tJu {f1 !Jot

SCHOOL OF DIETETICS AND HUMAN NUTRITION

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGYFINAL EXAM

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Peter Bender

FINAL EXAMINATION DECEMBER 20, 2005

150 QuestionsValue: Total of30 MarksEach question is worth .2 of a mark

Name: Date:

1. Dr. Mpingus keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individualwho is suffering IToma rare brain disorder. This is an example of which researchmethod?

A) experimentB) correlationalC) case studyD) naturalistic observationE) survey

2. Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongestrelationship?A) +0.80B) -0.95C) +1.06D) -0.75E) answer cannot be determined with information given

3. You see a journal article entitled, "Injection of Happystuff causes a reduction insymptoms of depression in adult males". This tells you that the independent variableA) is Happystuff.B) is symptoms of depression.C) is adult males.D) is depression.E) cannot be determined.

4. In an experiment, the factor that changes in response to some other factor is referred toas theA) independent variable.B) dependent variable.C) control variable.D) random variable.E) placebo.

5. A placeboeffect would be most likely to account for changes inA) blood pressure.B) blood sugar.C) pupil dilation.D) pain intensity.E) body temperature.

6. The component of a neuron that performs metabolic functions of the cell is called theA) soma.B) axon.C) terminal button.D) synapse.E) dendrite.

7. Which of the following is the best describes a synapse?A) a tiny gap that separates one neuron from anotherB) the tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages to other neuronsC) rootlike structures that receive neural impulses from other neuronsD) body organs or structures that produce secretionsE) a bundle ofaxons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses

8. Afferent neuronsA) transmit information about the outside world to the spinal cord and brain.B) convey messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body

controlling movement.C) convey messages to glands for the release of hormones.D) connect neurorts to other neurons.E) are also known as motor neurons.

9. Besides the neuron, the other main type of cell in the nervous system is theA) glial cell.B) synaptic cell.C) nerve cell.D) somatic cell.E) myelin cell.

10. The fatty layer of cells that is wrapped around many axons is called theA) myelin sheath.B) synaptic cover.C) dendritic wrap.D) terminal button.E) nerve.

11. Psychologists believe that irregularities inschizophrenia.A) acetylcholineB) dopamineC) norepinephrineD) epinephrineE) GABA

transmission may help explain

12. Cocaine and amphetamines increase the availability ofA) glutamate.B) serotonin.C) acetylcholine.D) dopamine.E) GABA.

13. Fourteen-year-old Anton takes Prozac for his depression. Chemically speaking, Prozacworks for Anton by increasing the availability of in his brain.A) dopamineB) GABAC) acetylcholineD) glutamateE) serotonin

14. Sharon is a long-distance runner. After a certain point in her workout, she begins to feela natural "high" instead of pain. This feeling is a result of chemicals in her brain calledA) dopamines. .

B) acetylcholines.C) endorphins.D) glutamates.E) serotonins.

15. The central nervous system consists ofA) the brain.B) the spinal cord.C) the brain and spinal cord.D) the brain, spinal cord, and all other nerves.E) the brain, spinal cord, and the sensory organs.

16. Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarilyinfluenced by the parasympathetic nervous system?A) Aaron was just cut off by a driver who almost caused him to go off the road into a

ditch.B) Betty is doing meditation and positive visualization.C) Chan is lying, which causes his pupils to dilate.D) Dawn heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam.E) Evan's breathing rate increases while giving a speech.

17. Trina has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day.Trina's brain is related to her difficulty?A) cerebellumB) ponsC) medullaD) cerebrumE) hippocampus

Which area of

18. The fact that alcohol often causes problems with balance and coordination suggests thatit may have an effect on theA) cerebrum.B) corpus callosum.C) cerebellum.D) thalamus.E) reticular formation.

