TIME-MOTION ANALYSIS AND excellent guidance given by my supervisor Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D.,...

TIME-MOTION ANALYSIS AND

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF

WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

DURING COMPETITION

BY

DR. RAVI PRAKASH SINGH

2018

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Title: Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of

Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition Author(s): DR. RAVI PRAKASH SINGH

Edition: First

Volume: I

© Copyright Reserved

2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in

a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior

permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-86675-27-9

Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……iii

Ideal International E- Publication

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my parents for continuing to support me and helping me to

relive any consternation I may have had throughout this process.

No appropriate word could be traced in presently available lexicon to vouch the

excellent guidance given by my supervisor Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D., Assistant

Professor, Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, who

is a constant source of inspiration for his erudite suggestions, meticulous guidance and

constructive counsel unreserved that serves a beckon light throughout the period of thesis

work. I am proud to be associated to him.

I am obliged to Prof. Jawaid Ali, Emeritus Fellow, Department of Physical

Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for his support and valuable

suggestions given by him during my work.

I owe my gratitude for the help provided to me by Dr Rajendra Singh (Chairman),

Prof. Ikram Hussain, Dr. Zamir Ullah Khan, Dr Brij Bhushan Singh and Mr. Taufiq

Ahmad of the Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.

I also thank Mr. Anwar Ahmad Khan, Mr. Ashok Kumar Singh, Mr. Mohd

Afzal, Mrs. Chanda Parveen, Mr. Saood, Mr. Salamat Ali, Mr. Jamshed Iqbal and Mr.

Gulsher, Mr. Abdul Jamil and Mr Neeraj for their help and cooperation whenever

needed.

I am immensely grateful to Dr. R K Mukherje (Colonel), Medical Director, staff

and Wheelchair Basketball Players of Paraplegic Rehabilitation Centre, Kirkee, Pune for

their assistance in the collection of data for the Ph.D.

I am highly thankful for the cooperation, generous help and good wishes provided

by my brother Mr. Sushil Singh (IDAS), Gujarat, India.

Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……iv


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Words fall short to describe the companionship and cooperation of my wife

Sakshi Singh. I am deeply indebted to her, whose moral support and affection bolstered

me all the way during my thesis work.

I heartily acknowledge the help and cooperation which I received from my seniors

and colleagues especially Mr Mohd Imran, Shamshad Ahmad, Arshad Hussain Bhat and

Ashish Kumar Katiyar.

I would like to acknowledge all the research scholars of the Department of

Physical Education, A.M.U. Aligarh, especially Mr Shailendra Pratap Singh and

Virendra Singh for their support in and out of the department.

I would like to extend thanks to the University Grant Commission for its

financial help to make this research smooth and enjoyable.

Lastly I humbly make an obeisance to the ALMIGHTY.

Dated: Ravi Prakash Singh

Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……v


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CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study

Delimitations of the Study

Limitations of the Study

Definitions and Explanation of Terms

Significance of the Study

Hypotheses of the Study

1-9

5

6

6

6

6

7

8

2. REVIEW OF RELEATED LITRATURE 10-15

3. PROCEDURE

Selection of Participants

Description of Test

Statistical Procedure

16-24

16

17

24

4. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULT OF

THE STUDY

25-72

5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

73-82

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix-I: Permission Letter to Collect the

Data

Appendix-II: Informed Consent Form

Appendix-III: Raw Data

Appendix-IV: Publications

i-xxiii

i

ii

iii

ix

Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……1


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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

Today’s sports are very much competitive. We have been seeing records breaking

performances day by day. As we become dependent on technology, the scientific

advancement in sports has grown exponentially. For determining the time invested by in

the particular activity for a limited time is time motion analysis (Gross, 1984). By the

process of time motion analysis various moves and patterns in sports such as duration,

speed or distance may be collected. We can get valuable information by using time motion

analysis and it is getting more attention.

Time motion analysis is a standard method to find out the relation of time and

energy invested in the activity for a period of time (Gross, 1984). During this process the

various patterns of movement in sports situations, such as speed, duration or distance are

collected. Thus we obtained valuable information by the use of time motion analysis. As

the world became increasingly dependent on technology, the stage had been set for the

scientific advancement of work methods. Time motion analysis is receiving increasing

attention from video motion analysis researchers (Aggarwal and Cai-1999) and global

positioning system (GPS) methods.

Frederick Winslow Taylor was born in 1856 in Pennsylvania and known as the

father of scientific management (Shawna, 2013). As a young man Frederick had the

chance to go to Harvard University. Taylor got trained as a pattern maker and operator.

These perceptions turned into the persuasion for the experimental administration methods

that would make Taylor celebrated. His Time Study technique was utilized to

straightforwardly watch assignments and record the time it took to finish them. The

investigation of these perceptions was utilized to focus the best methods for performing

work (Shawna, 2013).

Frank Gilbreth used one of the impressive budding technologies of the time,

motion pictures. He made video film of 35mm over 250,000 feet, archiving the work

methods for persons in different industries. By investigating the movements of labourers,

the Gilbreths looked for conduct to increase output and decrease fatigue by taking

endlessly motion wastes, for example, stooping and walking. After World War II the

Japanese used this technology for producing industry embraced American Scientific



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Management hones keeping in mind the end goal to annihilation the difficulties they were

forced with (Shawna, 2013).

Use of Time Motion Analysis in Sports:

Two ways of motion analysis in games are utilized for tracking players. These are

utilized to know the different movement patterns in sports situations, for example, speed,

duration or distance.

(a) Motion analysis in sport by watching video tape.

(b) GPS based motion analysis in sport.

Time motion analysis make available a imminent information into the physiological stress

and movement patterns of players in the course of assessing the total distance covered,

total time in separate activities, in addition to frequency of activities has been used in a

many of team sports based on time as well as ice hockey (Green et al., 1976), field hockey

(Spencer et al., 2004), rugby union (Duthie, Pyne and Hooper 2005) water polo (Smith,

1998), soccer (Hughes, 2003, Reilly, 2003). Number of time motion analysis have

confirmed that have analysed full match, but, many have not indicated whether this

involved break in play such as when ball is hit or kicked out of the ground or court, or the

activities within the standard time of game. Such type of studies may make

misunderstanding and dissimilarity when comparing data from earlier studies, because one

study may characterize match-play as those actions happening within the normal clock-

time, where another may integrate all actions happening from the beginning of play until

end of the play (Sera and Mark, 2006) (Singh, Murtaza, Ahmad, Bhat and Shariq, 2014).

The meaning of term adapted physical education is that meets the unique needs of

any child (Sherril, 2004). Divers’ people use different term to mean for adapted physical

education, it is essential to make clear the definition of adopted physical education.

Adapted physical education is an individualized program including physical and motor

fitness, fundamental motor skill and motor fitness, essential motor skill in aquatics and

dance, and individual and cluster games and sports design to meet the exclusive needs of

individuals. The meaning of word adapts is “to adjust” or “to fit”. The meaning of adapt is

reliable with these definitions and includes alteration to meet the need of students. It

encompasses established components connected with adapted physical education,

including those planned to correct, habilitate, or remediate. Adapted physical education is

viewed as a sub-discipline of physical education that provides safe, personally satisfying’



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and successful for student of varying ability. Adapted physical education is generally

designed to meet long term unique needs of the challenged population (Joseph, 2011).

Adapted physical education is vigilantly planned physical education for the people

with disability. It is based on a complete evaluation, to give the learner amusement and

sports experiences for the improvement of physical fitness and wellness. There is a

developing recognition and popularity of disability sports of different types, in addition to

the increased participation of players with a disability in national and international

sporting event. Thus, there is a requirement for a more understanding of the physiological

interest of individual sports to ensure ideal preparation and safety of athlete (Bloxham,

Bell, Bhambhani, and Steadward, 2001).

Wheelchair basketball was invented in 1946 by an ex-American. A basketball

player "Running", who, after age of war injury, needed to once more experience the

passion of an extremely sporty within a team circumstances. It is now played in more than

80 countries by more than 25,000 men, women and children with a physical disability

which prevents them from playing aggressive basketball on their feet (Basketball.” No

Date (n.d.)).

Wheelchair basketball is basketball played by personnel in wheelchairs and is well

thought-out one of the leading disabled sports practiced throughout the world (Wheelchair

Basketball, 2013). The governing body for this sport is The International Wheelchair

Basketball Federation (IWBF). To recognize the wheelchair basketball worldwide the

International Paralympics Committee (IPC) is the only competent authority. Through-out

the world International wheelchair basketball has 82 national organizations for wheelchair

basketball with the increasing number every year. Approximate by over 100,000 people

play wheelchair basketball from amusement to club play and as selected national team

members. Boys, girls, men and women play Wheelchair basketball (Wheelchair

Basketball, 2013).

In 2006, the extremity game formed for people with extremity loss or extremity

variation to struggle in grand sports. The College Park Industries, a company of prosthetic

feet, planned this happening to give amputee athletes a venue to participate in these

progressively more popular sports types which were also referred to as action sports. This

yearly event held in the summer in Orlando, FL includes competitions in skateboarding,

wakeboarding, mountain biking, rock climbing, kayaking and surfing. Many



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organizations, like Paradox Sports, have come up to help to motivate disabled people

through facilitating and welcoming them into the extreme sports community. Wheelchair

basketball sees marvelous contest and interest on the international level. Wheelchair

basketball is included in the Paralympics Games that are held every four years for athletes

with physical disabilities straight away next to the Olympics in the same city that organize

the Summer Olympics just 14 days behind the finishing of the Summer Games (Robinson,

n.d. para. 7).

