Time Management Effective Use of TimeEffective Use of Time –Gets work done on time –Facilitates...

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Time Management

• Effective Use of Time– Gets work done on time– Facilitates the work of

others– Forestalls problems.– Reduces stress in the

organization

• Ineffective Use of Time– Causes missed deadlines– Adversely affects the work

of others– Can create problems

throughout the organization– Can cause unmanageable

stress

3–2

• Time-Management Skills– Refer to the manager’s ability to prioritize work, to work

efficiently, and to delegate work appropriately.


Understanding Prioritization

• Prioritization– Refers to the ability to understand the relative

importance of different goals and activities.

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Decision Factors in Setting Priorities

Time

Responsibility

Significance

Impact on Others

Accountability


Decision Factors in Setting Priorities

3–4

When is the activity or task due to be completed and what is its deadline?

Who is personally responsible for the activity or task? Can it delegated it to someone else?

To whom higher up in the organization is the manager accountable for completing the task?

How important is the activity or task? What are the consequences if it is late?

Does timely completion of the activity or task have an impact others?

Time

Responsibility

Accountability

Significance

Impact on Others


Effective Delegation

• Delegation

– Is the establishment of a pattern of authority between a superior and one or more subordinates.

– Is the process by which managers assign a portion of their total workload to others.

• Reasons for Delegation

– To get more work done with available resources

– To utilize the expertise of subordinates

– To facilitate development of the managerial skills of subordinates

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Problems in Delegation

• Manager– Reluctant to delegate.– Disorganization

prevents planning work in advance.

– Subordinate’s success threatens superior’s advancement.

– Lack of trust in the subordinate to do well.

• Subordinate– Reluctant to accept

delegation for fear of failure.

– Perceives no rewards for accepting additional responsibility.

– Prefers to avoid any risk and responsibility.

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Decentralization and Centralization

• Decentralization– Systematically delegating power and authority

throughout the organization to middle- and lower-level managers.

• Centralization– Systematically retaining power and authority

in the hands of higher-level managers.

3–7© 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Factors in the Choice of Centralization


History of the organization

External environment’s complexity and

uncertainty

Nature (cost and risk) of decisions to be made

Abilities of lower-level managers

Organization’s Centralization

Choice

Stress and Individual Behavior

• Stress– A person’s response to a strong stimulus

(i.e., a stressor).

• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)– The general cycle of the stress process:

• Stage 1 Alarm• Stage 2 Resistance• Stage 3 Exhaustion



Personality Types

• Type A Personality– Extremely competitive (aggressive), devoted to work,

have a strong sense of time urgency (impatient).– Have a lot of drive and want to accomplish as much

as possible as quickly as possible.

• Type B Personality– Less competitive, less devoted to work, have a

weaker sense of time urgency.– Less likely to experience personal stress or to come

into conflict with other people.– More likely to have balanced, relaxed approach to life.

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Consequences of Stress

• Negative Personal Consequences– Behavioral

– Psychological

– Medical

• Negative Work-related Consequences– Poor quality work output and lower productivity.

– Job dissatisfaction, low morale, and a lack of commitment.

– Withdrawal through indifference and absenteeism.

• Burnout– A feeling of exhaustion that may develop when someone

experiences too much stress for an extended period of time.

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Managing Stress

Regular Exercise

Relaxation

Time Management

Support Groups

StressManagement Strategies

for Individuals


Time Management Effective Use of TimeEffective Use of Time –Gets work done on time –Facilitates...

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