Title: Soil pH, Acidity and Limingc131).pdf · Acidity pH influences most inorganic chemical and...
Transcript of Title: Soil pH, Acidity and Limingc131).pdf · Acidity pH influences most inorganic chemical and...
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Title: Soil pH, Acidity and Liming
Speaker: Bill Pan
online.wsu.edu
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Soil pH, Acidity and Liming
Chapter 3 in Your Text
Thanks to R. Koenig for some slide material
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Topics
Soil pH defined
Nature and extent of soil acidity
Sources of soil acidity
Importance of soil pH and acidity
Active and reserve acidity
Liming to increase soil pH
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Soil pH Defined
In words: pH is equal to the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter
Mathematically ◦ pH = -log [H+] ◦ [H+] = 10-pH
[H+] pH
1 x 10-5 5
1 x 10-6 6
1 x 10-7 7
3.44 x 10-6 5.46
pH is expressed using a log scale:
one unit change in pH equates to
10-fold change in [H+]
Higher [H+] = lower pH
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pH Scale and Range in Soils
www.cropsoil.uga.edu/soilpHturf/
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Figure 3.2 from your text
Worldwide, 25 to 30% of
agricultural soils are acidic
Acidic soils are associated
mainly with high rainfall areas;
alkaline (basic) soils are
associated mainly with arid
(low rainfall areas)
Why?
Nature and Extent of
Soil Acidity
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One Effect of Precipitation: Leaching
Western U.S. Midwest U.S.
Leaching of
carbonates deep
into, or completely
out of, the soil
profile
Leaching of basic
cations from soil,
leaving acidic
cations
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U.S. Soil pH Map forages.oregonstate.edu/maps
acidic
alkaline
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Another Effect of Precipitation: Rainfall pH
jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu
Low rainfall
pH is
associated
with urban
and
industrial
areas (“acid
rain”)
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Washington State
gocalifornia.about.com
High rainfall,
low soil pH
Low rainfall,
neutral to high
soil pH
Low to
intermediate
rainfall, low
soil pH
(recently
acidified
soils)
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Sources of Soil Acidity
Rainfall and carbon dioxide ◦ H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3
-
◦ In equilibrium with atmosphere, pH = 5.7
Other gasses in the atmosphere (“acid rain”) ◦ SO2 + ½O2 + H2O ↔ SO4
2- + 2H+
Soil organic matter ◦ “Soil atmosphere” has about 10-fold higher carbon dioxide concentration due to organic matter decomposition Effect on pH?
◦ Organic acids released during decomposition
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Sources of Soil Acidity
Nutrient transformations and uptake (Table 3-2 in your text)
Process Reaction pH Effect
Nitrogen mole H+/mole N or S
Mineralization R-NH2 + H+ + H2O ↔ R-OH + NH4+ -1
Denitrification 2NO3- + 2H+ ↔ N2 + 2½O2 + H2O -1
Urea hydrolysis (NH2)2CO + 3H2O ↔ 2NH4+ + 2OH- + CO2 -1
NO3- uptake NO3
- + 8H+ + 8e- ↔ NH2 + 2H2O + OH- -1
SO4-2 uptake SO4
-2 + 8H+ + 8e- ↔ SH2 + 2H2O + 2OH- -2
Immobilization NH4+ + R-OH ↔ R-NH2 + H+ + H2O +1
Nitrification NH4+ + 2O2 ↔ NO3
- + H2O + 2H+ +2
Volatilization NH4+ + OH- ↔ NH3 + H2O +1
NH4+ uptake NH4
+ + R-OH ↔ R-NH2 + H+ + H2O +1
S Mineralization R-S + 1½O2 + H2O ↔ SO4-2 + 2H+ +2
Raises
pH
Lowers
pH
Consume H+
or release
OH-
Consume
OH- or
release H+
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Aside: Basic and Acidic Cations
“Basic cations” ◦ Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) – no acid reaction
“Acidic cations” – acid or acid reaction ◦ H+
◦ Fe3+ and Al3+ via hydrolysis (water splitting) reactions:
Al3+ + H2O ↔ Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O ↔ Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O ↔ Al(OH)3(s) + H+
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Importance of Soil pH and Acidity pH influences most inorganic chemical
and biological reactions – extremely important
Affects nutrient availability in soil Affects availability, and therefore
toxicity, of certain elements Affects microbial activity Affects many soil-borne pathogens Affects the number of cation exchange
sites in soil Overall, pH significantly affects plant
growth
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pH Affects “Availability”
pH-induced deficiency
(Fe): nutrient is present
but unavailable due to
chemical form in soil:
Fe3+ + 3H2O ↔ Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H+
toxicity
deficiency
pH-induced toxicity:
element is present in
high concentration in a
plant-available form
Al3+ + 3H2O ↔ Al(OH)3(s) + 3H+
High pH soil
neutralizes
H+,
removing
from
reaction
Low pH soil
contributes
H+ to the
reaction
www.ca.uky.edu
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One High pH Problem: Iron Deficiency
“Interveinal chlorosis”
on younger leaves
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One Low pH Problem: Aluminum Toxicity
Aluminum toxicity on wheat
seedlings (Brown, 2006)
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Soil pH optimums
vary by plant
species
Figure 3-13
from your text
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Yield vs. Soil pH (N. Idaho)
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Opportunity: pH and Ornamentals
Hydrangea flowers respond to Al availability ◦ Blue at pH <5.5
◦ Pink at pH >6.0
www.meltonrossnewbarnetby.co.uk
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pH Affects Microbial Activity
Many microbial processes have optimum pH range ◦ In general, fungi tolerate low pH; bacteria high pH
◦ Mineralization (both fungal and bacterial process) occurs over a broad range of soil pHs
◦ Nitrification and denitrification (primarily bacterial processes) are optimum at near neutral pH
Soil-borne pathogens have pH optimum ◦ Fungal pathogens favored at low pH ◦ Bacterial pathogens favored at higher pH
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Reduced Organic Matter Decomposition at Low Soil pH
Reduced nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and organic fertilizers
Thatch accumulation in turfgrass sods
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Thatch Accumulation
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Unusual Disease Epidemics
Dreschlera leaf spot of ryegrass overseeding in Feb.