19. Which brain structure is best described as a "relay station"?A) hypothalamusB) thalamusC) basal gangliaD) limbic systemE) cerebellum

20. Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluidconcentrations, and body temperature?A) reticular formationB) hippocampusC) thalamusD) medullaE) hypothalamus

21. Damage to which brain structure might result in excessive eating?A) hypothalamus .B) medullaC) ponsD) cerebrumE) amygdala

22. After a motorcycle accident in which she wasn't wearing a helmet, Vanessa hasdifficulty responding emotionally to unpleasant stimuli. Vanessa most likelyexperienced damage to which brain structure?A) medullaB) amygdalaC} thalamusD) hippocampusE) cerebellum

23. The is located just behind the amygdala and plays an important role in theformation of memories.A) hypothalamusB) thalamusC) hippocampusD) cerebellumE) pons

24. Which lobe processes information related to touch and body movement?A) occipitalB) temporalC) parietalD) frontalE) reticulartal

25. Which brain structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?A) cerebrumB) basil gangliaC) hippocampusD) brain stemE) corpus callosum

26. Regarding the frontal cortex, which of the following statements is FALSE?A) The frontal lobes control voluntary movements of specific parts of the body.B) The frontal lobes contain the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex.C) The frontal lobes enable humans to suppress impulses.D) Of the brain lobes, the frontal lobes are the ones best described as containing "you."E) The frontal lobes are involved in processing emotional states.

27. Which of the following functions would typicallyNOT be accomplished in the lefthemisphere?A) speakingB) readingC) writingD) logical analysisE) face recognition

28. Scientists use the term to describe the division of functions between the rightand left hemispheres of the brain.A) homeostasisB) plasticityC) split-brainD) handednessE) lateralization

29. For most people, Broca's area is located in thelocated in the lobe.A) left frontal/left temporalB) left frontal/right frontalC) right frontal/left temporalD) right frontal/right temporalE) right temporal/left temporal

lobe, while Wemicke's area is

30. Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damagedhisA)B)C)D)E)

temporal cortex.hypothalamus.hippocampus.prefrontal cortex.cerebellum.

31. is the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself following trauma or surgicalalteration.

A) AphasiaB) PlasticityC) BiofeedbackD) ConcordanceE) Depolarization

32. Scientists suspect that the seat of intelligence is located in theA) the anterior fissure.B) corpus callosum.C) prefrontal cortex.D) motor cortex.E) hippocampus.

33. The glands located throughout the body comprise theA) central nervousB) homeostaticC) autonomic nervousD) parasympathetic nervousE) endocrine

system.

34. Releasing factors are secreted by theA) hypothalamus.B) hippocampus.C) pituitary gland.D) pineal gland.E) pancreas.

35. Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete other hormones that promotemuscle development?A) melatoninB) epinephrineC) norepinephrineD) ACTHE) progesterone

36. Which gland is best described as the "master gland"?A) the pinealB) the pituitaryC) the adrenalsD) the thyroidE) the hypothalamus

is the tendency of body systems to maintain a steady, internally balanced state.PlasticityHomeostatisBiofeedbackConcordanceLateralization

37.A)B)C)D)E)

38. Dr. Dawson's research program is concerned with how a person's experience changes asthe intensity of a sound is increased. Dawson's is studyingA) psychophysics.B) sensation.C) perception.D) transformation.E) biophysics.

39. The smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect is called theA) absolute threshold.B) difference threshold.C) just-noticeable difference.D) just-noticeable threshold.E) constant.

40. The minimal difference between two stimuli that people can reliably detect is theA) absolute threshold.B) difference threshold.C) perceptual threshold.D) sensitivity threshold.E) Weber's constant.

41. A recipe requires ten grams of salt. According to Weber's constant for saltiness, which is1/5, how much more salt must a chef add to make the recipe noticeably saltier?A) 1/5thof a gramB) 2 gramsC) 5 gramsD) 10.5 gramsE) 1/5thof a gram squared

42. Other factors being equal, which sensory stimulus is least likely to lead to sensoryadaptation?A) the wail of a loud car alarmB) the pressure of wearing a new ring on one's fingerC) the offensive odors of a cattle farmD) the pressure of wearing a new bracelet on one's wristE) the temperature of water when entering a pool

43. When Harold first enters his swimming pool, the water feels uncomfortably cold. Fiveminutes later, it feels comfortable to Harold. This is an example ofA) transduction.B) sensory adaptation.C) Weber's law.D) signal-detection theory.E) just-noticeable difference.

