Instrumen Penelitian Pendidikan

Kompilasi: Oleh: Muslimin Ibrahim

Instrumen Instrumen

Alat yang digunakan peneliti mengumpulkan data penelitiannya (Nama alternatif tes atau yang lain)

Tes aptitudemengukur intelek dan kemampuan yang tidak biasa diajarkan dan seringkali digunakan untuk meramalkan kinerja di masa depan Biasanya menyediakan skor menyeluruh, skor verbal maupun skor kuantitatif

2. Instrumen Afektif... Afektif...

Mengukur karakteristik individu terkait dengan sejumlah dimensi dan untuk mengases perasaan, nilai, dan sikap terhadap diri sendiri, orang lain, maupun terhadap sejumlah aktivitas lain, institusi, dan situasi

Tipe instrument afektif... afektif...

Skala SikapLaporan diri individu tentang kepercayaan, persepsi, atau perasaan terhadap diri sendiri, orang lain, dan sejumlah ragam aktivitas dan situasi Seringkali digunakan skala Likert, semantic differential, Thurstone , atau Guttman

Tes Nilaimengukur kekuatan relatif sesoerang individu dalam menilai secara teoritik, ekonomik, keindahan, sosial politik, dan nilai agama

Inventori PersonalitasSuatu laporan diri individu mengukur bagaimana deskripsi karakteristik perilaku ciri personalitas yang didefinisikan yang dimiliki oleh individu yang bersangkutan

3. Instrument Projektif... Projektif...

Mengukur perasaan, cara berpikir responden terhadap suatu stimulus yang ambigu

SumberSumber-sumber Instrumen InstrumenBurros Mental Measurements Yearbook Tests in Print PRO-ED Publications Test Critiques Compendium ETS Test Collection Database ERIC/AE Test Review Locator ERIC/Burros Test Publisher Directory

Aturan di dalam pemilihan Instrumen... Instrumen...1. Memiliki validititas paling tinggi 2. Memiliki reliabilitas paling tinggi 3. Memiliki cara pengadministrasian, skoring, dan interpretasi paling mudah 4. Peserta tes tidak familier dengan instrumen 5. Hindari potensi materi yang kontroversi

Pengadministrasian instrumen... instrumen...1. Buat pengaturan 2. Pastikan lingkungan pengetesan ideal 3. Persiapkanlah diri terhadap segala kemungkinan hambatan

Dua isu di dalam Penggunaan instrumen... instrumen...1. Validitas tingkat kesesuaian yang Validitas: diukur oleh suatu tes terhadap apa yang seharusnya diukur 2. Reliabilitas tingkat kekonsistenan Reliabilitas: hasil pengukuran suatu instrumen

TipeTipe-tipe validitas... validitas...1. Validitas Isi (Content validity) 2. Validitas Kriteria (Criterion-related validity) 3. Validitas Konstruk (Construct validity)

1. Content validity derajat validity: kebenaran/kesesuaian instrumen dengan area yang diukur

forms of content validity validity sampling validity apakah instrumen sampling validity: merefleksikan secara keseluruhan skope bidang yang iukur? item validity: item validity apakah item atau butir nstrumen yang digunakan relevan dengan area konten yang diukur?

2. Criterion-related validity Criterionvalidity: respon/individu mengerjakan dua format instrumen yang kemudian dikorelasikan untuk membedakan di antara individu-individu tersebut yang yang memiliki memiliki karakteristik tertentu dari siapa yang tidak memilikinya

forms of criterion-related validity criterionvalidity concurrent validity: derajat yang menunjukkan korelasi antara skor pada suatu tes dengan skor pada tes yang lain jika kedua tes diberikan pada kerangka waktu yang sama predictive validity derajat yang predictive validity: menunjukkan kemampuan suatu tes untu memprediksi seberapa baik seorang individu di dalam situasi di masa depan

3. Construct validity suatu rangkaian validity: studi memvalidasi bahwa instrumen itu benar-benar mengukur apa yang seharusnya diukur

Types of reliability...1. Stability 2. Equivalence 3. Internal consistency

1. Stability (test-retest): derajat yang menunjukkan dua skor pada instrumen yang sama konsisten dengan berjalannya waktu

2. Equivalence (equivalent forms): derajat yang menunjukkan konsistensi antara dua instrumen yang identik (terkecuali instrumen yang itemnya sama) akan diperoleh hasilnya identik

3. Internal consistency (split-half reliability with Spearman-Brown correction formula , KuderRichardson and Cronbacks Alpha reliabilities, scorer/rater reliability): the degree to which one instrument yields consistent results

Terms associated with instruments...

