Time Use Differences Between Low and High Income Children Sarah Leonard Master’s Candidate, Human...
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Time Use Differences Between Low and High Income Children Sarah Leonard Master’s Candidate, Human Development and Family Studies Department Research Intern, Carsey School of Public Policy Backgrou nd Present Study Preliminary Results Unsupervised youth display negative outcomes. Supervised extracurricular activities may be beneficial. Disparities between low and high income groups may affect participation. If low SES children are not participating in extracurricular activities at the same rate as higher SES children, what are they are doing instead? 1972 to 1973 1983 to 1984 1994 to 1995 2005 to 2006 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 835 1264 1173 1315 3536 5650 6975 8872 Enrichment Expenditures on Children, 1972 to 2006: Wealthier Increasingly Spend More Bottom income quintile Top income quintile Year Amount (In 2008 Dollars) Source: Duncan, G. & Murnane, R. (2011). Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation. Author’s calculations based on Consumer Expenditure Surveys (U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, various years). 1.How does income affect participation rates in extracurricular activities? 2.How do income groups differ in their time use in non-extracurricular activities, such as paid work and electronic use? Methods National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) 2011-2012 which included multiple measures of child’s time use as well as income. N = 95, 677, Four income groups used. Bivariate description of rates of participation by SES and other key demographics. One-way ANOVAs were employed to determine any significant differences between group means in time spent using electronics and working. 0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Figure 1. Percent of Youth Participating Across SES Groups: Children in Higher Income Families have Greater Participation Rates Sports Clubs/Organizations Other Extracurriculars SES GROUPS % 0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Figure 2. Community Service Participation Rate Across SES Groups: Children from Higher SES Families Participate More in Volunteer Activities Once a Month Few Times a Year SES Group % 0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Figure 3. Youth Earning Money from Work Across SES Groups: Children from Higher SES Families More Likely to Work, but Lower SES Children Work Longer % Working Mean Hours Worked SES Group % Participating\Mean Hours 0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Figure 4. Youth Time Use Across SES Groups: Children from Lower SES Families May Be Using Electronics for Longer Hours Watching TV or Playing Video Games SES Groups Mean Minutes Per Day Conclusions Low income and high income children spend their out of school time differently. Low income children participate less in all extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs/organizations, and community service. Low income children also have lower rates of work participation, however those low income youth that did work, tended to work for longer hours than high income children. Similar trends emerged showing that youth from lower income backgrounds tend to use electronics for longer time periods than youth from higher income families, though their rates of use are similar. Next Steps What are the barriers that low income children face in engaging in extracurricular activities? What other differences in children’s time use patterns exist by SES? Why do children hold jobs? The trend was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location (urban or rural); however females participate more frequently in other extracurriculars, such as dance and music, and males more frequently in sports. The pattern was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location; however females participate more in community service than males. Whites were more frequently employed across income groups; however Hispanics work the longest hours. Rates of employment did not differ by location; however rural youth work far more hours than urban youth, especially in the lowest income group. The trend was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location; however whites in lower income groups tend to use electronics for fewer hours than minorities. Acknowledgements I thank Erin Sharp (HDFS), Beth Mattingly and other staff at the Carsey School of Public Policy for aiding in this project. Limitations Only bivariate analyses conducted, without controlling for other variables. Video game and television use combined into one variable. Only one time point rather than multiple years.
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Transcript of Time Use Differences Between Low and High Income Children Sarah Leonard Master’s Candidate, Human...
Time Use Differences Between Low and High Income ChildrenSarah Leonard
Master’s Candidate, Human Development and Family Studies DepartmentResearch Intern, Carsey School of Public Policy
Background
Present Study
Preliminary ResultsUnsupervised youth display negative outcomes.
Supervised extracurricular activities may be beneficial.
Disparities between low and high income groups may affect participation. If low SES children are not participating in extracurricular activities at the same rate as higher SES children, what are they are doing instead?
1972 to 1973 1983 to 1984 1994 to 1995 2005 to 20060
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
8351264 1173 1315
3536
5650
6975
8872
Enrichment Expenditures on Children, 1972 to 2006:Wealthier Increasingly Spend More
Bottom income quintile
Top income quintile
Year
Amou
nt (I
n 20
08 D
olla
rs)
Source: Duncan, G. & Murnane, R. (2011). Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation. Author’s calculations based on Consumer Expenditure Surveys (U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, various years).
1. How does income affect participation rates in extracurricular activities?
2. How do income groups differ in their time use in non-extracurricular activities, such as paid work and electronic use?
MethodsNational Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) 2011-2012 which included multiple measures of child’s time use as well as income.
N = 95, 677, Four income groups used.
Bivariate description of rates of participation by SES and other key demographics.
One-way ANOVAs were employed to determine any significant differences between group means in time spent using electronics and working.
0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Figure 1. Percent of Youth Participating Across SES Groups: Children in Higher Income Families have Greater Participation Rates
Sports Clubs/Organizations Other Extracurriculars
SES GROUPS
%
0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 2. Community Service Participation Rate Across SES Groups: Children from Higher SES Families Participate More in Volunteer Activities
Never Few Times a Year
SES Group
%
0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400%0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Figure 3. Youth Earning Money from Work Across SES Groups: Children from Higher SES Families More Likely to Work, but Lower SES
Children Work Longer
% Working Mean Hours Worked
SES Group
% P
artic
ipati
ng\M
ean
Hou
rs
0-99% 100-199% 200-399% Above 400%0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 4. Youth Time Use Across SES Groups: Children from Lower SES Families May Be Using Electronics for Longer Hours
Watching TV or Playing Video Games Using Other Electronics
SES Groups
Mea
n M
inut
es P
er D
ay
ConclusionsLow income and high income children spend their out of school time differently.
Low income children participate less in all extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs/organizations, and community service.
Low income children also have lower rates of work participation, however those low income youth that did work, tended to work for longer hours than high income children.
Similar trends emerged showing that youth from lower income backgrounds tend to use electronics for longer time periods than youth from higher income families, though their rates of use are similar.
Next StepsWhat are the barriers that low income children face in engaging in extracurricular activities?
What other differences in children’s time use patterns exist by SES?
Why do children hold jobs?
The trend was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location (urban or rural); however females participate more frequently in other extracurriculars, such as dance and music, and males more frequently in sports.
The pattern was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location; however females participate more in community service than males.
Whites were more frequently employed across income groups; however Hispanics work the longest hours.
Rates of employment did not differ by location; however rural youth work far more hours than urban youth, especially in the lowest income group.
The trend was consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and location; however whites in lower income groups tend to use electronics for fewer hours than minorities.
Acknowledgements
I thank Erin Sharp (HDFS), Beth Mattingly and other staff at the Carsey School of Public Policy for aiding in this project.
LimitationsOnly bivariate analyses conducted, without controlling for other variables.
Video game and television use combined into one variable.
Only one time point rather than multiple years.