Physiology is the function of the human body as impacted by the execution of

physical activity. The cardiovascular system, the cardio respiratory system, the

thermoregulatory system, body composition and the musculoskeletal system of human

function that tend to have the best result upon the capacity of a player to keep up or

improve their level of performance in any game.

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe out from the

lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal

volume and the expiratory reserve volume. The normal value of vital capacity is 4 to 5

liter. The normal value is affected by physical fitness, age, and the size of chest cage,

posture and gender. The vital capacity may decrease by a reduction of the amount of

edema, functioning lung tissue, pneumonia, tumors or pulmonary reactions, limited chest

expansion, fibrosis, chest deformity, or by pregnancy (Vital capacity,” n.d.). Your lung

capacity can be enhance by regular modest aerobic activities (Noakes, 2003). Performing

deep-breathing exercise can increasingly enhance our lung capacity. Deep inhalation

lowers the diaphragm to fully increase our lungs on breathing and uses our abdominal

muscles to exhale air (Timothy, n.d. para 1).

Lactic acid is formed in red blood cells and muscle cells. When the oxygen levels

low in the body and body breaks down carbohydrates to use for energy lactate acid forms.

Low level of oxygen occurs in the body at the time of intense exercise and when you have

a disease or infection (Dugdale, 2013). Level of lactic acid gets increased when very

tiring works out or other circumstances-for example a severe contamination (sepsis), heart

failure, or shock-lower the flow of blood and oxygen all through the body. Lactic acid

levels can also get elevated when the liver is severely injured or contaminated, because the

liver in general breaks down lactic acid. High levels of lactic acid cause a serious,

sometimes life-threatening condition called lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis can also occur



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in someone who takes Glucophage to control diabetes when heart or kidney breakdown or

a severe contamination is also there. The normal range of blood lactic acid is 4.5 to 19.8

mg/dl (0.5-2.2 mmol/l) (Blood lactate,” n.d.). The energy requirements and metabolic

support for best performance are functions of the length of the race and the intensity at

which it is finished. However, in spite of the difficulty of the regulation of lactate

metabolism, blood lactate measurements can be utilized by coaches for prediction of

performance (Billat, 1996).

The body fat in the human body has medical and physiological significance. It may

control unhealthful condition and mortality, it may change the effectiveness of drugs and

anesthetics, and it may affect the ability to oppose forcefully exposure to cold and hunger

(Body Fat Percentage 2011).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

After thorough review of literature and discussion with experts we found that there

are no accurate parameters to assess the intensity involved in wheelchair basketball,

although measurement of the continuous heart rate might provide approximate

information about the aerobic energy expenditure during match play. Time–motion

analysis of the movement patterns is a reliable method to describe the physical demands of

basketball. Furthermore, blood or plasma lactate concentration is often used as an

indicator of anaerobic lactic acid energy production during competition, although it

represents a poor indicator of muscle lactate. Since 1995, no study has been made in the

scientific literature in which both time–motion analysis and physiological responses of

players are investigated, and therefore little is known about the intensity of modern

competition. At the same time, there is no study on men's basketball that determines the

position specific physical demands of this sport especially in wheelchair based sports. The

aim of this investigation will be to estimate the activity patterns and physiological

variables of Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition. Thus the title for the

study has been formulated as ‘Study on Time–Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological

Variables of Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition’.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Every research must have some objectives to achieve. The present study aims to

achieve the following objectives:



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1. To determine the duration of activity in competition according to different

positions of players in wheelchair basketball.

2. To determine the competitive physiological demands of wheelchair basketball

Players.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Every study which is undertaken on scientific lines made to be delimited. This study will

be delimited to the following:-

1- The study would be delimited to 17 Indian wheelchair basketball players.

2- Vital capacity, Heart rate, Body Composition, BMI, and Blood lactate would be

taken.

3- Duration of movements during competition, e.g. standing still, moving with or

without ball, shooting, dribbling, resting on bench, passing, guarding related to

wheelchair based basketball would be deciphered by time-motion analysis.

4- Only three major playing positions would be considered for the study viz. (i)

guards, (ii) forwards and (iii) centres.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Factors which cannot be controlled in the study were as follows:-

1- Environment Factor.

2- Difference regarding participant’s daily routine and training schedule.

DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Time-motion analysis:-

Method for establishing sports-persons productivity standards in which (1)

a complex task is broken into small, simple steps, (2) the sequence of movements taken by

the performers in performing those steps is carefully observed to detect and

eliminate redundant or wilful motion, and (3) precise time taken for each correct

movement is measured, time and motion studies were pioneered by the

US industrial engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) and developed by the

husband and wife team of Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth (1878-

1972)



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Live time in this study refers to the time during which the game clock was running and

the participant was on court, and to the short moments in which the player was active

during out‐of‐bounds.

Total time refers to all of the time that the subject was on the court, including all

stoppages in play, but excluding breaks between quarters.

Body composition: - In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the

percentages of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up

less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight,

determines leanness. Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely

different from each other because they have a different body composition.

Vital capacity: - Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe out

from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume,

the tidal volume and the expiratory reserve volume.

Heart rate: - Frequency of the heart pump counted by the number of heartbeats per unit

time - usually beats per minute (bpm) (Heart Rate, n.d.).

Blood lactate: - Lactic acid that appears in the blood as a result of anaerobic metabolism

when oxygen delivery to the tissues is insufficient to support normal metabolic demands.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study would be:

1- Time-motion analysis of players would be investigated, which would provide

knowledge about the duration of modern competition of wheelchair basketball

players.

2- To determine the competitive physiological demands of wheelchair basketball

players.

3- To explore the relationship between the physiological variables to different

position of players in wheelchair basketball and.

4- To explore the duration of activity of different position of players in wheelchair

basketball.

HYPOTHESES



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The study was taken with the following hypotheses:

H1- The live time of competition would have no significant difference among different

positions of play.

H2- The time spent in moving with ball of wheelchair basketball players would have no

significant difference among different positions of play.

H3- The time spent in moving without ball of wheelchair basketball players would

have no significant difference among different positions of play.

H4- The time spent in standing still of wheelchair basketball players would have no


H5- The time spent in dribbling of wheelchair basketball players would have no


H6- The time spent in passing of wheelchair basketball players would have no


H7- The time spent in shooting of wheelchair basketball players would have no


H8- The time spent in guarding of wheelchair basketball players would have no


H9- The time spent in resting on the bench of wheelchair basketball players would have

no significant difference among different positions of play.

H10- The lying height of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant

difference among different positions of play.

H11- The body weight of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant


H12- The BMI of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant difference

among different positions of play.

H13- The vital capacity of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant




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H14- The heart rate before 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players would


H15- The heart rate at the half time of game of wheelchair basketball players would have

no significant difference among different positions of play.

H16- The heart rate after 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players would


H17- The percentage of fat of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant


H18- The blood lactate before 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players

would have no significant difference among different positions of play.

H19- The blood lactate at the half time of game of wheelchair basketball players would


H20- The lactate of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant difference

among different positions of play at the end of game.



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CHAPTER-II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

A review of the literature is a key of research. The review is a watchful appraisal

of literature indicating toward the solution of your research question. Literature reviewed

normally includes scholarly journals and books, and reliable databases. Sometimes it

includes books, magazines, newspapers, films, and audio video tapes. All good writing

and research is guided by a review of the relevant literature. Through the literature review

we find whether our research question already has been answered by someone else. If it

has, we must change or modify our question.

Indian Studies: Despite extensive literature survey and net surfing, no Indian study had

been found for the variables taken for this study.

International Studies:

During the literature survey process the researcher has found the following studies

at the international plane:

Docherty, Wenger and Neary (1988) have conducted a study on 27 rugby players

volunteered to be seen by video tape all through the game to find the time utilized in

various match play activities related to physiological load of the game. A particularly

plotted computer program was used to take after the frequency, aggregate time, mean time

and percentage of six match play activities in the midst of video tape playback. The

analyses were limited to two playing positions in rugby i.e. Props and Centers. Four

cameras were used to record the eight players’ activities in five minutes break for a

minimum forty minutes every one diversion. After five minutes of game Blood lactates

were taken of 11 players. The analysis for all the games and players showed that players

used up 47% of the total time in low intensity movement i.e. jogging and walking, 6% in

extreme action i.e. sprinting and running, 9% in non-running intense action i.e. competing

for the ball and tackling and 38% standing. Observation by position showed parallel time-

motion profiles aside from sprinting and non-running activities. Props sprinted for 1% of

the time compared with 3% for Centers where as Centers invested 3.3% of the time

seeking the ball compared with 16% for the Props. Observation by level and position

(representative compared with club) shows same profiles for position regardless of level.

No movement for any position or level exceeded a mean time of 8.6 sec. After game



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lactates were 2.8 mmol/l (±1.62) contrasted with individual assessment of 8.4) and 10.1

(±5.78) for post Vo2max and anaerobic power tests. This information may suggest specific

training programe with respect to demands and position of the players for the game.