44. The part of the eye that changes shape to adjust for an object's distance is theA) lens.B) pupil.C) cornea.D) retina.E) iris.

45. Some birds must return to roost as darkness approaches.containA) cones, but no rods.B) rods, but no cones.C) too many cones.D) too many rods.E) more rods than cones

This is because their eyes

46. For the sharpest vision, the image of an object should be focused on theA) fovea.B) blind spot.C) optic chiasm.D) optic nerve.E) retina.

47. Neurons that respond to specific characteristics of the visual stimulus are calledA) photoreceptors.B) ganglion cells.C) bipolar cells.D} optic neurons.E) feature detectors.

48. Trichromatic theory suggests thatA) the retina has one type of color receptor that responds differently to each color.B) the retina has two types of color receptors that respond in a different manner for

each color.C) the retina has three types of color receptors-red, green, and blue-violet.D) color results from opposing processes involving three sets of color receptors, red-

green, blue-yellow, and black-white.E) color vision is a function of brain activity.

49. Negative afterimages provide support for which theory of color vision?A) trichromatic theoryB) feature detection theoryC) color constancy theoryD) feature detection theoryE) opponent-process theory

50. In human audition, the vibration of the ossic1esis triggered by vibration of the-and transmitted directly to the .A) eardrum / oval windowB) tympanic membrane / oval windowC) oval window / auditory nerveD) eardrum / tympanic membraneE) auditory nerve / tympanic membrane

60. Which ofthe following is an example of the depth cue of relative clarity?A) Tall buildings appear farther away when viewed from a distance on a smoggy day

compared to a fair day.B) The texture of sand beneath your feet is more detailed than the texture of sand 30

feet in front of you.C) Lines on the sides of the road appear to come together in the distance.D) Two buildings are known to be the same size, but the one that is closer appears

larger. .

E) In a photograph, patterns of light and dark create the appearance of three-dimensional objects, even though the photo is flat.

61. Even though two lines are of equal length, the one with outward pointing wings lookslonger than the one with inward pointing wings. This is an example of theA) Ponzo illusion.B) interposition illusion.C) Muller-Lyer illusion.D) texture gradient illusion.E) phi phenomenon.

62. When you are watching a movie, what type of apparent movement gives you theperception of a "moving picture"?A) phi movementB) opponent process movementC) stroboscopic movementD) rapid transit movementE) changing size movement

63. According to the carpentered-world hypothesis, people living in cultures in which right-angled structures are rare are less prone to which visual illusion?A) Muller-Lyer illusionB) Ponzo illusionC) moon illusionD) railroad illusionE) stroboscopic illusion

64. The perception of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of conscious awarenessis calledA) supraliminal perception.B) extrasensory perception.C) telepathy.D) subliminal perception.E) psychokinesis.

65. Which of the following is the best definition of clairvoyance?A) the ability to foretell the futureB) the ability to move objects without touching themC) the ability to read other people's minds or project your thoughts into their mindsD) the perception of events not available to the sensesE) the ability to move objects without touching them

66. Marcel sat at a cafe eating the best croissant he had ever tasted. He begins frequentingthe cafe to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register justbefore the clerk hands him the croissant. Now every time he hears the same kind ofjingling from another cash register, his mouth waters. Marcel's learning is an exampleofA)B)C)D)E)

operant conditioning.latent learning.conditioned taste aversion.classical conditioning.observational learning.

67. Learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering areflexive response is calledA) operant conditioning.B) classical conditioning.C) instrumental conditioning.D) stimulus-response learning.E) spontaneous recovery.

68. A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with abuzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is theA) unconditioned stimulus.B) conditioned stimulus.C) neutral stimulus.D) unconditioned response.E) conditioned response.

69. Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs?A) UR elicits the USB) CS elicits the CRC) NS leads to no responseD) NS + US leads to URE) US + CS leads to UR

70. A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with abuzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the buzzer begins asthe and eventually becomes the .A) neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulusB) conditioned stimulus / neutral stimulusC) unconditioned stimulus / conditioned stimulusD) neutral stimulus / unconditioned stimulusE) unconditioned stimulus / neutral stimulus

71. Following his experience in the military, Hans developed a classically conditioned fearresponse to radio static. After he left the military, the response extinguished. However,after not hearing radio static for several months, Hans again shows the conditioned fearresponse. Hans' experience is a demonstration ofA) stimulus generalization.B) stimulus discrimination.C) reconditioning.D) spontaneous recovery.E) higher-order conditioning.

72. Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows afear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstratingA) stimulus generalization.B) stimulus discrimination.C) spontaneous recovery.D) extinction.E) reconditioning.

73. When 2-year-old Clarice was playing in the basement a large burst of thunder scared herat the same time she saw a spider. Now Clarice has a spider phobia. Clarice'sexperience is an example of which type of learning?A) operant conditioningB) observational learningC) vicarious learningD) unintentional learningE) classical conditioning

74. When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along awhite picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina isdemonstratingA) a discriminative stimulus.B) higher-order conditioning.C) stimulus generalization.D) a phobia.E) spontaneous recovery.

75. Cassandra, a recovered alcoholic for 15 years, no longer has a physical addiction toalcohol. However, whenever she sees her old "drinking buddies," she begins to havecravings for alcohol. Cassandra's experience is an example ofA) a phobia.B) operant conditioning.C) classical conditioning.D) observationalleaming.E) negative reinforcement.

76. Which ofthe following is the best definition ofreinforcer?A) a response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequencesB) a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be

repeatedC) behavior acquired through coincidental assoCiationof a response and a

reinforcementD) a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular

responseE) the introduction of an aversive stimulus after a response occurs

77. An "Open" sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase abeverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as aA) primary reinforcer.B) discriminative stimulus.C) conditioned response.D) conditioned stimulus.E) secondary reinforcer.

78. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?A) A mother picks up her infant when he cries, thereby reducing the annoyance of his

cnes.B) A father picks up his infant when she cries, thereby increasing the likelihood that

she will cry to be picked up again in the future.C) A grandmother gives her granddaughter a "time out" when she misbehaves, thereby

causing her to calm down.D) A grandfather gives his grandson $10 for every "A" on his report card, thereby

strengthening his grandson's study habits.E) A caregiver removes a child from the "block play center" when he is throwing

blocks, thereby causing him to cry.

79. Taking headache medicine to relieve pain is an example ofA) positive punishment.B) negative punishment.C) positive reinforcement.D) negative reinforcement.E) superstitious behavior.

80. The rats in Dr. Rexington's learning laboratory are on an "FR-7"schedule ofreinforcement. What does this mean?A) The rats will receive a food pellet after every seventh bar press.B) The rats will receive a food pellet after an average of every seven bar presses.C) The rats will receive a food pellet every seven minutes-.D) The rats will receive a food pellet an average of every seven minutes.E) The rats will receive a food pellet every seven minutes, unless they press the bar

seven times in a shorter period of time.

81. A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. Thisis an example of a schedule of reinforcement.A) fixed ratioB) variable ratioC) fixed intervalD) variable intervalE) continuous reinforcement

82. Which of the following people is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?A) Phillip, who is playing a slot machine at a casino.B) Colette, whose teacher uses pop quizzes.C) Jim, whose teacher schedules three exams for the semester, one for every five

weeks.D) Elissa, who receives a monthly performance evaluation.E) Angela, who receives compensation for every student she recruits for her college.

83. Mr. Bonoir gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student canexchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form ofA) token economy.B) biofeedback.C) higher-order conditioning.D) counterconditioning.E) programmed instruction.

