Unit 5 Exam ReviewSupplemental InstructionIowa State University

Leader: Maura & TylerCourse: Bio 255

Instructor: Manz & HaenDate: 12/6/18

1.Pathway of filtrate tubular fluid:Glomerulus proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, renal calyces/pelvis

2.What anatomical structure do the ureters enter into when they meet the urinary bladder what part of the kidney do they leave at?Leaves kidneys at the hilum Enters in the corners of the trigone (utereovesical junction)

3.True or False:Urine travels down the ureter because of the flow of gravity, nothing else needs to act on it. –peristalsis and tunic muscles act on the flow of urine

4.The urinary bladder is a ___retroperitineal_______________organ meaning that the serous membrane does/doesn’t completely surround it. Like the large intestines, usually organs lining the back of abdominal cavity.

5.The primary reproductive organs are the __ovaries_________ and __testes________, these structures actually make the gametes. The __accessory/secondary_____ reproductive organs support and transport gametes.

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6.Main hormones produced by males and females? What is the generic function of these hormones?

Males: androgens the most common being testosteroneFemales: progesterone and estrogen-promote and development of secondary sex characteristics-promote gamete development-develop and function of reproductive organs

7.Is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland? Provide its functionHeterocrine

Exocrine gland function: acinar cells produce a pancreatic digestive juice that is secreted into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla to help break down chime- this is the major function

Endocrine gland: this areas are the pancreatic isletsMajor cells:

Alpha cells: produce glucagonBeta cells: produce insulin to take up glucose and store as glycogen for energy

Minor cells:Delta cells: secretes somatostatin to inhibit uptake of glucagon and insulinF cells: produce pancreatic polypeptide this regulates release of pancreateic

digestive enzymes and somatostatin

8.What is the largest endocrine gland, where is it located and what does it produce?Thyroid and it’s located in front of your trachea and looks like a butterfly the two lobes are connected by the isthmus

Produces thyroid hormone via thyroglobulin and iodine which is made of T3 and T4 controlling BMR

9.Calcitonin is an antagonist to _parathyroid___ hormone and it functions to __lower_________ blood calcium levels which indicates bone growth.- less blood calcium = more calcium is used to create bones10. At birth females start out with all/none of their gametes

11.What is a follicle? Describe the follicles in the ovary as you go from a fetus to an adult:Follicle: egg and it’s supporting cells

The follicle (primordial) starts to go through meiosis but stops at meiosis 1 and just hangs out in the ovaries. When you are born some of them start to degenerate and the rest don’t do much until you hit puberty. When you hit puberty some will start to mature and you will start to ovulate one every 28 days. Meiosis is only completed if fertilization occurs.

12.Why is the muscularis layer of the GI tract arranged in two different directions?Circular muscles that first compact the food/chyme and then the longitudinal muscles will push it forward along in the GI tract

13. Match the cells with the correct function/secretion.

a. Chief Cells - 3b. Parietal Cells - 1c. Goblet Cells - 4d. Enteroendocrine Cells – 2e. Mucous Neck Cells - 5

14.What do the supporting cells of a follicle turn into after the oocyte has been released? What is the function of this structure?

Corpus luteum and the function of this is to preserve the uterine lining by secreting hormones. If the oocyte does not implant into the uterus the corpus luteum will stop producing hormones, the uterine lining will shed and the corpus luteum will turn into corpus albican and then degenerate

15.What is the function of the fimbriae and where are they locatedLocated directly over the ovary and they are fingerlike projections that move to help the secreted oocyte make sure it goes into the uterine tube towards the uterus

16. Fertilization usually occurs in the __infundibulum (upper most area)___ of the uterine tube.

17.After fertilization where does the zygote go and what does it do?Goes to the uterus and implants into the uterine lining(wall)

18.What are the three main layers in the uterine wallperimetrium: outermostmiddle: myometriuminner layer: endometrium

stratum funtionalis: changes throughout menstrual cycle and is shed)stratum basal: always there next to the myometrium

19.Adrenal medulla is made of ___chromaffin______ cells.- This is the inner portion of the adrenal gland the outer is the adrenal cortex which is yellow because it synthesizes different corticosteroids which is a kind of steroid and steroids are fats and fat is yellow. 3 Layers:

Zona glomerulosa – makes mineralcorticoids, mainly aldosterone – controls Na+ and K+ (sodium retention).

