Title IX, 1972

Title IX, 1972

KSPE 3101Dr. Sanderson

Title IX, 1972, STATES

"No person shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, be treated differently from another person or otherwise be discriminated against in any interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics offered by a recipient, or no recipient shall provide athletics separately on such basis."

"three-prong test" of an institution's compliance.[

Prong one - Providing athletic opportunities that are substantially proportionate to the student enrollment, OR

Prong two - Demonstrate a continual expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex, OR

Prong three - Full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of underrepresented sex.

Title IX Facts

In 1972, when Congress passed Title IX, there were 295,000 girls participating in high school sports, or roughly 1 in 27.

In 2004, there were more than 2.8 million girls, or approximately 1 in 3.

Title IX Facts

In 1972, women earned 44%of all bachelor’s degrees, as compared to 57% in 2000.

From 1981 to 1991, the total number of women's college teams increased by 66%.

Title IX Facts

72% of schools that added teams in 1992–93 and 1999–2000, did so without discontinuing any teams.

Girls receive 1.1 million fewer high school athletic participation opportunities than boys.

Title IX Facts

Women receive 38% fewer college-level athletic opportunities to participate than males at the college level.

Women receive 133 million fewer college athletic scholarship dollars than men.

FYI

Today, most girls who wrestle at the high school level compete on boys’ teams, except for those in Texas and Hawaii, whose “separate but equal” policies offer separate, single-sex teams for girls at public schools.

10 Key Areas of Title IX

1. Access to Higher Education 2. Athletics3. Career Education4. Education for Pregnant and

Parenting Students5. Employment

10 Key Areas of Title IX

6. Learning Environment7. Math and Science8. Sexual Harassment9. Standardize Testing10. Technology

1. Access to Higher Education

Before Title IXUntil the '70s, many colleges and universities refused to admit women. Women were supposed to be more concerned about marriage and children than higher education.

Since Title IX The unfairness in admissions, financial aid, and other

areas of higher education is less common. Women now earn undergraduate and graduate

degrees at much higher rates and go into fields that were traditionally dominated by men, such as medicine and law. In addition, the increased access to higher education provided by Title IX has fueled women's economic progress.

Why Title IX Is Still Critical

Women still lag behind men in earning doctoral and professional degrees.

There are fewer women in math and science (receiving, for example, only 18% of undergraduate engineering degrees and 12% of doctoral engineering degrees), due in large part to the hostile environment many face in these fields.

Schools are eliminating affirmative action programs responsible for increasing access to higher education for women, particularly women of color.

2. Athletics

Before Title IX The primary physical activities for girls were

cheerleading and square-dancing. Only 1 in 27 girls played high school sports. There were

virtually no college scholarships for female athletes. And female college athletes received only 2% of overall athletic budgets.

Since Title IX Growth in the # of women who participate in sports,

receive scholarships, and benefit from increased budgets. There are more opportunities to compete at elite levels through competitions like the Olympics, World Championships and professional leagues.

Females who participate in sports

They're less likely to smoke, drink, use drugs and experience unwanted pregnancies.

Reduced incidences of breast cancer and osteoporosis later in life.

Intercollegiate Athletics

2006 NCAA GENDER EQUITY – DIVISION I

Male

Female

Participation 55% 45%

Athletic Scholarships

55% 45%

Operating Budget

63% 37%

Recruiting Budget

68% 32%

Why Title IX Is Still Critical (Athletics)

Girls make up only about 42% of high school and college varsity athletes, even though they represent more than 50% of the student population.

Each year male athletes receive $137 million more than female athletes in college athletic scholarships at NCAA member institutions.

Women in Division I colleges are over 50% of the student body, but receive only 32% of athletic recruiting dollars and 36% of athletic operating budgets.

In 2001-02, only 44% of coaches of women’s teams were women. In 1972, the number was over 90%.

The Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

Is the office in the Department of Education that has the main responsibility for enforcing Title IX.

The OCR can investigate any school where it believes there may be Title IX problems, but it rarely does.

In 2001, OCR initiated only two Title IX reviews of athletic programs.

Students and parents have to file complaints to get OCR to investigate problems,

Resolved through an agreement in which the school agrees to correct the unfair treatment that is at issue.

3. Career Education

Before Title IX In vocational courses in high schools, most girls could

only take "home economics" (cooking, sewing), while most boys could only take "shop" (woodworking, metalworking). Schools were allowed to deny women training in fields that society considered "inappropriate" for them. Therefore, women trained primarily for low-wage, traditionally female jobs like health aides and cosmetologists.

Since Title IX Schools can no longer legally shut doors to certain

courses or training on the basis of sex. The law says girls must be free to pursue career training in courses like aviation, automotive repair, and architectural drafting, while boys can choose to pursue cooking, nursing, and cosmetology.

For example

High-skill, high-wage jobs and training programs are still dominated by men.

Low-skill, low-wage jobs and training programs are still dominated by women.

Young women are over 85% of the students enrolled in high school cosmetology, child care, and health assistant courses. Child care workers earn a median salary of $7.43 per hour while cosmetologists earn a median salary of $8.49 per hour.

For Example

Young men are over 90% of the students in high school courses for plumbing, electrical work, welding and carpentry. The media salary for plumbers is $18.19 per hour and electricians earn a median salary of $19.29 per hour.

The federal vocational education law no longer requires states to set-aside significant funding for projects that open up opportunities for women in training programs that are nontraditional for their gender.

There is no longer a requirement or funding for state gender equity vocational coordinators.

4. Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students

Before Title IX Most schools expelled pregnant students and wouldn't

let them return to school if they chose to continue the pregnancy.