84. What is the order of processing in memory?A) storage, retrieval, encodingB) storage, encoding, retrievalC) encoding,.storage, retrievalD) encoding, retrieval, storageE) retrieval, storage, encoding

85. A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time (afew seconds or less) is called .A) short-term memoryB) limited memory.C) sensory memory.D) temporary memory.E) echoic memory.

86. Iconic memory is a type ofA) short-teml memory.B) visual sensory memory.C) auditory sensory memory.D) visual limited memory.E) working memory.

87. The "Magic 7" refers to theA) duration of sensory memory.B) capacity of short-term memory.C) capacity of sensory memory.D) duration of short-term memory.E) results of Sperling's partial-report technique.

88. Sean stopped outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz. When hebegan to write the answers down, his pen ran out of ink. He repeated the last fouranswers to himself while he rushed to his dormitory room to write them down. This isan example ofA) maintenance rehearsal.B) elaborative rehearsal.C) . wholerehearsal.D) partial rehearsal.E) chunking.

89. The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories iscalledA) transduction.B) maintenance rehearsal.C) elaborative rehearsal.D) consolidation.E) chunking.

90. Which model suggests that long-term memory is organized in terms o(an elaboratearrangement of associated concepts?A) semantic network modelB) constructionist modelC) three-stage modelD) levels-of-processing modelE) three-component model

91. Which question is most likely to be associated with episodic memory?A) Who wrote A Catcher in the Rye?B) Where did I go on my first date?C) What time is my dentist's appointment next week?D) Who was the first astronaut to walk on the moon?E) Which courses will I take in my next semester of college?

92. Grace knows how to tie a squareknot and how to drive an automobile with a standardtransmission. These are examples ofA) declarative memory.B) semantic memory.C) procedural memory.D) functional memory.E) episodic memory.

93. Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does

not.B) Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does

not.C) Both implicit and explicit memory require a conscious effort to recall.D) Neither implicit nor explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall.E) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does

not, but only for procedural memories.

94. Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture inher mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedyhad been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of the following?A) retrograde amnesiaB) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenonC) overlearningD) misinformation effectE) flashbulb memory

95. The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis ofA) decay theory.B) interference theory.C) osmosis theory.D) encoding specificity.E) disintegration theory.

96. The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgettingA) occurs slowly at first, then speeds up.B) occurs uniformly over time.C) occurs quickly at first, and then slows down.D) does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed.E) is complete within the first few hours.

97. Proactive inference is whenA) older memories interfere with newer memories.B) newer memories interfere with older memories.C) more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced

events.D) less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced

events.E) items in the middle of a list interfere with memorizing the first and last items.

98. While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her current address preventedher from accurately remembering her previous address. This is an example ofA) retrograde amnesia.B) anterograde amnesia.C) retroactive interference.D) proactive interference.E) the serial position effect.

99. The serial position effect occurs when peopleA) remember the first things in a list the best.B) remember the last things in a list the best.C) remember the first and last things in a list the best.D) have difficulty remembering the first and last things in a list.E) remember things they learn first better than things they learn last.

100. In memory processes, the primacy effect refers toA) inferior memory for items at the beginning of a list.B) inferior memory for items at the end of a list.C) superior memory for items at the end of a list.D) superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.E) superior memory for items at both the beginning and end of the list.

101. When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide alot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates theA) spaced practice effect.B) distributed practice effect.C) primacy effect.D) recency effect.E) massed versus spaced practice effect. ,~~

...".,

.

..,

!ft-

102. While taking her psychology exam, Edith is certain that she knows who developed theforgetting curve. She remembers studying it, and she can get a vague picture of wherethe material is in her textbook. Edith's certaintythat she knows something, but inabilityto recall it is called

A) dissociative amnesia.B) proactive interference.C) retroactive interference.D) the serial position effect.E) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

103. Motivated forgetting is another name forA) repression.B) regression.C) retroactive interference.D) anterograde amnesia.E) childhood amnesia.