Zona fasciculate – makes glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol), adjust metabolism during stress. Ex: sympathetic activity

Zona Reticularis – makes gonadocorticoids (androgens – male hormones like facial hair growth)

20.What supplies blood to small and large intestines – superior and inferior mesenteric artereiesmesenteries arteries supplies the mesentry which supplies the large intestine

1. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

2. Produces hormones (gastrin, CCK, etc.) to blood3. Secretes pepsinogen to help digest proteins.

Activated by pepsin and HCl4. Produce mucus protecting epithelial lining from

gastric juice.5. Create and secret acid mucus

21.What anatomical feature makes females much more susceptible to getting urinary tract infections? What are the three segments of the male urethra?They have a shorter urethra

Three segments of male urethra:Prostatic: goes through prostate glandMembranous: goes through urogenital diaphragmSpongy: through the penis and the urine exits externally

22. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the ____nephron__________. Nephrons make ___urine___ from filtrate.

23. How do the adrenal glands function as two organs in one?Medulla: made of nervous tissue – made of chromaffin cells and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Cortex: made of glandular tissue that creates and secretes corticosteroids(25 different corticosteroids) the cortex is divided into three layers: Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and zona reticularis

24. What does the Thymus secrete and what is it necessary for? (occurs mainly in children because the thymus is not present in adults)

thymus secretes Thymopoietin and Thymosin which are necessary for T-cell production

25. What do the following organs secrete and why? Heart, Gastrointestinal Tract, Placenta, Kidneys and Adipose tissue

Heart: secretes ANP which reduces blood pressure and volume and blood sodium concentrationsGI Tract: secretes digestive hormones that act locallyPlacenta: releases hormones during pregnancy (progesterone – used to detect pregnancy)Kidneys: secretes erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell synthesis(erythropoiesis)Adipose Tissues: Leptin inhibits you from being hungry (I’ve had enough)

26. What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland? What hormones are released by each, and are both true endocrine glands?- Anterior (or adenohypophysis) is a true endocrine gland because it actually produces hormones, while the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary just stores and releases hormones that were made from the hypothalamus.

- Anterior Pituitary Hormones:o Growth hormone – made by somatoroph cells, stimulates liver and other tissues

to secrete insulin-like growth factors, which stimulate growth and repair.o Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Made by thyrotroph cells - Controls thyroid hormone productiono Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Made by corticotroph cells Controls adrenal cortex – corticosteroid production

o Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Made by gonadotroph cells, controls egg or sperm production

o Luteinizing hormone (LH) Made by gonadotroph cells, controls sex hormone production (test or

estrogen)o Prolactin (PRL) made by lactotroph cells

Controls milk productiono Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Stimulates melanocytes of epidermis- Posterior Pituitary Hormones (made by hypothalamus released by PP):

o Antidiuretic hormones – influences water balance, preventing dilute urine formation.

o Oxytocin – stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus Plays role in care-giving and sex arousal (love hormone)

27. Define the following teeth structuresa. Crown = exposed tooth above gingiva (gum)b. Dentin = below enamel, forms bulk of toothc. Enamel = encloses crown, hardest substance in bodyd. Gingiva = gums

28. Where are the following sphincters located and what is the function of them:

- Pyloric: end of stomach, before duodenum of SI. Controls flow of digested food.

- Cardiac/lower esophageal: where esophagus meets stomach, closes when bolus in stomach

- Ileocecal: separates small and large intestine, prevents backflow

- Hepatopancreatic ampulla: liver and pancreas ducts that enter small intestine at duodenum, allow bile and juices to be secreted

29. Which of the following glands produce the greatest proportion of semen?a. the pituitaryb. the bulbourethral glandsc. the prostated. the seminal vesicles

30. Which part of a sperm provides enzymes that allow it to penetrate the layers of cells surrounding a ovum, thus allowing fertilization to occur?

a. midpieceb. tailc. headd. acrosome

31. The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

a. Rugaeb. Brunner’s glandc. Peyer’s Patchesd. Plicae circulares and intestinal villi/microvilli

32. Which bursts during ovulation, releasing the ovum?a. Primary oocyteb. Secondary oocytec. Corpus luteumd. Vesicular follicle

33. The presence of this hormone determines whether or not the fetus develops into a male or a female. - Testosterone

34. Which type of nephron has a short loop of Henle and produces dilute urine?a. Corticalb. medullaryc. juxtamedullary

35. Match the male reproductive structures to their homologous female structures.

- Testis - c- Penis - a- Scrotum - b

a. Clitorisb. Labia majorac. Ovaries