Ali and Farrally (1991) made an attempt to figure out proper schedules for getting

objective information on the time utilized by players of unique positions during jogging,

walking, sprinting, cruising, and standing still during match play activities. Computer

programs and video investigations with a direct documentation framework based upon

symbolic representations of movements have been invented for examination of individual

player’s conduct. A technique was formulated and used with a small gathering of

university players, aged 19-21 years old. The participants were shot in numerous matches,

and the video recordings were analyzed using a microcomputer. The proportion of the

time used for the players were 30% jogging, 56% walking, 7% standing still, 4% cruising

and 3% sprinting. ANOVA lets them know that there were significant differences among

the players for different positions on the field, for example the time utilized on walking,

standing still and jogging (P <0.05) among attackers, midfielders and defenders. An

alternate technique had been produced to get solid data about the players' movement and

execution in the games. The authors accepted that there should be further studies carried

out including more teams at distinctive levels of execution to substantiate these

preparatory findings.

Bloxham et.al. (2001) investigated the time of selected wheelchair basketball

players utilized performing different game activities all through a World Cup game,

measure the heart rate response all through such activity, and elucidate the physiological

profile of every player taking part in the game. From Canadian World Cup wheelchair

basketball team six male players were recorded midst of the whole game to conclude the

time utilized performing seven different classes of movement. Time motion analysis

demonstrated that players contributed 23.5% gliding, 8.9% of the game time sprinting,

18.2% contesting for ball possession, 0.3% shooting, 48.3% resting on the floor and bench

and 0.6% sprinting with the ball. Twenty percent (20%) of game time was played at

intensity above the ventilatory threshold. The team mean worth for peak oxygen uptake at

the time of incremental wheelchair practice on rollers was 2.60 L/min and team mean peak

5 and 30 second anaerobic power improvement on an arm crank ergometer was 486.3 W



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and 336.8 W, respectively, proposes that planning for playing elite class wheelchair

basketball induces significant in these tests of fitness.

Spencer et. al. (2004) studied the movement patterns of field-hockey players,

especially during elite class competition. Time-motion analysis was used to get the

movements patterns at the time of an international field hockey game. Also, the movement

patterns of frequent sprint activities were investigated, as repeated sprint capacity is

thought to be an essential fitness part of team games performance. Fourteen players of the

men's field-hockey team of Australia (age 26±3 years, body mass 76.7±5.6 kg, Vo2max

57.9+3.6 ml_ kg71 _ min 71; means) were recorded by video tape at the time of an

international game and their movement patterns were investigated. Maximum players’

game time was used in the low-intensity movements of standing, walking and jogging

(7.4+0.9%, 46.5+8.1, and 40.5+7.0 respectively). In investigation, the proportion of time

utilized in sprinting and striding were 1.5+0.6% and 4.1+1.1, respectively. 'Repeated

sprint' movement criteria (described as at least three sprints, with mean recovery span

between sprints of less than 21 s) was met on 17 occasions at the time of the game (total

for all players), with a mean 4+1 sprints for every bout. By and large, 95% of the recovery

during the repeated-sprint sessions was of a dynamic nature. In outline, the results

recommend that the motion activities of an elite class field-hockey competition are like

those of elite class soccer, rugby and Australian Rules football. In addition, the

examination of repeated-sprint activity at the time of competition has given additional

information about the unique physiological demands of elite field-hockey performance.

Duthie, Pyne, and Hooper (2005) have directed the study to assess movement of

Super 12 rugby players in competition in light of the way that information on first class

rugby players' movements is inaccessible. Players were asked into forward [back line (n =

15) and front (n = 16)] and backs [outside backs (n = 7) and inside (n = 9)] and their

movements investigated by video based time motion analysis. Movements were named

rest (jogging, walking and standing) and work (jumping, sprinting, static effort, striding,

lifting or tackling). The total time, number and time of individual activities were assessed,

with differences between group assessed using independent sample t-tests (unequal

variance), while differences between halves were examined with paired sample t-tests.

Forwards had 7:47 min:s (95% confidence level: 6:39 to 8:55 min:s, P50.01) more

chances in static effort than backs, however backs used 0:52 (0:34 to 1:09, P = 0.01) min:s

more time sprinting than Forwards, and had a 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2, P = 0.01) s longer time of



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each one sprint. Forward used 7:31 (5:55 to 9:08) min:s more time in work exercises (P =

0.01) and had 2.1 (1.3 to 2.8) s longer work time (P50.01) than backs. The results showed

continuous short time (54 s) work tries took after by moderate span (520 s) rest for

forward and extended (4100 s) rest term for backs. High-intensity tries included static

effort for Forwards (mean + standard deviation frequency = 80+17) and sprinting for

backs (27). With everything take into account, after around 10 years since getting to be

professional, first class Rugby union is still described by highly intense, unpredictable

movement patterns and checked differences in the competition load of Forwards and

backs.

Abdelkrim, Fazaa and Ati (2006) made an attempt to assess the physical needs of

men's basketball after the change in rules of May 2000 by studying movement pattern,

heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration of 38 elite under-19 basketball players all

through six matches. Computerized time-motion analysis were performed all through

every one match on three players of different positions (n=18). Heart rate was recorded

continuously (n=38) with the sport tester S610TM heart rate tester. Blood samples

(n=114) were drawn from the antecubital vein previous to the begin of the matches, at

halftime and at the end for lactate determinations. Players used (mean ± SD) 5.3 ± 0.8% of

sprinting, 2.1 ± 0.3% jumping and 8.8 ± 1%, live time in high “specific movements”,

while 29 ± 2% was spent standing still and 9 ± 2% was walking. Guards invest

significantly higher live time competing in high- intensity activities than Centers (17.1 ±

1.2 % vs. 14.7 ± 1 %; P < 0.01) and Forwards (16.6 ± 0.8 %; P < 0.05). A correlation was

made between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the length of intense movements.

The percent time utilized in high-intensity activity by the different positional groups

decreased respectably in the second and fourth quarters compared with that in the first and

third quarters, respectively. The match heart rate was 171 ± 4 beats/min (91 ± 2% HR

max), with a critical difference between Centers and Guards (169 ± 3 beats/min vs. 174±3

beats/min; P < 0.01). HR decreased significantly in the final quarter for all positional

groups Mean plasma lactate was 5.49 ± 1.24 mmol/l, with concentration at halftime (6.05

± 1.27 mmol/l) being significantly (P< 0.001) higher than those at the end of the game

(4.94 ± 1.46 mmol/l, separately). The mean plasma lactate for Guards was higher than that

for Centers at the end of the match (5.92 ± 1.16 mmol/l vs. 4.25 ± 1.54 mmol/l). The

change to the principles of basketball has slightly increased the cardiovascular and

metabolic endeavors included at the time of competition. The game intensity may vary



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according to playing position, being most important in Guards. Training program should

consider these appeals set on players at the time of competitive match-play.

Deutsch, Kearney, and Rehrer (2007) the objective of this study was to measure

the movement patterns of different playing positions during first class Rugby union

matches, such that the relative significance of aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways to

execution could be evaluated. Video analysis was headed of individual players (n=29) at

the time of six ''Super 12'' Representative fixtures from the Highlanders, Otago. Each

movement was coded as one of six speed of locomotion (utility, walking, jogging,

sprinting, cruising and standing still), three conditions of non-running intensive activity

(tackling, scrummaging and rucking/mauling), and three discrete activities (kicking,

jumping, and passing). The results indicated significant demands on every energy systems

in each playing positions, yet implied a more essential reliance on anaerobic glycolytic

metabolism system in Forwards, because of their continuous contribution in static intense

activities, for example, tackling, scrummaging, mulling, and rucking. Positional group

correlations showed that while the best difference existed between Forwards and backs,

each positional group had its own particular specific requests. Front column Forwards

were essentially involved in activities including gaining/resting positions, back line

forward had a tendency to play to a more extent a pseudo back-line role, performing less

rucking/mauling than front row forward, yet being more included in parts of broken play,

for instance, tackling and sprinting. While outside backs had a tendency to work in the

running parts of play, inside backs had a tendency to show more significant contribution in

confrontational parts of play, for instance, rucking/ muling and tackling. These results

propose that rugby training and fitness testing ought to be customized specially to

positional groups rather than simply just separating between Forwards and backs.

Holmes (2011) expressed that to-date no huge scale studies have been published

that have utilized player tracking technology to research persistent time-motion analysis in

the modern time of Women's field hockey at the time of first class International game to

evaluate positional differences and inform fitness training and testing. To break down

individual player activity (n=54) from 18 International matches of Women's hockey (18

Midfielders, 18 Defenders, and 18 Forwards) an alternate computerized time-motion

analysis technique, track performance was used. General examination recognized distance

traveled 9.1 ± 1.6 km, of which 74.7 ± 9.0% was traveled in low intensity activity of

stationary, walking and jogging, 3.9 ± 2.4% match time was utilized stationary. Mean



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sprint distance of 12.7 ± 1.7 m, with a mean of 26.7 ± 11.5 between each sprint. Positional

differences were recognized for the mean percentage of time utilized; distance covered in

locomotion movements, the mean time of rest between sprint sessions, the frequency of

sprints and work to rest proportions. The majority of contrasts in movement characteristics

happen between the defensive players and other outfield positions. Study of repeated-

sprint capability revealed Forwards commence a significantly greater amount of 16 ± 9.