104. Loss of memories of past events isA) retrograde amnesia.B) anterograde amnesia.C) proactive interference.D) retroactive interference.E) dissociative amnesia.

105. In anterograde amnesia, there isA) an inability to form new long-term memories.B) an inability to retrieve old long-term memories.C) a problem where new information interferes with old.D) a problem where old information interferes with new.E) a problem where all memories are kept hidden from awareness.

106. Paul has suffered a head injury that causes him to have no memory of the eventspreceding the injury. He is suffering fromA) retrograde amnesia.B) anterograde amnesia.C) proactive interference.D) retroactive interference.E) dissociative amnesia.

107. The conversion of short-tenn memory into long-tenn declarative memory most likelyinvolves theA) hypothalamus.B) hippocampus.C) thalamus.D) medulla.E) brainstem.

108. Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger?A) amygdalaB) hippocampusC) hypothalamusD) cortexE) brainstem

109. Many researchers believe that memory conversion of short-tenn memory into long-tennmemory reqmresA) creation of new neurons.B) creation of new synapses.C) development of new neurotransmitters.D) long-term potentiation.E) weakening neuronal networks.

110. What is the current status of research on memory-enhancing drugs?A) mixed evidence for the effectiveness of the drugs in .memoryenhancement among

nonnal individuals

B) strong evidence that the drugs enhance memory in nonnal individualsC) strong evidence that the drugs enhance memory in nonnal individuals, but only if

the drugs are taken for at least two yearsD) strong evidence that the drugs enhance memory in nonnal individuals, but only if

combined with memory retraining exercisesE) no compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in nonnal

individuals

111. The major role of genes in memory may be their ability to controlA) development of new neurons.B) which neurons die.C) production of certain proteins.D) which experiences are encoded.E) synaptic connections.

112. Changes in blood sugar and circulating fats are detected by theA) hippocampus.B) thalamus.C) cortex.D) hypothalamus.E) corpus callosum.

113. In his research on hunger and the brain, Dr. VanderZyl stimulates the lateralhypothalamus of his animal subjects. This stimulationA) induces eating only in animals that have not eaten in a while.B) induces eating in animals that are full.C) induces eating only in animals that have recently eaten but are still hungry.D) reduces eating in animals that are hungry.E) reduces eating in animals that are full.

114. 00<'5.".., NO &\.1 ES110 tJA) (( »)

B)<. }lAf2.k iN £3 ,C)D)

IPRI t-.J11:=J:> '

( ~}(rlA&!)

115. Raphael had his lateral hypothalamus damaged by an aneurysm. Based on animalresearch you might expect Raphael toA) eat more and gain weight.B) eat less and gain weight.C) eat more and lose weight.D) eat less and lose weight.E) eat regularly and maintain weight.

116. Which hormone do scientists believe works on the hypothalamus to stimulate appetiteand eating?A) melatoninB) neuropeptide YC) endorphinsD) dopamineE) leptin

117. The rate at which one's body bums calories at rest is calledA) set point.B) homeostasis.C) basal metabolism.D) body mass index.E) caloric count.

118. The set point theory of obesity suggests thatA) body weight is regulated around a genetically predetermined level.B) food intake is controlled by genetics.C) metabolism is controlled by genetics.D) the number of fat cells is controlled by genetics.E). body weight is determined by the body mass index.

119. Which of the following approaches to weight loss leads to the highest rate of long-termsuccess?A) quickie diets that allow people to shed weight quicklyB) diet drugs that are widely available over-the-counterC) anti-obesity medicationsD) low-calorie, low-fat diets combined with exerciseE) modified fasting diets that take food choice away from dieters

120. Bulimia nervosaA) is a major cause of obesity.B) involves recurrent episodes ofbingeing and purging, with severe weight loss.C) involves recurrent episodes ofbingeing and purging, with maintenance of a

relatively normal weight.D) a form of self-starvation resulting in extremely low body weight.E) is a major cause of death among adolescents and young adults.

