TIME for Kids - Student Reader G2

Acknowledgments

Giant Hearts by Brad Bagert Text Copyright 2002 by Brad Bagert. Reprinted by permission of Dial Books for Young Readers, a Division of Penguin Putnam Inc.

A Penguins Toes by Kenn Nesbitt. Text copyright 2001 by Kenn Nesbitt. All Rights Reserved.

When Whales Exhale (Whale Watching) from WHEN WHALES EXHALE by Constance Levy Copyright 1996. Used by permission of Marian Reiner for the Author.

The Sun by Leland B. Jacobs A Bill Martin Book, Reprinted by permission of Henry Holt and Company, LLC.

The Tortoise by Douglas Florian Text Copyright 2001 Douglas Florian. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Inc.

Raindrops on the Willow Tree by Margaret Wise Brown Text Copyright 2001 by Roberta Brown Rauch. Reprinted by permission of Hyperion Books for Children.

Photography Credits

Book Cover: (c) Blend Images/Alamy; (tr) Mark Bolton/Corbis

Contributor

Time Inc. All rights reserved. Versions of some articles in this edition of TIME For Kids originally appeared in TIME For Kids or timeforkids.com.

B

Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.

Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Printed in The United States of America

ISBN: 978-0-02-206166-1

MHID: 0-02-206166-5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 WEB 13 12 11 10 09

Issue 1 ....................................................... 5Compare and ContrastPhotos and CaptionsContext Clues

Issue 2 ......................................................11Cause and EffectMapAntonyms

Issue 3 ..................................................... 17Main Idea and DetailsBar GraphsPrefixes and Suffixes

Issue 4 ..................................................... 23Compare and ContrastBar GraphsSynonyms

Issue 5 ..................................................... 29Main Idea and DetailsPhotos and CaptionsContext Clues

Issue 6 ..................................................... 35Authors PurposeChartsContext Clues

Issue 7 ..................................................... 41Sequence of EventsDiagramsContext Clues

Issue 8 ..................................................... 47Main Idea and DetailsBar GraphsContext Clues

Issue 9 ..................................................... 53Authors PurposeDiagramsContext Clues

Issue 10 ................................................... 59Compare and ContrastChartsAntonyms

Issue 11 ................................................... 65Main Idea and DetailsMapSynonyms

Issue 12 ................................................... 71Main Idea and DetailsPhotos and CaptionsContext Clues

Issue 13 ................................................... 77Cause and EffectTime LineHomophones

Issue 14 ................................................... 83SummarizePhotos and CaptionsHomographs

Issue 15 ................................................... 89Authors PurposeTime LineContext Clues

Play It Safe!How can you avoid getting hurt and stay in the game?

A Team Player

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Greening Africa

America honors Martin Luther King, Jr.


No Place Like Home

A group in Vermont makes kids dreams come true.

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for Kids


A Chimp Home

People work together to give animals a helping hand.

When Animals When Animals Need HelpNeed Help

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Compare and Contrast Context Clues Photos and Captions

One Tough Job ............................................... 6Play Smart! ...................................................... 8Sports Championships C HARTS ....................... 10

Cause and Effect Antonyms Map

A Heros Life ................................................... 12Keeping Kenya Green .................................... 14Kenya Fast Facts LISTS .................................... 16

Main Idea and Details Prefixes and Suffixes Bar Graphs

Tree Houses for Everyone .............................. 18Home, Sweet Home ...................................... 20Giant Hearts POETRY ...................................... 22

Compare and Contrast Synonyms Bar Graphs

Champs for Chimps ....................................... 24Follow the Herd ............................................. 26A Penguins Toes POETRY ............................... 28

Contents

Issue 4

Issue 3

Issue 2

Issue 1

Speaking Chinese

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China has a lot to share with the rest of the world .

ALL ALL ABOUT ABOUT CHINACHINAALL ABOUT CHINA


Martian Veggies?

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People and animals use plants for food.

A2TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 41 1/26/09 10:31:04 AM

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Schools serve up ahealthful new food policy.

Going to Seed


High-Tech Help

Scientists use more than their ears to listen to space sounds.