Fitness assessment and training should therefore look like the irregular nature of the game

with sprint recovery periods reflecting the different positional demands.

Venter, Opperman and Opperman, (2011) endeavored to use GPS devices to get

information on elite class Under-19 rugby union back and forward players with respect to

selected movement patterns, and also influences from effect fulfilled by players. During

five games in a Super League competition, seventeen Under-19 male rugby players from a

provincial rugby organization in Stellenbosch, South Africa were studied. Data revealed

that players utilized on mean 4469.95 ± 292.25m at the time of competition. Players

utilized 72.32 ± 4.77% of the total game time either walking or standing. Locks and Props

contributed more time, outside Backs (15.6 ± 2.3%), compared with jogging (26.11 ±

3.77%). The inside backs contributed less time (0.72 ± 0.30%) than outside Backs

sprinting (1.11 ± 1.18%) or the back and front line Forwards (48 ± 0.13% and 0.48 ±

0.23%) respectively. Inside backs achieved the most amazing measure of great impacts

(>10g) (12.16 ± 3.18) for every match. The intermittent nature of Under-19 rugby union

matches play, and in addition to the exceptional parts and necessities of positional groups,

were affirmed. The usage of GPS innovation additionally offered significant data into the

seriousness of impacts fulfilled by players in different positions, which was not formerly

available. An understanding of match-play prerequisites, and moreover the number and

intensity of collisions fulfilled by players, can assist coaches with planning particular

training programmes, furthermore sufficient recovery between training sessions and

games.



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CHAPTER-III

PROCEDURE

The real study begins with the collection of data. The collection of data is an

important step in providing the information needed to answer the research question. Every

study includes the collection of some type of data to answer the research questions. The

present study is an investigation in which researcher conducted the study to get the time

motion analysis and physiological variables of wheelchair basketball players during

competition. Participants used the wheelchair prescribed by the international wheelchair

basketball federation IWBF (Official Wheelchair Basketball Rules 2014)

In this chapter the researcher described sample, tools used, administration of test and

statistical design.

Selection of Participants:

The data were collected on wheelchair basketball players in India. In the present

study 17 male wheelchair basketball players of Paraplegic Rehabilitation Centre, Kirkee,

Pune. All the players were orthopaedic challenged.

All participants had been given inform consent form (Appendix-II) to fill before the

initiation of the study.

Preliminary Information:

1. Lying Height.

2. Body Weight.

3. Age.

4. Position of Player. (Centres, Guard, and Forward)

Physiological Variables:

1. Heart Rate.

2. Body Mass Index.

3. Blood Lactate.

4. Vital Capacity.

5. Percentage of Fat.



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Movement Category for Time Motion Analysis:

1. Live time.

2. Total time.

3. Moving with ball.

4. Moving without ball.

5. Standing still.

6. Shooting.

7. Dribbling.

8. Passing the ball.

9. Resting on the bench.

10. Guarding.

TEST DESCRIPTION

Lying Height

Equipments:

1. Marker

2. Mat

3. Flexible steel tape.

Criterion Measure:

Lying height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. using a measuring tape.

Procedure:

First tester put the mat on the plain surface then the participants were asked to lay

on the mat in supine position without shoes. The participants were instructed to keep the

heels together, touching the buttocks and back with the floor, head is erect without tilt.

They were asked to take and hold the breath during the measurement. The tester had used

the marker for marking the points of horizontal height of tip of the heel to the hip joint,

from hip joint to shoulder joint and shoulder joint to the top of the head, and requested the

participants to come out with the help of helper after the marking of the points. Tester

measured the points with the help of flexible steel tape.



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Scoring:

Tester recorded the measurements of the each marked points and added together all

marking points and calculate the height of the participants.

Body Weight

Equipment:

Electronic weight machine.

Criterion Measure:

Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kilogram using analogue scale

Procedure:

The researcher asked to participants to be in minimum cloths and sit on the

platform of weighing machine. The weighing machine was provided by the Paraplegic

Rehabilitation Centre (the accuracy of 0.1 kilogram). Participants were asked to sit in the

centre with the help of the helper on the platform of weighing machine.

Scoring:

The researcher recorded the reading from the dial of the weighing machine and

noted it on paper.

Physiological Variables

Physiology is the function of the human body as impacted by the execution of

physical activity. The cardiovascular system, the cardio respiratory system, the

thermoregulatory system, body composition and the musculoskeletal system of human

function that tend to have the best result upon the capacity of a player to keep up or

improve their level of performance in any game.

Heart Rate

Equipment:

Stop watch.

Criterion Measure:

Heart rate recorded via Stop watch for 6 seconds and multiplied by 10 for per

minute heart rate.



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Procedure:

Participants were asked to seat on the wheelchair in erect and relaxed position.

Researcher held the hand of the participants and place the index and middle fingers

together on the wrist of the participants, about 1/2 inch on the inside of the joint, in line

with the index finger(radial artery). Once researcher found the pulse, he started counting

the number of beats for 6 second period.

Scoring:

Researcher recorded the beat within 6 second then multiplied by 10 to get per

minute heart rate.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Prerequisites:

1. Lying Height in meter

2. Body Weight in kg

Formula:

As researcher has already taken data of height and weight, BMI was calculated with the

above given formula.

Blood Lactate

Equipment: Blood Lactate Analyzer.

Procedure:

When researcher requested to take the blood sample to analyze blood lactate, the

Medical Director of PRC, Pune completely denied and told that they cannot provide any

blood sample, after many requests he agreed that he can provide the blood lactate data to

the researcher by their own blood lactate analyzer. He had one portable blood lactate

analyzer (Accurate Plus GmbH Sandhofer Strass 116 D- 68305), he pricked the needle in

the finger of the participants and took the blood sample on the strips of the blood lactate

analyzer, and he showed the data, which was showed on the dial of the blood lactate

BMI = Body weight (kg)/Height2

(m)



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analyzer. Researcher noted all the data of each participant before 20 minutes of game, at

the half time of game and at the end of the game.

Scoring:

Researcher noted the data which was showed on the dial of the blood lactate

analyzer.

Vital Capacity

Equipment:

Peak flow meter.

Procedure:

Researcher set the peak flow meter as such that it should read zero or its lowest

reading when not in use. Researcher used the peak flow meter while participants sitting

straight on wheelchair. Participants inhaled as deep a breath as possible and researcher

placed the peak flow meter in the mouth with the mouthpiece and closed the lips tightly

around the mouthpiece. Participants blow out as hard and fast as possible; while exhaling

they did not do not throw the head forward. Participants breathed few normal breaths and

then repeated the process twice.

Scoring:

Researcher wrote the highest number obtained did not average the numbers.

Body Fat Percentage

Equipment:

Harpenden skin-fold calliper was used to obtain the skin fold measurements. The

instrument provided a constant pressure of 10 gm/mm2

on the skin- fold.

Criterion Measure:

Skin-fold calliper was used to measure skin-fold of four sites i.e. biceps, triceps,

suprailiac, and sub-scapular. Formula of Durnin and Wormersley was used to calculate fat

percentage.

Procedure:

To measure the thickness of skin-folds at particular sites researcher used the

Harpenden skin-fold calliper. The thickness of the skin and subcutaneous fat were grasped



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from the four different body sites i.e. biceps, triceps, sub-scapular and suprailliac between

the thumb and index finger and measurement were taken to the nearest millimetre.

Biceps

The researcher asked to participants’ to sit on the wheelchair with the arms by the

side of the body and elbow extended but in relaxed position. Layer of the skin and

subcutaneous tissue was grasped with the biceps muscles on the front of the participants’

right arm, at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale (lateral edge of the acromion

process, e.g. bony tip of shoulder) and the radial (proximal and lateral border of the radius

bone, approximately the elbow joint), on the mid-line of the anterior (front) surface of the

arm (over the biceps muscle).

Scoring:

The skin-fold calliper was placed gently into grasped skin without removing the

fingers and thickness of the skin was recorded from the dial of the calliper.

Triceps

Researcher marked at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale and the

radial on the mid-line of the posterior surface of the arm. The arm was kept relaxed with

the palm of the hand facing forwards (supinated). Layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue

was grasped with the thumb and fore finger of the left hand over the triceps muscles on the

back of the right arm, at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale (lateral edge of

the acromion process, e.g. bony tip of shoulder) and the radial (proximal and lateral border

of the radius bone, approximately the elbow joint), on the mid-line of the posterior surface

of the arm (over the triceps muscle). A vertical pinch, parallel to the long axis of the arm

is made at the landmark.

Scoring:

Where the skin fold runs parallel to the long axis of the arm the skin fold calliper

was placed gently into the grasped skin without removing the finger and thickness of the

skin was recorded from the dial of the calliper.

Sub-scapular

The researcher asked the participants to sit on the table with the shoulder erect and

in relaxed position and arm by the side of the body. The thumb palpated the inferior angle

of the scapula to determine the inner most tip. The layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue



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was grasped with the left thumb and index finger at the marked site 2 cm. along the line

running laterally and obliquely downward from sub-scapular land mark at an angle

(approximately 45 degree) as determined by the natural fold of the skin.