121. Other factors being equal, which person is most likely to develop an eating disorder?A) Francine, a 20-year-old White femaleB) Buster, a 20-year-old White maleC) D.l., a 40-year-old White femaleD) Buffy, a 20-year-old African American femaleE) Arthur, a 40-hear-old African American male

122. All of the following factors may be associated with eating disorders EXCEPT:A) issues of control and perfectionismB) cultural pressures to be thinC) abnormally low or high set pointsD) sexual or physical abuseE) disturbances in brain mechanisms

123. Anorexia nervosa isA) a form of food restriction that results in extremely lowbody weight.B) an eating disorder among individuals of relatively normal weight.C) a disorder in which episodes of binge eating are followed by purging.D) a major cause of obesity.E) equally prevalent in men and women.

124. Health psychology is the study of the interrelationships betweenA) drugs and health.B) physical health and mental illness.C) mental illness and drugs.D) psychological factors and physical health.E) psychological factors and mental health.

125. Pressures or demands placed on an organism describesA) stress.B) distress.C) anxiety.D) disease.E) hassles.

126. Which of the following definitions best describes distress?A) a state of emotional or physical suffering, discomfort, or painB) annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burdenC) continuing or lingering sources of stressD) pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adaptE) a state of tension brought about by opposing motives operating simultaneously

127. Chan experiences distress. Which psychological disorders are Chan most prone todevelop?A) anxiety and schizophreniaB) schizophrenia and personality disorderC) personality disorder and depressionD) depression and anxietyE) bipolar disorder and paranoia

128. Sources of stress are calledA) pressures.B) distress.C) anxieties.D) hassles.E) stressors

129. John was late for work after being caught in a traffic jam. Then he got caught in the rainwalking from the parking garage to his office. John's experiences are best described asA) life events.B) trauma.C) hassles.D) anxiety.E) distress.

130. Which of the following people is experiencing stress because of frustration?A) Andor wants to attend Harvard, but does not have the grades or money to achieve

his goal. He attends the local community college instead, but is angry about it.B) Nanette gets married, has a baby, and buys a new house all within the same year.C) Marcus experiences PTSD after serving in the military in Iraq for a year.D) Katie wants to ask her colleague Mark for a date, but she fears that he will turn her

down and tell their co-workers.E) Aubrey has a tendency to be hostile. When his boss criticizes Aubrey's work,

Aubrey punctures his boss's tires.

131. Eduardo is stressed because he aspires to join the full-time faculty at a local university,but the university will only hire him as a temporary instructor because he lacks a Ph.D.In Eduardo's case, the source of stress isA) conflict.B) stress.C) distress.D) frustration.E) anxiety.

132. Pauline would like to be a full-time college student. However, she also would like towork full-time. She is a single mother and would prefer to not have her child in day-care. The state of tension that she feels is most accurately labeledA) frustration.B) aggression.C) conflict.D) neurosis.E) acculturative stress.

133. Emilio arrives at the movie theater planning to see a new thriller. When he gets there, heis surprised to see that a new comedy that he has wanted to see is also playing. He maybe experiencing what type of conflict?A) approach-avoidanceB) avoidance-avoidanceC) approach-approachD) multiple approach-avoidanceE) multiple approach-approach

134. A multiple approach-avoidance conflict is when someone faces.A) a goal that is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.B) two equally attractive goals that are mutually exclusive.C) two equally unpleasant goals.D) two or more goals, each of which is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.E) all of the above.

