Timing and localization of Spontaneous & Intentional Goal and Trait Inferences
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Transcript of Timing and localization of Spontaneous & Intentional Goal and Trait Inferences
Timing and localization of Spontaneous & Intentional
Goal and Trait InferencesFrank Van Overwalle
with Marijke Van Duynslaeger,
Laurence Van der Cruyssen, Aisha Cortoos, & Ma Ning
Social Judgments
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Social Judgments
You shall not judge
Alex Todorov
Anja Achtzinger
Ian Apperly
Iroise Dumontheil Sam Gilbert Neil Macrae Dean Mobbs Bruno Rossion
Dana Samson
David Turk
Silvia Tomelleri
? ? Nigel Blackwood
The Social Brain
• How is this computed in the brain?
– Goals of single behaviors– Traits by integrating multiple behaviors
• Results of recent meta-analysis (Van Overwalle, 2008, HBM)…
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Goal-directed movement Agency/perspectiveAction Goal ToM beliefsMorality Traits of Others
The Social Brain: Goals
Temporo-Parietal Junction
(TPJ)
where–to
goal
FrontBack
Left view
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Traits of OthersClose othersSelf-referenceSocial Scripts
The Social Brain: Traits
medial prefrontal
cortex (mPFC)
multiple events: scriptstraits: about
others
traits about self and
familiar others
FrontBack
Middle view
multiple events:traits
Posterior Anterior
Infe
rior / Ven
tral
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STS IFG
TPJ
mPFC
Visual Input
Motor Input
Mirror System
it moves…
where to
my goal !
it’s goal ! I move
my goal !
trait
Mirror System
my goal !
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Left view
PMC
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Human faces (FFA & OFA) Human bodies (EBA)Human movement (STS) Human names (TP)Human mirror system
Mirror System
Superior Temporal
Sulcus (STS)
body movements
FrontBack
Left view
TPJ / inferior Parietal lobe
Goals of behaviors
(x=foot, +=head)
Premotor Cortex (PMC)
Goals of MY behaviors
(x=foot, +=head)
How making Inferences?
do I infer the right
goal?
How making Inferences?
• The Mirror Theory assumes that Goal inferences are automatic (Keysers & Gazzola, 2007):
– Vortram buys tons of soft drinks– Vortram installs some colorful spot lights.– Vortram phones all his good friends
• What is the goal?
How making Inferences?
• Intentional (ISI):with clear intent and awareness
- Most often used in earlier EEG & fMRI studies• Spontaneous (SSI):
without intention and little awareness that we are making them
- Past social cognition research has shown that we often do this
Posterior Anterior
Infe
rior / Ven
tral
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STS IFG
TPJ
mPFC
Visual Input
Motor Input
The Social Brain
it moves…
where to ?
my goal !
it’s goal !
mirror system=
spontaneous ?
trait
time integration=
intentional ?
Research
Inconsistent behavioral information paradigm:
in a stream of consistent behaviors implying the same goal or trait, occasionally inconsistent behaviors are shown
EEG is taken while reading these (in)consistent behaviors
Several sentences depict word-by-word (each 300ms) the behavior of an actor:
VortransearchesquicklyforsomexxxxTiming Starts
Method
Goal
Divod takes the long green hose
Divod drives his family car outside
Divod searches for the powerful soap
Divod rubs softly with his xxxx
• Goal-consistent: xxxx=sponge• Goal-inconsistent: xxxx=mud (negative)• Goal-irrelevant: xxxx=hands • No-Goal observations e.g., spring, summer
to wash car
Traits
Tolvan gives his brother a hug
Tolvan gives his father a compliment
Tolvan gives his sister a kiss
Tolvan gives his mother a xxxx
• Trait-consistent: xxxx=rose• Inconsistent - Opposite: xxxx=slap (negative)• Trait-irrelevant: xxxx=spoon
is kind
Goal & Trait
Vortran gets at home colorful decorations
Vortran calls all his good friends
Vortran selects for everyone’s taste music
Vortran looks for xxxx
• Goal/Trait-consistent: xxxx=enough soft drinks• Goal/Trait-inconsistent:xxxx=food for herself (n.)• Goal/Trait-irrelevant: xxxx=dust on cupboards • No-Goal/Trait observations e.g., spring, summer
to party / is social
Design
• Instruction– SSI “read carefully & familiarize with material”– ISI “identify goal / trait of actor”
• Inconsistent behavioral information task
• EEG at all 19 channels• Behavioral measures:
– Cued Recall – Sentence Completion
Vortram calls all his good ………
Goal-Cued Recall % (Van der Cruyssen et al., 2008)
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Consistent Inconsistent Irrelevant
IGI
SGI goals were formed &
memorized
“Recall sentences with the aid of this cue [=goal]”
Trait-Cued Recall % (Van Duynslaeger et al., 2007)
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Consistent Inconsistent
ITI
STI
traits were formed &
memorized
“Recall sentences with the aid of this cue [=trait]”
Event-Related Potentials
Event-related Potentials (ERP) are averaged EEG– reflecting processes in the brain– with millisecond accuracy
N100-P200 (negative-positive deflection at ~150-200 ms) is seen after inconsistencies in perceptual featuresearly = automatic
P300 (positive deflection at > 300 ms) is seen after inconsistencies in judgmentslate = reflective
Spontaneous Goals (Van der Cruyssen et al., 2008)
P200
Inconsistent goals? Too
flexible
Intentional Goals(Van der Cruyssen et al., 2008)
No-goal is a betterbaseline
P200
Opposite Traits: P300(Van Duynslaeger et al., 2008)
SSI
ISI
0 ms 500 ms 1000 ms
TC+
TI+
TC+
TI+
P300
Spontaneous Goals & Traits(Van Overwalle et al., 2009)
Intentional Goals & Traits(Van Overwalle et al., 2009)
Timing: Implications
• SSI & ISI similar in timing: early and automatic for goals: 200 ms
traits confirmed in goals: 150-200 ms
late and reflective for traits: 400-600 ms
Parallel between SSI and ISI ?
Goals (Consistent – No-Goal)
Goals (Consistent – No-Goal)
Traits (Consistent - Irrelevant)
Traits: Location @ 600 ms
Goals & Traits(Consistent – No Goal)
Location @200-225 ~
Goal-Cued Recall
Location @ 600 ~ Trait-Cued Recall
Implications: Location
Parallels between SSI & ISI due to automatic goal detection @ 200–250 ms in TPJ
Differentiation during trait identification @ 600–700 ms (200–300 ms trait confirmation after goal)
– TPJ during spontaneous (mPFC trait
confirmation) – mPFC during intentional
Traits: fMRI
Posterior Anterior
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.. STS IFG
TPJ
mPFC
Visual Input
Motor Input
Implications for Social Brain
Mirror system: Automatic Goal
200 ms
Early or LateTrait
150-200 or 600 ms
What are / about spontaneous traits@ 200 / 600 ms?
Questions for Future research
• Spontaneous traits may also involve the mPFC (but activated to a lesser extent – see also fMRI)?
• What is traits over and above goals? Traits identified so fast because confirmatory?
• How to probe beliefs: Are they in fact causal inferences (which also occur spontaneously)?Saxe & Powel, 2006:Nicky knew that his sister’s flight from San Francisco was delayed
ten hours. [Because] Only one flight was delayed so much that night, so when he got to the airport, he knew that flight was hers.
Rob tied his dog’s leash to a lamppost while he went into a store to buy coffee. When he came out, his dog had run across the street. He guessed that [because] the leash had come untied.
Thank you