Scoring:

The skin-fold calliper was placed into the grasped skin with remaining out the

finger and thickness of the skin was recorded.

Suprailiac

The researcher asked the participants to sit in a normal erect posture on their

wheelchair. A double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue were grasped with the help of

thumb and fore finger of the left hand in a position one to two inches above the right

anterior superior iliac spine where the anterior superior skin fold runs forward and slightly

downward.

Scoring:

The skin-fold calliper was placed into the grasped skin without remaining the

finger and thickness of the skin was recorded.

Body Fat Percentage

Body fat percentage was calculated by the online (Durnin and Wormersley n.d.)

formula by feeding the age, gender, and value of four site of skin-fold.

Instrument Reliability

1. Flexible steel tape was used for measuring the lying height of wheelchair sports

persons and approved for use by the research experts of Physical Education.

2. Equinox Large platform weighing machine was used for measuring mass of the

participants.

3. Racer stop watch used for measuring the heart rate and were all calibrated and

synchronized from the manufacturer that is Ajanta Export Industries, Ambala Cant,

Haryana.

4. Peak flow meter was used for measuring vital capacity which was manufactured by the

Ferrari’s Medical Ltd. London.

5. Blood lactate was measured by the Accurate Plus (GmbH Sandhofer Strass 116 D-

68305), manufactured by the Roche Diagnostic of Germany.



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Time Motion Analysis

Time-motion analysis was analysed by video recordings, which was collected

using cameras positioned 10–12 m away from the side line at halfway, at an elevation of

4-5 m to allow full coverage of the court. . The video recording was analysed frame by

frame. Each video sequence could be viewed at any chosen speed, permitting analysis of

the movements. Standing still, moving with or without ball, shooting, dribbling, resting on

bench, passing, guarding, were used to classify the form and duration of activity during

competition.

Live time:

Live time in this study refers to the time during which the game clock was running

and the participants was on court, and to the short moments in which the player was active

during out‐of‐bounds.

Total time:

Total time refers to all of the time that the participants was on the court, including

all stoppages in play, but excluding breaks between quarters.

Moving With Ball:

Quick movements across the playing surface in the offensive direction while

handling the ball.

Moving Without Ball:

Quick movements across the playing surface, including offensive and defensive

direction.

Standing Still:

Resting with no movement on the playing surface.

Shooting:

Shooting the ball at the basket with little or no movement from inside the playing

surface including foul shots.

Dribbling:

Offensive movement with taping the ball inside the playing surface.



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Passing the Ball:

Passing the ball to team players with little or no movement from inside or outside

the surface.

Resting on the Bench:

Resting or sitting with no movements off the playing surface.

Guarding:

Defensive struggling for ball possession during game play.

STATISTICAL PROCEDURE

Researcher used the descriptive statistical analysis to analyse the mean and

standard deviation and to examine the significance of the difference among different

positions of play i.e. Centres, Forwards and Guards of Wheelchair Basketball players. One

way ANOVA has been computed. All statistical process was done through the IBM SPSS-

20.



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CHAPTER-IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULT OF THE STUDY

The statistical analysis of data on time motion analysis and selected physiological

variables have been presented in this chapter. The data pertaining to lying height, body

weight, percentage of body fat, heart rate, body mass index, blood lactate, and vital

capacity, analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significant

differences between the mean of different positions of play viz., centers, guards and

forwards among wheelchair basketball players followed by the Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to

find out the significant differences between the groups means. The F-ratio obtained was

tested for significance at 0.05 level.

FINDINGS

The findings pertaining to time motion analysis and selected physiological variables of

wheelchair basketball players at different positions of play are presented below:



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TABLE-4.1

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF LIVE TIME OF WHEELCHAIR

BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 2082.20 211.687

Forwards 6 2374.33 62.870

Guards 6 2359.83 63.436

Total 17 2283.29 177.870

Table-4.1 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of live time of different

positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.2

COMPARISON OF LIVE TIME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

Sum of Squares Df Mean

Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between Groups 287072.563 2 143536.281

9.170 0.003 Within Groups 219128.967 14 15652.069

Total 506201.529 16

Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance df (2, 14) =3.74

The F value shown as in Table 4.2 is 9.170 is significant as the table value of F (2,

14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is lesser. In other words the F-value in table-4.2 is

significant as its p-value is 0.003 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no

difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is

rejected at 5% level.



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TABLE-4.3

POST HOC TEST (SCHEFFE TEST) FOR LIVE TIME AMONG CENTERS,

FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean

Difference (I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)

Centers Forwards -292.133

* 75.757 0.006

Guards -277.633* 75.757 0.009

Forwards Centers 292.133

* 75.757 0.006

Guards 14.500 72.231 0.980

Guards Centers 277.633

* 75.757 0.009

Forwards -14.500 72.231 0.980

*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output

shown in Table-4.3 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between

live time of the centers and that of forwards is significant as the p-value for this mean

difference is 0.006 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the live

time of centers and that of guards is also significant as the p-value for this difference is

0.009 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the guards and

forwards as far as live time is concerned because the p-value is 0.980.



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GRAPH-4.1

MEAN VALUES OF LIVE TIME OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF

WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.1. One can see that Centers have

lower live time in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

2082.2

2374.33 2359.83

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

2350

2400

Centers Forwards Guards

Mea

n o

f L

ive

Tim

e (i

n S

econ

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.4

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF

WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF

PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 220.20 40.196

Forwards 6 268.67 38.537

Guards 6 251.83 16.216

Total 17 248.47 36.839

Table-4.4 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in moving with

ball of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

Table-4.5

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF WHEELCHAIR



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 6511.269 2 3255.634

2.998 0.082 Within

Groups 15202.967 14 1085.926

Total 21714.235 16

Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74

The F value shown as in Table 4.5 is 2.998 is not significant as the table value of F

(2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-4.5 is

not significant as its p-value is 0.082 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis

of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is

accepted at 5% level.



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GRAPH-4.2

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF DIFFERENT

POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS.


lower time spent in moving with ball in comparison to that of Guards and forwards.

220.2

268.67

251.83

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

MO

VIN

G W

ITH

BA

LL

(in

sec

on

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.6

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL

OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF

PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 1160.00 75.326

Forwards 6 1234.33 72.643

Guards 6 1234.33 72.643

Total 17 1212.47 77.042

Table-4.6 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in moving

without ball of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

Table-4.7

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 19501.569 2 9750.784

1.809

0.200

Without in

Groups 75466.667 14 5390.476

Total 94968.235 16


The F value shown as in Table-4.7 is 1.809 is not significant as the table value of F



of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is




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GRAPH-4.3

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL OF

DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL

PLAYERS


lower time spent in moving without ball in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

TABLE-4.8

1160

1234.33 1234.33

1120

1140

1160

1180

1200

1220

1240


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

MO

VIN

G W

ITH

OU

T B

AL

L (

in s

econ

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 282.40 29.855

Forwards 6 270.17 32.890

Guards 6 287.00 39.537

Total 17 279.71 33.252

Table-4.8 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in standing still

of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.9

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF WHEELCHAIR



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 901.496 2 450.748

0.376

0.693

Within

Groups 16790.033 14 1199.288

Total 17691.529 16


The F value shown as in Table-4.9 is 0.376 is not significant as the table value of F



of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is




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GRAPH-4.4

THE MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF DIFFERENT

POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.4. One can see that Forwards have

lower time spent in standing still in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.

TABLE-4.10

282.4

270.17

287

260

265

270

275

280

285

290


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

ST

AN

DIN

G S

TIL

L (

in s

econ

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 40.00 13.730

Forwards 6 66.17 21.775

Guards 6 67.83 24.457

Total 17 59.06 23.314

Table-4.10 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in dribbling of

different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.11

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF WHEELCHAIR



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 2581.275 2 1290.637

2.955

0.085

Within

Groups 6115.667 14 436.833

Total 8696.941 16


The F value shown as in Table-4.11 is 2.955 is not significant as the table value of

F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-

4.11 is not significant as its p-value is 0.085 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null

hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three Groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards

and Guards is accepted at 5% level.



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GRAPH-4.5

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS

OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS


lower time spent in dribbling in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

40

66.17 67.83

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

DR

IBB

LIN

G (

in s

econ

d)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.12

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 79.00 10.512

Forwards 6 89.00 9.187

Guards 6 93.00 11.576

Total 17 87.47 11.430

Table-4.12 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in passing of


TABLE-4.13

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF WHEELCHAIR



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 556.235 2 278.118

2.538

0.115

Within

Groups 1534.000 14 109.571

Total 2090.235 16


The F value shown as in Table 4.13 is 2.955 is not significant as the table value of



hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three Groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards




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GRAPH-4.6

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF

PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS


lower time spent in passing in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

79

89

93

70

75

80

85

90

95


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

PA

SS

ING

(in

sec

on

d)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.14

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 36.80 5.718

Forwards 6 42.67 8.238

Guards 6 39.33 5.989

Total 17 39.76 6.824

Table-4.14 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in shooting of


TABLE-4.15

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF WHEELCHAIR


Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 95.592 2 47.796

1.030

0.382

Within

Groups 649.467 14 46.390

Total 745.059 16


The F value shown as in Table 4.15 is 1.030 is not significant as the table value of



hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and

guards is accepted at 5% level.



