TKT Module 1 Units 7, 8

Listening

Listening is a receptive skill which involves making sense of meaningful sounds of language.

To listen successfully we need:

To understand the context To use our knowledge of language To use our knowledge of the world To understand different text types To understand different speed and

accents To use different subskills

Differences between spoken and written languages:

WRITTEN LANGUAGE Stays on the page

Uses punctuation and capital letters to show sentences

Consists of letters, words etc.

No body language involved Well organized (logical

structure) More complex grammar and

exact vocabulary

SPOKEN LANGUAGE

Differences between spoken and written languages:

WRITTEN LANGUAGE Stays on the page

Uses punctuation and capital letters to show sentences

Consists of letters, words etc. No body language involved Well organized (logical

structure) More complex grammar and

exact vocabulary

SPOKEN LANGUAGE Disappears as soon as it is

spoken Shows sentences through

stress and intonation Consists of connected speech,

sentences, incomplete sentences or words

Body language, facial expressions, gestures

May have interruptions, repetitions

Uses rather general vocabulary and simple grammar

Spoken texts can be:

Coversations Stories Announcements Songs Instructions Lectures Advertisements

Listening subskills:

Listen for gist Specific information Detail Attitude (what attitude a speaker is

expressing) Extensive listening

Separation of subskills training at different age

Lower secondary student are trained to: Identify important words Understand and respond to simple

instuctions Recognise basic differences in information

(commands vs questions) Understand development of a simple story Identify main idea Etc.

Key concepts: Supply your learners with many sourses of spoken

language Listening based on visual support is easier to understand Introduce authentic listening Comprehension activities must be easier than the

listening itself Choose interesting stories to listen Vary focus – problem sounds, connected speech,

subskills, new language

Listening activities pattern

1. Intoduction (visualisation) – focus on topic, language

2. Main activities – comprehension, subskills

3. Post activities – personalisation, discussion, dialogues

Speaking

Speaking is a productive skill, like writing, and involves using language to express meanings to other people.

Pronounce words Answer questions Use intonation Ask for clarification Correct themselves Take part in discussions Choose or change register

of the language according to the situation

Plan what they will say Smile Ask for and give

information

Respond appropriately Persuade Tell stories Start speaking when

someone else stops Use accurate grammar and

vocabulary Use tenses Take part in conversations

speaking means interaction with one or more people using body language

Interactive strategies:

Making eye contact Using facial expressions Asking check questions Clarifying your mening Confirming understanding

Speaking subskills:

Fluency (speaking at a normal speed, without hesitation, self-correction, repetition with connected speech)

Accuracy (using correct forms of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation)

Key concepts: Focus learners on particular aspects of speaking Vary controlled practice with freer practice in order not

to limit communication Give learners a reason for communicating Give enough support, time and assessment to provide a

friendly environment for speaking Think of the way how to control (fluency vs accuracy) Prepare learners for speaking with practiced vocabulary

and grammar Don’t forget about TPR and silent period

Speaking activties pattern

Lead-in – intro to the topic Practice activities Post-activities – a task where learners

can freely use new language in a situation