135. Henri has the opportunity to go to a party. His best friend from high school, whomHenri has not seen for five years, will be there. However, Henri's former girlfriend willalso be there. They had a big fight recently and Henri still gets upset when he sees her.He is facing what sort of conflict?A) approach-avoidanceB) avoidance-avoidanceC) approach-approachD) multiple approach-avoidanceE) multiple approach-approach

136. Matilda is at a reception. The dinner choices are chicken and beef, her two favoriteentrees. However, chicken sometimes upsets her stomach and the beef has a lot ofsaturated fat, which Matilda is trying to avoid for health reasons. She is facing what sortof conflict?A) approach-avoidanceB) avoidance-avoidanceC) approach-approachD) frustrationE) multiple approach-avoidance

137. After being raped, Clarita develops a psychological disorder. Her symptoms includeimpaired functioning, heightened arousal, and nightmares of the rape. What is Clarita'sdisorder?A) generalized anxiety disorderB) obsessive-compulsive disorderC) bipolar disorderD) schizophreniaE) posttraumatic stress disorder

138. People who take a slower, more relaxed approach to life fit the profile of whichpersonality type?A) bipolarB) Type BC) Type AD) dysthymicE) hardy

139. Kendra takes the test of Type A personality in your text. Responding "yes" to whichstatement will increase her score on "Type A"?A) I am patient with people who are late for appointments with me.B) I tend to interrupt other people when they are talking.C) I tend to direct conversation to things that interest other people.D) I ignore work when I go on vacation.E) When I playa game, on focus on the fun of the experience.

140. Molly goes to live in Italy for three years. Molly feels a lot of pressure to adapt to thevalues, linguistic preferences, and customs of the Italian people. Molly is at risk toexpenenceA) immigration stress.B) acculturative stress.C) Type A behavior.D) relocation stress.E) posttraumatic stress disorder.

141. The fight-or-flight response occurs during which stage of the GAS?A) resistance '

B) alarmC) exhaustionD) alertE) adaptation

142. Which of the following is the correct order of stages in the general adaptationsyndrome?A) resistance stage, alarm, exhaustionB) alarm, exhaustion, resistanceC) exhaustion, alarm, resistanceD) resistance, exhaustion, alarmE) alarm, resistance, exhaustion

143. Harriet was the recent victim of a mugging. Right now, her body is attempting to returnto a nonnal biological state. Arousal is somewhat high, and Harriet exhibits anger andfatigue. In which stage of the GAS is Harriet?A) exhaustionB) mobilizationC) resistanceD) recoveryE) alarm

144. Regarding responses to stress, which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Under stress, women tend to be more nurturing while men tend to be more

aggressIve.B) Under stress, men tend to be more nurturing while women tend to be more

aggressIve.C) Under stress, both women and men tend to be more nurturing than aggressive.D) Under stress, both women and men tend to be more aggressive than nurturing.E) There are no gender differences in response to stress.

145. Xavier is under the demands of several stressors. Which hormones will help Xavier'sbody resist stress by making stored nutrients more available to meet the demands of hisstressors?A) corticosteroidsB) corticotrophin-releasing hormoneC) adrenocorticotropic hormoneD) norephinephrine and epinephrineE) lymphocytes

146. Being more susceptible to a cold during times of stress may be due to the fact that stressis linked to lower production ofA) antigens.B) immunoglobulin A.C) corticotrophin-releasing hormone.

. D) adrenocorticotrophichormone.E) vitamin C.

147. Among Asian Americans, which acculturation practice(s) result in the least amount ofstress?A) withdrawal from the majority cultureB) separation from the ethnic cultureC) establishing contacts with the majority culture while maintaining individual ethnic

identityD) both withdrawal and separation are the least stressfulE) there are no differences, all the practices result in high stress

148. Stressors that are tend to have the greatest impact.A) predictable and uncontrollableB) unpredictable and uncontrollableC) predictable and controllableD) unpredictable and ambiguousE) unpredictable and controllable

149. Psychological hardiness is aA) cluster of personality traits associated with increased resilience to stress.B) cluster of personality traits associated with reduced resilience to stress.C) personality style characterized by hostility and impatience.D) personality style susceptible to coronary heart disease.E) belief that one is capable of achieving one's goals.

150. People with an extemallocus of control arebelieve

. A) better/believetheycancontrolstressorsB) better/there is nothing they can do about itC) better / their actions will be met with rewardsD) poorer/they have to control everythingE) poorer/there is nothing they can do about it

at coping with stress because they