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GRAPH-4.7

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS



lower time spent in shooting in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

36.8

42.67

39.33

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44


TIM

E S

PE

NT

IN

SH

OO

TIN

G (

in s

eco

nd

)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.16

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF GUARDING OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 263.80 84.825

Forwards 6 403.33 89.944

Guards 6 386.50 73.758

Total 17 356.35 99.360

Table-4.16 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of guarding of different


TABLE-4.17

COMPARISON OF GUARDING OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

Sum of Squares df Mean

Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between Groups 61526.249 2 30763.125

4.466

0.032

Within Groups 96431.633 14 6887.974

Total 157957.882 16


The F value shown as in Table-4.17 is 4.466 is significant as the table value of F (2,

14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.17 is


difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is




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TABLE-4.18

SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR GUARDING AMONG CENTERS,


(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference

(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)

Centers Forwards -139.533

* 50.255 0.046

Guards -122.700 50.255 0.083

Forwards Centers 139.533

* 50.255 0.046

Guards 16.833 47.917 0.940

Guards Centers 122.700 50.255 0.083

Forwards -16.833 47.917 0.940




guarding of the centers and that of forwards is significant as the p-value for this mean

difference is 0.046 which is less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the

guards and forwards as far as guarding is concerned because the p-value is 0.940.

Similarly, the mean difference between the guarding of centers and that of guards is also

no significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.083 which is also less than 0.05.



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GRAPH-4.8

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN GUARDING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS



lower time spent guarding in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

263.8

403.33

386.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


Tim

e S

pen

t in

Gu

ard

ing (

in s

econ

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.19

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 317.80 211.687

Forwards 6 25.67 62.870

Guards 6 40.17 63.436

Total 17 116.71 177.870

Table-4.19 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in resting on

the bench of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.20

COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 287072.563 2 143536.281

9.170

0.003

Within

Groups 219128.967 14 15652.069

Total 506201.529 16


The F value shown as in Table 4.20 is 9.170 is significant as the table value of F (2,

14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in table-4.20 is




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difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards may be


TABLE-4.21

SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE

BENCH AMONG CENTERS, FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR

BASKETBALL PLAYERS


(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)

Centers Forwards 292.133

* 75.757 0.006

Guards 277.633* 75.757 0.009

Forwards Centers -292.133

* 75.757 0.006

Guards -14.500 72.231 0.980

Guards Centers -277.633

* 75.757 0.009

Forwards 14.500 72.231 0.980




time spent in resting on the bench of the Centers and that of Forwards is significant as the

p-value for this mean difference is 0.006 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean

difference between the resting on the bench of Centers and that of Guards is also

significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.009 which is also less than 0.05.

However, there is no difference between the Guards and Forwards as far as time spent in

resting on the bench is concerned because the p-value is 0.980.



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GRAPH-4.9

MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH OF


PLAYERS


higher time spent resting on the bench in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

317.8

25.67

40.17

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Tim

e S

pen

t in

Res

tin

g o

n t

he

Ben

ch (

in s

econ

ds)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.22

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF LYING HEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 1.6940 0.02702

Forwards 6 1.6917 0.01329

Guards 6 1.7383 0.03251

Total 17 1.7088 0.03276

Table-4.22 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of lying height of different


TABLE-4.23

COMPARISON OF LYING HEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL

PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

Sum of

Squares

Df Mean

Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between Groups 0.008 2 0.004

6.232 0.012 Within Groups 0.009 14 0.001

Total 0.017 16





difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is




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TABLE-4.24

SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR LYING HEIGHT AMONG

DIFFERENT PASSIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL

PLAYERS


(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)

Centers Forwards .00233 .01543 0.989

Guards -.04433* .01543 0.039

Forwards Centers -.00233 .01543 0.989

Guards -.04667* .01471 0.023

Guards Centers .04433

* .01543 0.039

Forwards .04667* .01471 0.023

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.



lying height of the Centers and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean

difference is 0.039 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the

lying height of Forwards and that of Guards is also significant as the p-value for this

difference is 0.023 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between

the Centers and Forwards as far as lying height are concerned because the p-value is

0.989.



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GRAPH-4.10

MEAN VALUES OF LYING HEIGHT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-10. One can see that Guards have

higher lying height in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.

1.694 1.6917

1.7383

1.66

1.67

1.68

1.69

1.7

1.71

1.72

1.73

1.74

1.75


Lyin

g H

eigh

t (i

n m

)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.25

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BODY WEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 75.0200 5.52784

Forwards 6 69.2000 4.76109

Guards 6 79.3500 5.49791

Total 17 74.4941 6.60364

Table-4.25 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of body weight of different


TABLE-4.26

COMPARISON OF BODY WEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL


Sum of

Squares

Df Mean Square F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 311.026 2 155.513

5.630 0.016 Within

Groups 386.703 14 27.622

Total 697.729 16


The F value shown as in the Table-4.26 is 5.630 is significant as the table value of

F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.26

is significant as its p-value is 0.016 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no





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TABLE-4.27

SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR BODY WEIGHT AMONG CENTERS,



(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)

Centers Forwards 5.82000 3.18244 0.223

Guards -4.33000 3.18244 0.419

Forwards Centers -5.82000 3.18244 0.223

Guards -10.15000* 3.03433 0.016

Guards Centers 4.33000 3.18244 0.419

Forwards 10.15000* 3.03434 0.016




body weight of the Forwards and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean

difference is 0.016 which is less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the

Centers and Forwards as far as body weight is concerned because the p-value is 0.223.

Similarly, the mean difference between the body weight of Centers and that of Guards is

also no significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.419 which is also more than 0.05.



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GRAPH-4.11

MEAN VALUES OF BODY WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF

WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS


lower body weight in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.

75.02

69.2

79.35

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

Centers Forwards Guuards

Bod

y W

eigh

t (i

n K

g)

Centers

Forwards

Guuards



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TABLE-4.28

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BODY MASS INDEX OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 26.128510 1.5559313

Forwards 6 24.188981 1.7586709

Guards 6 26.258696 1.6528135

Total 17 25.489918 1.8463986

Table-4.28 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of Body Mass Index of


TABLE-4.29

COMPARISON OF BODY MASS INDEX OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 15.740 2 7.870

2.839 0.092 Within

Groups 38.807 14 2.772

Total 54.547 16





hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards




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GRAPH-4.12

MEAN VALUES OF BODY MASS INDEX OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF



lower body mass index in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.

26.12851

24.188981

26.258696

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

25.5

26

26.5


Bod

y M

ass

In

dex

(K

g/m

2)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.30

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF VITAL CAPACITY OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 590.00 15.811

Forwards 6 590.00 33.466

Guards 6 535.00 32.711

Total 17 570.59 38.482

Table-4.30 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of Vital Capacity of different


TABLE-4.31

COMPARISON OF VITAL CAPACITY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 11744.118 2 5872.059

6.879 0.008 Within

Groups 11950.000 14 853.571

Total 23694.118 16


The F value shown as in the Table-4.31 is 6.879 is significant as the table value of

F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.31

is significant as its p-value is 0.008 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no





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TABLE-4.32

SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR VITAL CAPACITY AMONG


PLAYERS


(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)


Guards 55.000* 17.691 0.025

Forwards Centers 0.000 17.691 1.000

Guards 55.000* 16.868 0.019


* 17.691 0.025

Forwards -55.000* 16.868 0.019




vital capacity of the Forwards and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean

difference is 0.019 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the

vital capacity of Centers and that of Guards is also significant as the p-value for this

difference is 0.025 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between

the Centers and Forwards as far as vital capacity is concerned because the p-value is

1.000.



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GRAPH-4.13

MEAN VALUES OF VITAL CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY

OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.13 One can see that Guards have

lower vital capacity in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.

590 590

535

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600


Vit

al

Cap

aci

ty (

in L

PM

)

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.33

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF

GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT

POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 68.40 10.040

Forwards 6 66.33 5.046

Guards 6 68.17 8.519

Total 17 67.59 7.534

Table-4.33 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate before 20

minutes of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.34

COMPARISON OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 14.751 2 7.375

0.116 0.892 Within

Groups 893.367 14 63.812

Total 908.118 16









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GRAPH-4.14

MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.14 One can see that Forwards have

lower heart rate before 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.