Bermudagrass rust during spring green-up Fusarium and Ascochyta blights of ryegrass
and bermudagrass
ALL OCCURRED WITH SOIL pH around 4.0
http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/
turfornamental/tmi/fertlime/disease.htm
and lowph.htm
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Fairy Ring Symptoms on Bermudagrass
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Ideal Environment for Fairy Ring Fungi
mycelium
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Manganese deficient soybean from
over-liming an
Atlantic Coastal Plain soil
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pH Affects Cation Exchange Sites
Sites on organic matter:
R – COOH ↔ R-COO- + H+ (H+ dissociates and is neutralized
at high pH)
Sites on the edges of Fe and Al oxides and clay minerals:
OH2+ OH O-
Al ↔ Al ↔ Al
OH2+ OH O-
Low pH ----- Neutral to high pH ----- Edge of
mineral
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Potential vs. Active Acidity
Soil particles ↔ Soil solution
Potential acidity (quantity) ↔ Active acidity (intensity)
Majority of acidity in soil Minority of acidity in soil
Root are exposed to active portion
- -
- - -
-
-
- - - -
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
- - - -
- -
-
-
Al3+
Al3+
Al3+
Al3+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
K+
Na+
↔
Al3+
H+
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
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Measuring Potential Acidity
Titrations with base or incubation with different amounts of lime
SMP buffer method
Both methods assess acidic
cations on CEC sites
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SMP Buffer Interpretation Table
Soil+
buffer
pH
7.0 6.5 6.0 5.2
6.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.7
6.0 9.6 8.1 6.6 5.1
5.5 14.8 12.5 10.5 7.8
------ tons CaCO3/acre ------
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Percent Base Saturation
- -
- - -
-
-
- - - -
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
- - - -
- -
-
-
Al3+
Al3+
Al3+
Al3+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
K+
Na+
% base saturation =
% acid saturation = ?
cmol(+) exchangeable bases x 100
CEC (cmol[+] per kilogram)
43% in this example
Generally, as base saturation
increases pH also increases
Base saturation can be used
to develop a lime requirement
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Measuring Active Acidity
pH electrode ◦ Saturated soil paste
◦ 1:1, 1:2 or 1:10 soil:water ratios
◦ Others solutions may also be used
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Stratification of acidity under direct seeding
6 inches
Broadcast lime
Untreated
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Within Field Surface Soil pH Variability near Pullman, WA
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Liming to Increase Soil pH
Neutralize toxic elements: Al, Mn, H
Improve overall nutrient availability (recall the graphic)
Increase microbial activity
Increase effective CEC
Improve soil structure with Ca
Improve Ca and Mg availability
Overall, improve plant growth
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Some Liming Reactions
CaCO3
◦ CaCO3 + 2H+ ↔ Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2
◦ Ca(OH)2 + 2H+ ↔ Ca2+ + 2H2O
CaO ◦ CaO + 2H+ ↔ Ca2+ + H2O
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Neutralizing Acidity
-
-
- -
- -
-
-
-
- Al3+
H+
H+
Ca2+
3 CaCO3
= 6 H+ can be
neutralized; 3
Ca2+ released
↔ Al3+
2H+
H+
H+
H+
} = 5H+
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Neutralizing Acidity-Step 2
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Review Equivalent Weight (pg 18-27) For an ion, the atomic weight divided by
the charge ◦ Ca2+: 40 g/mol ÷2 = 20 g/equivalent= 20 mg/milliequivalent (meq)
For a molecule of lime, the molecular weight divided by the number of moles of H+ neutralized ◦ CaCO3: 100 g/mol ÷2 = 50 g/equivalent= 50 mg/meq
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Importance of meq?
It’s just a number
CEC is expressed in units of meq/100 grams of soil (or cmol(-)/kg soil …it’s the same number)
Exchangeable acidity is expressed in meq H+/100 grams of soil
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Lime Effectiveness
Chemical composition and purity (Calcium carbonate equivalent)
Fineness (finer particles react faster to neutralize acidity; big particles stay unreactive longer)
Application and incorporation method…incorporation speeds the soil reaction…topdressing without incorporation slows the reaction.
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Lime Neutralizing Value (Calcium Carbonate Equiv.)
MATERIAL MW Calcium
Carbonate
Equivalent
calcite 100 100%
dolomite
CaMg(CO3)2
184 2(100)/184=
109%
burned lime
CaO
56 100/56=
179%
hydrated lime
Ca(OH)2
74 100/74=136%
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Lime Reacted in 1 to 3 years
0
20
40
60
80
100
4 to 8 8 to 20 20 to 50 50 to 100
# Mesh Holes per area of sieve
fine coarse
% L
ime R
eacte
d
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Depth of Lime Incorporation: Lime Moves Slowly, Should Be Tilled-In to Be Effective