1.

Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchonefor1to2metres.

Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchtwofor1to2metres.

Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchthreefor1to2metres.

Reapplygasto1200RPMandreleaseclutchtoclutchfourposition.

Clutchtechnique2.




Clutchtechnique3.


Releaseclutchfullytotheclutchfourposition.

Handbrakestarts


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Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchoneor2dependingonthesizeofthehill.

Releasethehandbrakeandthevehiclewillbalanceonthespot.


Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchthreefor1to2metres.


When

Submodel1.5

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencewhichclutchtechniquewillneedtobeusedinthefollowinglocation:

Takeofinastraightline

Takeoffaroundacorner

Movingapproximately2the3metresforward.

Topic2 ChangingUp

Why

Submodel2.1

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethatthereisonlysofarthemotorwillrevtooandby

changingtoahighergear,itreducestheamounttheenginerev'sattheequivalentspeeds.

Exercise1and2

Moveoffin1stgearandacceleratetoapproximately4000RPMlisteningtothesoundofThengineandatthesametimecheckingthetachometerevery1to2seconds.

Dothesamethingasexercise1butthistimechangetoahighergearandseehowtherevsdropdownatthesamespeed.

Submodel2.2

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatisaweakandstronggear.

Thetraineewillexperiencetakingofin1stgearandthentryingtotakeoffin2ndor3rdgear.

Submodel2.3

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtousethegearstickwhilethevehicleisparkedonthesideoftheroadandthemotoristurnedoff.Thekeyhereishowthepalmispositiontochangethegearsandtheroleneutralplaysinselectinggears.

How

Submodel2.4


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Thetraineeneedstolearnhowtochangegearsinanenvironmentthatislowriskandsimulatestherealthingwithoutthedistractionsofothervehiclesandpedestrians.

Whileonthesideoftheroadthetraineewillexperiencethetrianglepositionforpreparationstageofthegearchange.(Righthandonthesteeringwheel,leftfoot

abovetheclutchandthepalmonthegearstick).

Submodel2.5

Thetraineeneedstolearnhowtochangegearsinanenvironmentthatislowriskandsimulatestherealthingwithoutthedistractionsofothervehiclesandpedestrians.

Thetraineewillexperiencechanginggearsusingthecorrecttechniquewiththemotorturnoff.

Clutchinoffthegas.

Changegear.

Clutch1,thenaddgaswhileslowlyreleasingtheclutchfullyout.

Submodel2.6

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencechanginggearswillmovingalong,1stto2nd,2ndto3rd,3rdto4th.

When

Submodel2.7

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowmuchthevehicleneedstoberevvedto

beforechangingintohighergearsondifferentinclinesandtheamountofrev'sthatarelostbetweeneachgear.

Thefollowingisapproximatelyhowmanyrevsarerequiredbeforechangingintohighergears.

Flatroad25003000RPM

UpHill3000to4000RPM

Downhill2500to3000RPM

Topic3 Braking

Why

Submodel3.1

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencethedifferencebetweenjabbingthebrakeandsqueezingthebrakefromapproximately40km/hinsecondgear.

Submodel3.2

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatslowsthevehicledown.

Thefollowingare3exercisesthatthetraineeneedstoexperience.


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Thetraineetravelsalongatapproximately40km/hinsecondgearandthrowstheclutchintoseeiftheclutchslowsthevehicledown.

Thetraineetravelsalongatapproximately40km/handtakestheirfeetawayfromallpedalstoexperiencehowthemotorslowsthevehicledown.

Thetraineetravelsalongat40km/handbrakestoexperiencehowthebrakesandthemotorworktogethertoslowthevehicledowninthemosteffectway.

Submodel3.3

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatcausesstalling.

Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handtakestheirfeetawayfromallpedalstoexperienceifthevehiclewillstall.

Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handbrakesthevehicledownto10kmp/hand

stabilisesthespeedtoexperienceifthevehiclewillstall.Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handbrakesthevehicledownastopwithout

depressingtheclutchtoexperiencesstalling.

How

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtobrakefromdifferentspeeds.

Submodel3.4

Brakemethod1

Theclutchisbetweenclutch13andthevehicleistravellingbelow10kmp/h.Tostoptheclutchisdepressedfullytothefloorbeforebraking.

Submodel3.5

Brakemethod2

Thevehicleistravellingbetween10and20kmp/handthebrakeiscoveredorslightlysqueezeduntilthespeedisbelow10kmp/h,depressingtheclutchfullybeforestopping.

Submodel3.6

Brakemethod3

Thevehicleistravellingover20kmp/handthevehicleisbrakedhinahighgearbelow20kmp/h,whentheclutchisdepressedbeforestopping.

When

Submodel3.7

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtostopequalwithobjectssuchastree,poles,stoplinesorparkedvehiclesfromdifferentspeeds.Thekeylearningrequirementistoexperiencewhentobrakeearlyfromhigherspeeds.

Brakingatobjectsformspeedsrangingbetween20kmp/hto60kmp/h.


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Topic4 Steering

Why

Submodel4.1

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithturningthesteeringwheelfromthebottomofwheelandlookingattheirhandswhenturning.Theyalsoneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithstraighteningupwithcrossedhandsquickly.

Submodel4.2

Thetraineeneedstoexperienceturningwithouttheuseofcentralvisionandtheproblemswithtryingtojudgeweretheirgoing.

Submodel4.3

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowthemoreyouturntheearlieryouneedtostraightenthesteeringwheel.

How

Submodel4.4

Thetraineeneedtoexperiencehowthehandsworkoperateforeitherpullpushorhandoverhandsteeringwhilestationary(drysteeringwherepractical).

Submodel4.5

Thedrivertrainerneedstooperatethecontrolpedalswhilethetraineeexperiencesturninglefttorightandrighttoleftwiththeireyesclosedinordertofeelhowtheir

handswork.Submodel4.6

Thetraineesneedtoexperiencehowtolookatanobjectwiththeircentralvisionwhiletheyturnandstraightenuptowardsthatobject,stillwiththetraineroperatingthepedals.

When

Submodel4.7

Thetraineesneedtoexperienceturning90degreesandthenstraighteningup.

Topic5 LeftTurns

Why

Submodel5.1

Thetraineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithwideturnsandthendefinewhatnearaspracticaltotheleftmeansintermsofsafedistance.

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowwidetheycanapproachacornerandatthesametimepreventavehiclefromcominguptheinsideleft.


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Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencestartingtocloseandturningtoearlyandhowtheywillneedtoturnwidetomissthekerbexperiencingthepotentialproblemsofaheadoncollision.

Submodel5.2

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithturningandnotusingthecentralvision.

How

Submodel5.3

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtopositionthevehicletoturncorrectly.

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethestartingpositionwhichisapproximately1to1.5metresoutfromthekerb.

Thetraineewillselecttheturningposition,whenthecentreofthepassengerdoorislevelwiththepointthekerbstartstorotate.

Thetraineewillturnthewheelasmuchasthekerbturnssoastheyfollowtherotationofthekerb.

Thetraineewillfinishtheturnthesamedistanceoutfromthekerbastheystartedtheturn

Submodel5.4

Thetraineewillneedtoexperienceeyesshouldbeusedwhenturningleft:

Onapproachtothecornerthecentraleyessightwillbescanninghighonapproachtotheintersection.

Onapproachtotheturningpointofthecornerthecentraleyesightwilllookdownforwhenthekerbstartstorotateandassessingwhethertheyarefollowingthekerbwiththesamerotation.

Approximatelyonequarteraroundthecornersthecentraleyesightlooks50metresuptheroadtheyareturningintotowardstheintendedfinishingposition.

When

Submodel5.5

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencedifferentleftturnsfromtighttowideapproachangles.

Topic6 RightTurns

Why

Submodel6.1


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Thetraineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithwideturnsandthendefinewhatnearaspracticaltoleftofcentremeansinordertopreventvehiclesfromcominguptheinsiderightwhenturning.

Submodel6.2

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithcuttingthecornerorturningfromtheleftsideofthecentreoftheintersection.