Since Title IX Title IX protects pregnant teenagers, their children,

and their futures. Under Title IX, schools are not allowed to treat pregnant or parenting students differently from other students. The law recognizes how important it is for all young people to have access to education, not just for their future economic independence and self-sufficiency, but also for the health and development of their children

5. EmploymentBefore Title IX The majority of women working in education taught in

elementary and secondary schools. Those who did teach in colleges were primarily at women's colleges, usually weren't awarded tenure, and earned smaller salaries than their male counterparts. Only a few women were hired in high-level administrative positions throughout all of educational institutions.

Since Title IX Title IX has led to a higher # of female faculty

members, especially at the lecturer, instructor and assistant professor levels. The wage gap has narrowed. And some women can finally be found in top administrative positions.


Less than 35% of school principals are women, although 65% of teachers are women.

While women are more than 50% of the lecturers and instructors, and a little less than 50% of the assistant professors, they are only 36% of associate professors and only 21% of full professors. And only 2.4% of full professors are women of color.

Women head only 19% of colleges and universities.

6. Learning Environment

Before Title IX Males were seen as active, inventive, and brave; the few females

portrayed were presented as dependent, nurturing, and accommodating. Most women were only portrayed as full-time wives and mothers, or secretaries, nurses, and teachers. In the classroom, boys received the attention from teachers in the classroom. It was generally believed that math and science were for boys and the arts and literature were for girls.

Since Title IX Equal attention and a supportive learning environment in all

subject areas have been recognized as important safeguards to ensure that girls get the most from their education. Girls are encouraged to think of themselves in future careers not only as mothers, nurses, secretaries or teachers, but also as scientists, doctors, lawyers and engineers.

7. Math and Science

Before Title IX The stereotype was that girls didn't like math and

science and therefore couldn't be good at it. Girls were sometimes steered away from higher-level classes in these subjects and discouraged from joining math and science clubs. (The fact is, girls start out in grade school scoring as well as or close to boys in standardized tests. By high school, the numbers drop.)

Since Title IX High school girls now take upper-level math and

science courses required for math and science majors in college at the same rate as boys. Between 1987 and 1997, the percentage of girls taking Advanced Placement calculus increased by 6% and the percentage taking AP physics increased by 10%.


Despite this secondary school gain, female students' participation rates in math and science decline once they graduate from high school:

Women receive 47% of bachelor's degrees in math and 40% of bachelor's degrees in physical sciences; however, women are awarded only 25% of doctorate degrees in each of these areas.

In engineering, women receive only 18% of bachelor's degrees, 21% of master's degrees, and 12% of doctorate degrees.

The highest median starting salaries for college graduates are in the fields of computer science & engineering, fields that have the lowest percentage of women.

8. Sexual Harassment

Before Title IX Making sexual innuendos, calling people sexually

charged names, spreading rumors about sexual activity, or touching someone inappropriately used to be dismissed as "boys will be boys" type of behavior at best, and rude or crude at worst.

Since Title IX It includes any unwanted and unwelcome sexual

behavior that significantly interferes with a student's access to educational opportunities. The Supreme Court recently confirmed that schools have an obligation under Title IX to prevent and address these kinds of student complaints.

Why Title IX Is Still Critical 8 in 10 students experience some form of

harassment during their school years, and more than 25% of them experience it often.

Girls are more likely than boys to experience sexual harassment, but boys today are more likely to be harassed than boys were in 1993.

60% of students experience physical sexual harassment at some point in their school years.

Typical harassment complaints still include: making sexual comments, jokes, gestures, or looks; claiming that a person is gay or lesbian; spreading sexual rumors about a person; touching, grabbing or pinching someone in a sexual way; intentionally brushing up against someone in a sexual way; and flashing or "mooning" someone.

9. Standardize Testing

Before Title IX Girls consistently scored lower than boys

on standardized tests. No one even considered that scores could be affected by the kinds of questions asked, how they were asked or that gender influenced test scores.

Since Title IX Title IX requires that tests must be valid

predictors of success in the areas being tested and that they measure what they say they measure.


Testing disparities continue to have a harmful impact on educational and economic opportunities available to women and girls and particularly students of color.

Despite Title IX requirements, most standardized tests used in K-12 classrooms and for university admissions continue to show gender gaps and under-predict the abilities of females.

Gender differences in math and science start small and grow as students reach secondary school, where boys outperform girls on standardized tests.


Fewer females than males receive valuable awards, such as the National Merit Scholarship, because test scores are still used as qualifying criteria.

The need for Title IX protections increases daily with new state and federal mandates imposing high-stakes, gateway tests on our children, beginning as early as 4th grade.

10. Technology

Before Title IX The old stereotype that girls cannot achieve in math

and science took on a new dimension when we entered the technology revolution. Computer programming was considered male territory, and computer games were designed as boys' toys. If a woman used a computer, it was for data entry.

Since Title IX Title IX opened the doors to technology for women and

girls. Today, girls and boys spend equal amounts of time on the computer both at home and at school. Boys leave high school, however, with a greater interest in and knowledge of computers.

Why Title IX Is Still Critical There are still only a small number of women and girls

in technology and computer science, which limits their employment and economic opportunities in these highly competitive, lucrative and expanding fields.

According to a 2000 study by the Department of Labor, nearly 75% of future jobs will require the use of computers, but less than 33 % of participants in computer courses and related activities are girls.

In computer and information sciences, there is a downward trend. The number of women receiving bachelor's degrees in computer and information sciences reached a high of 37% in 1984, but dropped to 28% in 2000-01.

Girls take approximately 50% of all AP exams but only 17% of the AP computer science exams.

FYI

1996—Females comprised 42% of the United States Olympic team competing in Atlanta; they won 38% of the medals awarded to athletes from the United States

Title IX, 1972

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