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Main Idea and Details Context Clues Photos and Captions

Is Anyone Out There? ................................... 30Finding the Way ............................................ 32Old Ways and New Ways C HARTS .................. 34

Authors Purpose Context Clues Charts

A New Deal on School Meals ....................... 36Bees, Bats, Bears, and Bison ......................... 38Fresh and Fruity WRITTEN DIRECTIONS ................. 40

Sequence of Events Context Clues Diagrams

From Seed to Fruit ......................................... 42A Martian Garden .......................................... 44From Seed to Beans DIAGRAMS ....................... 46

Main Idea and Details Context Clues Bar Graphs

Dinosaur Hunters .......................................... 48A Language Art ............................................. 50Say It in Chinese C HARTS ................................ 52

Issue 6

Issue 7

Issue 8

Issue 5

Scientists are studying creatures to build robots.

lobster

cockroach

scorpionScorpion

Robot V

RoboLobster

Far Flung

(bl) Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; (cl) Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy; (tl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (br) Jodi Hilton for the New York Times/Redux Pictures; (cr) Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn and Roy Ritzmann/Case Western Reserve University; (tr) Courtesy NASA Ames Research Center; Flap Photo: Diomedia/Alamy


Animals From Eggs

Dolphins are underwater heroes.

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Safe in Safe in the Seathe SeaSafe in the Sea


Lost Lynx!

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Nature MattersNature MattersWhy do living things need places to live in nature?


Scientists fight to savethese sea creatures.

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Authors Purpose Context Clues Diagrams

These Robots are Wild .................................. 54Monarchs on the Move ................................ 56Who Has a Backbone? C HARTS ...................... 58

Compare and Contrast Antonyms Charts

On the Beach ................................................. 60Thank You, Flipper ........................................ 62When Whales Exhale (Whale Watching) POETRY ............................. 64

Main Idea and Details Synonyms Map

Losing the Lynx ............................................. 66Surfing the Sands .......................................... 68The Sun POETRY .............................................. 70

Main Idea and Details Context Clues Photos and Captions

A Big Turtle Comeback ................................. 72Daddy Day Care ............................................. 74The Tortoise POETRY ...................................... 76

Issue 9

Issue 12

Issue 10

Issue 11

How Can You Help?

If we treat resources with care, there will be enough for everyone. This girl takes water used to rinse dishes and reuses it to water plants.

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of EarthA2TFK_TXNA_I13FP_RD11.indd 77 2/5/09 4:48:37 PM

WindHere Comes the

From Rock to Sand

You can fly a kite on a windy day. What else happens in windy weather?

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Telling

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Spanish Moss

Long ago people told stories to explain how things happen. Today we still enjoy those stories.

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Cause and Effect Homophones Time Line

Its Getting Crowded Around Here! ............. 78Pecans: A Nutty Resource ............................. 80From Cotton Field to T-Shirt DIAGRAMS ......... 82

Summarize Homographs Photos and Captions

Windy Weather ............................................. 84Solid as a Rock ............................................... 86Raindrops on the Willow Tree POETRY ......... 88

Authors Purpose Context Clues Time Line

A Story Collector ........................................... 90The Blowing Winds ....................................... 92Who Has Seen the Wind? POETRY ................. 94

Issue 15

Issue 14

Issue 13

Play It Safe!How can you avoid getting hurt and stay in the game?

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Condoleezza Rice wanted to make a difference.

Condoleezza Rice was the first

African American woman to be

U.S. Secretary of State. She was

not elected to this job. The

President appointed her to it.

The secretary of state works

with leaders of other countries.

It can be a tough job.

Working Hard Condie Rice was born in 1954,

in Birmingham, Alabama. She

played the piano at 5. As a teen

she was a talented ice-skater.

She finished college at age 19.

Racism kept most African

Americans out of top jobs

when Rice was young. But her

parents told her that she could

do anything. She planned to

study music after college.

Then she decided to make a

difference in the world. She

studied hard so she could do

just that.

Before she was secretary of

state, Rice had other important

jobs. She sat on the National

Security Council. She was the

National Security Advisor to

President George W. Bush from

2001 to 2005.