68.4

66.33

68.17

65

65.5

66

66.5

67

67.5

68

68.5

69


Hea

rt R

atr

(p

er m

inu

tes)

Bef

ore

20 M

inu

tes

of

Gam

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.35

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME


PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 135.20 4.919

Forwards 6 136.50 5.089

Guards 6 137.83 8.750

Total 17 136.59 6.266

Table-4.35 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate at half time of

game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.36

COMPARISON OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF


PLAY

Sum of

Squares

Df Mean Square F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 18.984 2 9.492

0.218 0.807 Within

Groups 609.133 14 43.510

Total 628.118 16









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GRAPH-4.15

MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF DIFFERENT

POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.15 One can see that Centers have

lower heart rate at half time of game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

135.2

136.5

137.83

133.5

134

134.5

135

135.5

136

136.5

137

137.5

138

138.5


Hea

rt R

ate

(p

er m

inu

te)

at

Half

Tim

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.37

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF


POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 81.60 9.099

Forwards 6 82.17 5.345

Guards 6 82.83 5.913

Total 17 82.24 6.389

Table-4.37 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate after 20 minutes

of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.38

COMPARISON OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 4.192 2 2.096

0.045 0.956 Within

Groups 648.867 14 46.348

Total 653.059 16


The F value shown as in the Table-4.38 is 0.045 is not significant as the table value

of F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in table-






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GRAPH-4.16

MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAYERS


lower heart rate after 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

81.6

82.17

82.83

80.8

81

81.2

81.4

81.6

81.8

82

82.2

82.4

82.6

82.8

83


Hea

rt R

ate

(p

er m

inu

te)

Aft

er 2

0 M

inu

tes

of

Gam

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.39

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF WHEELCHAIR


N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 21.1900 1.23804

Forwards 6 20.5767 1.73530

Guards 6 22.4367 2.09308

Total 17 21.4135 1.83414

Table-4.39 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of percentage of fat of


TABLE-4.40

COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL



Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 10.733 2 5.366

1.743 0.211 Within

Groups 43.092 14 3.078

Total 53.825 16


The F value shown in the Table-4.40 is 1.743 is not significant as the table value of







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GRAPH-4.17

MEAN VALUES OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF


The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.17 One can see that Forwards have

lower percentage of fat in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.

21.19

20.5767

22.4367

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23


Per

can

tage

of

Fat

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.41

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES

OF GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT

POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 1.840 0.2408

Forwards 6 2.000 0.0000

Guards 6 1.900 0.1673

Total 17 1.918 0.1667

Table-4.41 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate before 20

minutes of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.42

COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 0.073 2 0.036

1.368 0.287 Within

Groups 0.372 14 0.027

Total 0.445 16


The F value shown as in the Table-4.42 is 1.368 is not significant as the table value

of F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-






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GRAPH-4.18

MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF


PLAYERS


lower blood lactate before 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and

Forwards.

1.84

2

1.9

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

2.05


Blo

od

Lact

ate

(m

mol/

l) B

efore

20 m

inu

tes

of

Gam

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.43

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF


POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 10.800 1.3077

Forwards 6 10.633 1.4222

Guards 6 8.750 0.8167

Total 17 10.018 1.4846

Table-4.43 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate at half time

of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.44

COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 14.976 2 7.488

5.167 0.021 Within

Groups 20.288 14 1.449

Total 35.265 16









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TABLE-4.45

SCHEFFE (POST HOC) TEST FOR BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF

GAME AMONG DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR

BASKETBALL PLAYERS


(I-J)

Standard

Error

Significance

(p-value)


Guards 2.0500* 0.7289 0.044

Forwards Centers -0.1667 0.7289 0.974

Guards 1.8833 0.6950 0.052


* 0.7289 0.044

Forwards -1.8833 0.6950 0.052


Since F-value shown as in the Table-4.45 is significant, post hoc comparisons need

to be done. SPSS output shown in table-4.45 provides such comparison. It can be seen that

the difference between blood lactate at half time of game the Centers and that of Guards is

significant as the p-value for this mean difference is 0.044 which is less than 0.05.

However, there is no difference between the Centers and Forwards as far as blood lactate

at half time is concerned because the p-value is 0.974. Similarly, the mean difference

between the blood lactate at half time of Forwards and that of Guards is also no significant

as the p-value for this difference is 0.052 which is also more than 0.05.



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GRAPH-4.19

MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF


PLAYERS

The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.19. One can see that Guards have

lower blood lactate at half time of game in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.

10.8 10.633

8.75

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Blo

od

Lact

ate

(m

mol/

l) a

t th

e H

alf

Tim

e of

Gam

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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TABLE-4.46

DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF THE


POSITIONS OF PLAY

N Mean Standard

Deviation

Centers 5 15.020 1.4890

Forwards 6 14.500 1.0488

Guards 6 13.767 0.6861

Total 17 14.394 1.1486

Table-4.46 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate at the end of

the game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.

TABLE-4.47

COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF THE GAME OF


PLAY


Square

F Significance

(p-value)

Between

Groups 4.388 2 2.194

1.837 0.196 Within

Groups 16.721 14 1.194

Total 21.109 16









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GRAPH-4.20

MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF GAME OF


PLAYERS


higher blood lactate at the end of the game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.

15.02

14.5

13.767

13

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

14

14.2

14.4

14.6

14.8

15

15.2


Blo

od

Lact

ate

(m

mol/

l) a

t th

e E

nd

of

the

Gam

e

Centers

Forwards

Guards



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CHAPTER-V

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The primary purpose of the study was to make available sufficient information

about the time motion analysis and physiological demands of wheelchair basketball

players. With the competition in wheelchair basketball, the game has today become highly

challenging and the role of each player at every position has been well specified. Time

invested in every category of movement and physiological demands were studied to

investigate the distinguishing characteristics of wheelchair basketball players in relation to

their playing positions i.e. centers, guards and forwards. The data collected would be

useful in establishing baseline reference data for wheelchair players and specialized

development programme for adapted physical education.

The fundamental rules of wheelchair basketball are very similar to regular

basketball such as the height of the basket, distance to the foul line, three point line, etc

(Wheelchair basketball Canada,” n.d.). Disability decreases the height to reach the basket

of basketball game and many other factors have been affected too. Just as it is our duty to

ensure the safe competition, even more important is the responsibility to make certain that

the wheelchair players are physically suited for the sport. They should have strong minds

and upper extremity and be ready to accept the demands of the wheelchair sport. The

findings of the present study i.e. time motion analysis and physiological demand during

competition of wheelchair basketball players at different positions of play would go a long

way to enable these differently-abled players to cope with the demand of the game.

A significant difference in live time was observed among different position of play

of wheelchair basketball players. No significant difference in live time was observed

between Forwards and Guards as they have to have more defensive work and supply the

ball to Centers. A significant difference in live time was between Centers and Guards, and

Centers and Forwards that may be due to Centers have more attacking position in

comparison to Guards and Forwards. The mean live time of Centers (220.2±40.2 seconds)

is reported less in comparison to Forwards (268.67±38.5 seconds) and Guards (251.8±16.2

seconds).



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There was no significant difference in moving with ball in wheelchair basketball

players among different positions of play. That may be due to traveling of ball from one

corner to another corner of the court rapidly.

No significant difference was found in moving without ball in wheelchair

basketball players among different positions of play. That may be due to more players

move without ball where-in at a time one player is handling the ball and nine players are

running without ball.

There was no significant difference in time spent in standing still among different

positions of play. The mean time of time spent in standing still is for Centers (40.01±13.73

seconds), Forwards (66.17±21.77 seconds) and Guards (67.83±24.46 seconds). Time spent

in standing still is very less in comparison to total time i.e. 2400 seconds and almost

similar for all positions of wheelchair basketball.

Again no significant difference was found in time spent in dribbling by wheelchair

basketball players among different positions of play. The mean value of Centers

(40.0±1.73 seconds), Forwards (66.17±21.77 seconds) and Guards (67.83±24.4 seconds)

is almost similar that may be due to less use of dribbling in wheelchair basketball for all

positions of players.

No significant difference was found in time spent in passing of wheelchair

basketball players at different positions of play. That may be due to time spent in passing

is very less i.e. Centers (79.0±10.51 seconds), Forwards (89.0±9.2 seconds) and Guards

(93.0±11.57 seconds) in comparison to total time of wheel chair basketball i.e. 2400

seconds.

No significant difference was found in time spent in shooting in wheelchair

basketball players at different positions of play. As wheelchair basketball spent less time

(1 or 2 seconds) in shooting action so again shooting time is very less i.e. for Centers

(36.80±5.7 seconds), Forwards (42.67±8.2 seconds), and Guards (39.76±6.82 seconds).

No significant difference was found due to the dynamic action of shooting skill.

There was significant difference in time spent in guarding in wheelchair basketball

players among different position of play. No significant difference was observed between

Centers and Guards, and Forwards and Guards. There was significant difference found

between Centers and Forwards. The mean value of time spent in guarding by different



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positions of play shows that Forwards (403.33±89.94 seconds) have significantly higher

than their Centers (263.8±84.83 seconds), and Guards (386.35±73.76 seconds). Significant

difference between Centers and Forwards may be due to that Forwards act as bridge

between Guards and Centers, Forwards can easily come for Guarding but Centers may not

during the play.

A significant difference was found in time spent in resting on the bench of

wheelchair basketball players among different positions of play. The mean value of time

spent in resting on the bench of Centers (317.8±211.68 seconds) is significantly higher

than Forwards (25.67±62.87 seconds) and Guards (40.17±63.440). A significant

difference was found between Centers and Forwards, and Centers and Guards. As mean

value shows the significant difference may be due to small size of sample and most of the

players have not taken rest during match, there value of time spent in resting on the bench

is zero or very less. Centers have spent more time in resting on the bench that may be due

to their attacking game they need more rest.