Data Data the pieces of information researchers collect through instruments to examine a topic or hypothesis

Constructs Constructs abstractions of behavioral factors that cannot be observed directly and which researchers invent to explain behavior

Measurement scales...Qualitative (categorical) 1. nominal variables Quantitative (continuous) 2. ordinal variables 3. interval variables 4. ratio variables

1. nominal (categorical): classifies persons or objects into two or more categories

2. ordinal (order): classifies persons or objects and ranks them in terms of the degree to which those persons or objects possess a characteristic of interest

3. interval ranks, orders, and classifies interval: persons or objects according to equal differences with no true zero point

4. ratio ranks, orders, classifies persons ratio: or objects according to equal differences with a true zero point

Norm reference reference provides an indication about how one individual performed on an instrument compared to the other students performing on the same instrument

Criterion reference reference involves a comparison against predetermined levels of performance

Self reference reference involves measuring how an individuals performance changes over time

Operationalize Operationalize the process of defining behavioral processes that can be observed

True or false most affective tests are projective

FALSE

True or false the primary source of test information for educational researchers is the Burros Mental Measurements Yearbook

TRUE

True or false research hypotheses are usually stated in terms of variables

TRUE

True or false similar to a Thurstone scale, a Guttman scale attempts to determine whether an attitude is unidimensional

TRUE

True or false validity requires the collection of evidence to support the desired interpretation

TRUE

True or false researchers should first consider developing an instrument rather than utilizing a published instrument

FALSE

True or false a high validity coefficient is closer to 1.00 than 0.00

TRUE

True or false norm reference and criterion reference are synonymous terms

FALSE

True or false criterion related refers to correlating one instrument with a second instrument; the second instrument is the criterion against with the validity of the second instrument is judgedFALSE

True or false a valid test is always reliable but a reliable test is not always valid

TRUE

True or false it is difficult to state appropriate reliability coefficients because reliability, like validity, is dependent upon the group being tested, i.e., groups with different characteristics will produce different reliabilitiesTRUE

True or false content validity is not compromised if the instrument covers topics not taught

FALSE

Fill in the blank the tendency of an individual to respond continually in a particular way

RESPONSE SET

Fill in the blank a study which consists of two quantitative variables

CORRELATIONAL

Fill in the blank a study which consists of one categorical and one quantitative variable

EXPERIMENT OR CAUSAL COMPATATIVE

Fill in the blank a study which consists of two or more categorical variables

CORRELATIONAL OR DESCRIPTIVE

Fill in the blank data collection methods which emphasize student processes or products

PERFORMANCE

Fill in the blank data collection methods including multiple-choice, true-false, and matching

SELECTION

Fill in the blank data collection methods in which students fill in the blank, provide a short answer, or write an essay

SUPPLY

Fill in the blank an instrument administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way no matter where or when it is administered

STANDARIZED

Fill in the blank the degree to which individuals seek out or participate in particular activities, objects, and ideasinterests

INTEREST

Fill in the blank also called temperament, the characteristics representing an individuals typical behaviors and describes what individual do in their natural life circumstancesPERSONALITY

Fill in the blank things individuals feel favorable or unfavorable about; the tendency to accept or reject groups, ideas, or objects

ATTITUDES

Fill in the blank deeply held beliefs about ideas, persons, or objects

VALUES

Fill in the blank requires administering the predictor instruments to a different sample from the same population and developing a new equation

CROSS-VALIDATION

Which type of test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Which type of test Stanford-Binet

ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Which type of test Strong Campbell

INTEREST INVENTORY

Which type of test SRA Survey of Basic Skills

ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Which type of test Weschler Intelligence Scales

APPTITUDE TEST

Which type of test Gates-McGinitie Reading Test

ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Which type of test Otis-Lennon School Ability Test

APPTITUDE TEST

Which type of test Kuder Occupational

INTEREST INVENTORY

Which type of test Rorschach Inkblot Test

PROJECTIVE

Which type of test Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator

PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Which type of test Iowa Test of Basic Skills

ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Which type of test Thematic Apperception Test

PROJECTIVE

Which type of validity compares the content of the test to the domain being measured

CONTENT

Which type of validity Graduate Record Examination

PREDICTIVE

Which type of validity correlates scores from one instrument to scores on a criterion measure, either at the same or different time

CRITERIA RELATED

Which type of validity amasses convergent, divergent, and content-related evidence to determine that the presumed construct is what is being measured

CONSTRUCT

Which type of reliability scores on one instrument are consistent over time

STABILITY (TESTRETEST)

Which type of reliability the extent to which independent scorers or a single scorer over time agree on the scoring of an open-ended instrument

SCORER/RATER

Which type of reliability the extent to which items included on an instrument are similar to one another in content

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

Which type of response scale an individual gives a quantitative rating to a topic where each position on the continuum has an associated score value

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL

Which type of response scale value points are assigned to a participants responses to a series of statements

LIKERT

Which type of response scale participants select from a list of statements that represent differing points of view from those which participations agree

THURSTONE

This module has focused on...instrumentswhich describes the procedures researchers use to select individuals to participate in a study

The next module will focus on...qualitative research...the tools researchers use to gather data for a study