Submodel6.3

Traineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithnotscanningbetweenoncomingvehiclesandtheirfinishingposition,inordertominimisethepotentialofanheadonaccident.

How

Submodel6.4

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtopositionthevehicleinordertoturncorrectly.

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethestartingposition,whichisleftofthecentreofthecarriageway.

Selectthecorrectturningpositionwhichisapproximatelyonethirdintotheintersection,atthesametimekeepingthewheelsstraightwerepractical.

Finishingpositionleftofthecentreofthecarriageway.


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Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencetheproblemwithsignallingtoolateandtheeffectonthefollowingvehicle.

HowandWhen

Submodel8.3

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowspeedeffectsdistancewhenthetraineeshouldsignaltomaximisesafetyfrombehindwithoutcausingconfusion.

Thetrainershouldasthetraineetostopwhentheywouldsignalanddiscusssafetyoutcomes.

Topic9 ChangingDownGears

Why

Submodel9.1

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatlabouringis.

Thetraineewillslowdownin3rdgeartoapproximately15to20kmp/handacceleratingupto50kmp/h,experiencingthedifferentenginesoundsandaccelerationresponse.

Submodel9.2

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethespeedrangeineachgearfromthelowestspeedrangetothehighestspeedrange.

1st

gear0-30kmp/h

2ndgear10kmp/hto50kmp/h

3rdgear35kmp/hupwards

4thgear50kmp/hupwards

5thgear70kmp/hupwards

How

Submodel9.3

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtocontrolthespeedwiththefootbrake.

Flatroadatapproximately20kmp/h

Uphillatapproximately20kmp/h

Downhillatapproximately20kmp/h

Submodel9.4

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethechangingbacktechnique,controllingthespeedatthesamespeedtheywouldgoaroundacornerandchangingback,still

controllingthespeedwiththebrakeifpracticalandreleasingtheclutchsmoothly.


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When

Submodel9.5

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethedistancefromthehazardtheymustreducespeedandchangebacktoappropriategear.

Exampleat60kmp/h

Startbrakingapproximately100metresfromthecorner.

30metresbeforethecornerthevehiclewillbedoingthesamespeedasthetraineewillnegotiatethecorner.

Changebackthegearandreleasetheclutchfullynolessthan10metresbeforethecorner.

Topic10 UnlanedRoundaboutsWhy

Submodel10.1

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithenteringtheroundaboutkeepingthewheelsstraightandenteringtheroundabouttogainabetterviewontheright,whichpreventsthevehicleontherightfromproceedingthroughtheroundabout.

Enteringtheroundaboutkeepingthewheelsstraight.

Submodel10.2

Stopinginsidetheroundabouttogainmaximumobservationontheright.

How

Submodel10.3

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencethecorrecttechniqueforentering,travellingthroughandexitingtheroundabout.

1. Proceedstraight

2. Turningright

3. TurningleftSubmodel10.4

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhotheymustgivewaytoo.

Submodel10.5

Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowtomaximiseobservationwhenproceedingstraight,rightturnandleftturnataroundabout.

Whentravellingstraightaheadattheroundabout,thetraineewillpreformtwo90degreescansfromtherighttotheoncomingvehiclesturningrightandfinallytothe

entrypointoftheroundabout.Oncetheyhaveenteredtheroundabouttheywillpreformone90-degreescanfromthelefttotheexitpointoftheroundabout.


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Whenturningrightattheroundabout,thetraineewillpreformtwo90degreescansfromtherighttotheoncomingvehiclesturningrightandfinallytotheentrypointoftheroundabout.Oncetheyhaveenteredtheroundabouttheywillpreformone180-degreescanfromthelefttotheoncomingvehicleandthentotheexitpointoftheroundabout.


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When

Submodel10.6

Thetraineeneedtoexperiencewhatspeedshouldbeselectedrelevanttothefollowingvehicleandvisionblockout.

Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethebrakingdistancebetween:

1. 10kmp/h

2. 15kmp/h

3. 20kmp/h

4. 25kmp/h

Topic11 Gear

TLIM107A - Develop Safe Driving Habits in Others - Learner Guide

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