A significant difference in lying height of wheelchair basketball players was found

among different positions of play. The mean value of lying height was for Centers

(1.69±0.02 meter), Forwards (1.69±0.01 meter) and Guards (1.73±0.03 meter). As mean

value shows there was no significant difference between Centers and Forwards. A

significant difference was found between Centers and Guards, and Forwards and Guards.

It shows that Guards have significantly higher height a Centers and Forwards. There are

fixed characteristics for the selection of players for the different positions of play. This

means taller the Guards, more the area covered by him, the Guards need to be taller for

tackling and interception/blocking.

Significant difference was found in body weight of wheelchair basketball players

among different positions of play. A significant difference was found between Guards and

Forwards. The mean of body weight of Forwards (69.20±4.7 kg) is lesser than Guards

(79.35±3.5 kg). The cause of lesser weight of Forwards may be heredity of players and

that may be due to more running for making bridge between Guards and Centers.

No significant difference was found in BMI of wheelchair basketball players

among different positions of play. That may be due to the physical requirement of game is

similar in all positions of wheel chair basketball. The mean value of BMI was almost



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similar i.e. Centers (26.12±1.5 kg/m2), Forwards (24.18±1.7 kg/m

2) and Guards

(26.25±1.6 kg/m2). That is totally dependent on weight and height.

There was a significant difference found in vital capacity of wheelchair basketball

players among different positions of play. No significant difference was found between

Centers with Forwards. Significant difference was found between Centers and Guards, and

Forwards and Guards. The mean values of vital capacity of wheelchair basketball players’

show that Guards (535±32.7 lpm) have significantly lower than that of Forwards

(590±33.46 lpm) and Centers (590±15.8 lpm).

No significant difference was found among different positions of play of heart rate

before 20 minutes of game, at the half time of game and after 20 minutes of game of

wheelchair basketball players. That may be due to similar training programme and

maturity of training of wheelchair basketball players.

There was no significant difference of percentage of body fat among different

positions of play of wheelchair basketball players. This may be due to similar training

programme and similar sports. They have almost equal percentage of fat of wheelchair

basketball player at different positions of play.

No significant difference was found in blood lactate before 20 minutes of game of

wheelchair basketball players among different positions of play. This is resting blood

lactate which is approximately similar for different positions of play.

There was significant difference in blood lactate at half time of game among

different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players. No significant difference was

found between Centers and Forwards, and Guards and Forwards. A significant difference

was found between Centers and Guards. The mean value of Centers (10.8±1.3 mmol/l)

was significantly higher than Guards (8.75±0.81mmol/l) that may be due to more

attacking activity of Centers which leads to lactic acid accumulation in blood.

No significant difference was found in blood lactate at the end of the game of

wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. The mean values Centers

(15.02±1.48 mmol/l), Forwards (14.5±1.0 mmol/l) and Guards (13.76±0.68 mmol/l)

shows the similar blood lactate at the end of the game that may be due to lower live time

by Centers.



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Discussion on Hypotheses

The present study was based on the null hypothesis that there would no significant

difference in time motion analysis and physiological demand with their positions of play

of 17 wheelchair basketball players. The hypothesis was verified for significance at 0.05

levels.

H1: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in live time

of competition among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the

statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in live time of competition

between Centers with Forwards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair basketball players

and no significant difference was found between the guards and forwards of wheelchair

players. Hence, the null H1 is partially rejected.

H2: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time

spent in moving with ball during competition among the players of different positions of

play. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in moving

with ball during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play.

Hence, the null H2 is accepted.


spent in moving without ball during competition among the players of different positions

of play. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in moving

without ball during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of

play. Hence, the null H3 is accepted.


spent in standing still during competition among the players of different positions of play.

The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in standing still

during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence,

the null H4 is accepted.


spent in dribbling during competition among the players of different positions of play. The

results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in dribbling during

competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null

H5 is accepted.



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spent in passing during competition among the players of different positions of play. The

results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in passing during


H6 is accepted.


spent in shooting during competition among the players of different positions of play. The

results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in shooting during


H7 is accepted.


spent in guarding in competition among the players of different positions of play. The

findings of the statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in time

spent in guarding in competition between Centers with Forwards wheelchair basketball

players and no significant difference was found among the guards with their forwards and

centers of wheelchair players. Hence, the null H8 is partially rejected.

H9: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of time

spent in resting on the bench during competition among the players of different positions

of play. The findings of the statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference

in time spent in resting on the bench during competition between centers with Forwards

and Centers with guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference

was found between the Guards and Forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the null H9 is

partially rejected.

H10: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of lying

height among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical

analysis showed that there was significant difference in lying height between Centers with

Guards and Forwards with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant

difference was found between the Centers and Forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the

null H10 is partially rejected.

H11: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of body

weight among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical



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analysis showed that there was significant difference in body weight between Forwards

with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference was found

between the Centers with Forwards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair players.

Hence, the null H11 is partially rejected.

H12: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of body

mass index among the players of different positions of play. The results revealed that there

is no significant difference in body mass index of wheelchair basketball players at

different position of play. Hence, the null H12 is accepted.

H13: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of vital

capacity among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical

analysis showed that there was significant difference in vital capacity between Forwards

with Guards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant

difference was found between the centers with forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the

null H13 is partially rejected.

H14: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of heart

rate before 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The

results revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate before 20 minutes of

game of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H14 is

accepted.


rate at half time of game among the players of different positions of play. The results

revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate at the half time of game of

wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H15 is

accepted.


rate after 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The results

revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate after 20 minutes of game of


accepted.

H17: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of

percentage of body fat among the players of different positions of play. The results



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revealed that there is no significant difference in percentage of body fat of wheelchair

basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H17 is accepted.

H18: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of blood

lactate before 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The

results revealed that there is no significant difference in blood lactate before 20 minutes of

game of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H18 is

accepted.


lactate at half time among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the

statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in blood lactate at half time

between centers with guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference

was found between the Centers with Forwards and Guards with Forwards of wheelchair

players. Hence, the null H19 is partially rejected.


lactate at the end of game among the players of different positions of play. The results

revealed that there is no significant difference in blood lactate at the end of game of


accepted.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of the findings, and within the limitations of the present study, the

following conclusions may be drawn:

1. The wheelchair basketball players of Forwards and Guards positions were spent equal

live time. The Centers spent lower live time than Guards and Forwards.

2. All the wheelchair basketball players irrespective of their playing positions were

equal in time spent in moving with ball during competitions.

3. Time spent in moving without ball is equal for Forwards and Guards and slightly

lower for Centers.

4. All the wheelchair basketball players irrespective of their playing positions were

found to spent equal time in standing still during game.

5. Among the wheelchair basketball players of different positions in dribbling Centers

spent slightly lower time than Guards and Forwards.



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6. Equal time spent by all the players of different positions of play of wheelchair

basketball in passing during competitions.

7. Every positions players of wheelchair basketball spent equal time spent in shooting

during competitions.

8. In wheelchair basketball game Guards and Forwards spent equal time in guarding.

The Centers spent lower time in guarding.

9. Forwards and Guards of wheelchair basketball spent equal time in resting on the

bench. The Centers spent higher time in resting on the bench than Guards and

Forwards.

10. Equal lying height was found in Centers and Forwards of wheelchair basketball but

Guards were taller than Forwards and Centers.

11. The body weight of wheelchair basketball among different positions of play,

Forwards had lower body weight than Guards. Centers and Guards had almost equal

body weight.

12. Body Mass Index of wheelchair basket players irrespective of playing positions was

equal for all playing positions.

13. Vital capacity of Centers and Forwards of wheelchair basketball players were equal

and Guards have lower vital capacity.

14. Heart rate before 20 minutes of game was found equal for different positions of play

of all wheelchair basketball players.

15. Heart rate at half time of players of wheelchair basketball games was found similar

for all playing positions.

16. At the end of the game heart rate of wheelchair basketball players was found equal

for all playing positions.

17. Percentage of fat of wheelchair basketball players of different positions of play was

found equal. But in case of Forwards have less percentage of fat.

18. Among different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players the blood lactate

before 20 minutes of game was found equal.

19. Blood lactate at half time of game of wheelchair basketball players irrespective of

their positions between Centers and Forwards were found equal in case of Guards

they had better blood lactate at half time of game.

20. In all the players’ positions in wheelchair basketball were found equal blood lactate at

the end of the game.



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RECOMMENDATIONS

In the light of findings and conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are

made:

1. In the training of wheelchair basketball players Centers may be given more emphasis

on endurance so they may increase live time effectively and decrease lactate

accumulation in blood during the game.

2. Tall players for Guards position may be prove to be better for the team as they have a

mechanical advantage of controlling and tackling the ball.

3. Players with less fat percentage may be selected for the forwards positions.

4. Similar study may be conducted, employing female wheelchair basketball players.

5. Similar study may be conducted employing able-bodied basketball players.

6. Similar study may be conducted employing other team games for physically

challenged population.

7. Time motion analysis may be analyzed by GPS tracking system.

8. The intensity in different quarter and distance covered by players may be analyzed by

modern time motion analysis devices.

9. More physiological variables may be studied in future for wheelchair basketball

players along-with other players of different games.



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