Jim Goldberg/Magnum Photos

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Condoleezza Rice wanted to make a difference

One Tough JobOne Tough Job

Rice is a big football fan.

Rice plays a tune with Yo-Yo Ma.

6 Time For Kids

Travel and Tough Talk

The secretary of state

meets with world leaders.

Success is when the U.S.

meets its goals without

war. In one year Rice took

18 trips to 33 countries.

She traveled 247,603 miles.

She worked on problems with

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and

North Korea. Rice believes

that problems can be solved in

a peaceful way. Someone who

knows her well once said, She

wont take no for an answer.

Listening in the Middle EastIsraelis and Palestinians have

had differences for a long time.

Finding a peaceful way to solve

their land problem has been

hard. Sometimes it helps to

listen. A secretary of state

needs to be a good listener.

Rice spent time in the Middle

East listening to people. She

said, It was a good opportunity

to come and to listen to people

. . . [talk about] how they saw

the future. Andrea Delbanco, Romesh Ratnesar, Elaine Shannon

AP Photo/Murad Sezer

Rice meets with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.

Rice tells people about the war in Iraq. It is her goal to solve differences in a peaceful way.

Olivier Douliery/Abaca USA/Newscom

Issue 1 7

L izzie Singer plays basketball for a school in New York City. She was excited to play her next game. Soon aft er the game started, she hurt her leg.

It was bad, says Lizzie. I sat out for the rest of the game.

Lizzie needed help for her leg. She had to do exercises to make her leg strong.

More than 30 million kids in the United States take part in sports. A report says that about 3.5 million of them were hurt when playing sports.

In one year, about 250,000 kids were injured playing basketball. They had to go to the hospital. In a single year, 75,000 soccer players went to the hospital, too.

Baseball injuries send about 100,000 kids to the hospital each year.

Lizzie Singer warms up for a basketball game.

Jim Cummins/Corbis

James Keyser

Learn how to stay healthy playing sports.

8 Time For Kids

Be a Good SportThe good news is that kids can keep from getting hurt.

First, follow the rules. Its also important to use the right safety equipment. If you play football, wear shoulder pads. If you play soccer, wear shin guards. Never ride a bike without wearing a helmet.

Next, remember that sports should be fun. Listen to what your body is telling you. Dont be afraid to say something if you get hurt, says Michelle Klein. She works at the National Youth Sports Foundation. Pain means something is wrong.

Tips from a ProFollow these tips from a sports

doctor for a safe game.

David

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(bkgd) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock

200,000 kids go to the hospital with football injuries each year.

1. Get in shape. Exercise before your team plays.

2. Play a different sport. It will exercise different parts of

your body.

3. Warm up. Make sure you stretch before you play.

4. Wear the right gear.

5. Listen to your body. Tell a parent or coach if youre

in pain.

Issue 1 9

Most professional sports hold a championship

event. This chart shows the name of the

event for each pro sport.

(cw from top) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; C Squared Studios/Getty Images; Photodisc/Getty Images; Photodisc/Getty Images; C Squared Studios/Getty Images; Doug MacLellan/Wide World Photos/AP Images; Associated Press/Wide World Photos/AP Images; Tiffany and Co./Wide World Photos/AP Images; Fritz Reiss/Wide World Photos/AP Images; NBAE/NBA Photos/Getty Images

Professional Sport Name of Championship

National Hockey League Stanley Cup

National Basketball Association

NBA Finals

National Football League Super Bowl

Major League Baseball World Series

Most professional sports hold a championship

Sports ChampionshipsSports Championships

International Soccer World Cup

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Greening Africa

America honors Martin Luther King, Jr.America honors

ti th i

Martin Luther King, Jr., dreamed that the world could change through peace.

Every January, we celebrate the life

of Martin Luther King, Jr. King changed

our nation. He believed all people should

have the same rights.

King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in

1929. At that time, many laws kept black

and white people apart.

During the 1950s, King and other

leaders peacefully protested against those

unfair laws. King believed in the power of

protest without violence.

A 1965 march to Montgomery, Alabama, made the news.

King made a famous speech. He told people, I have a dream!

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12 Time For Kids

In 1963, King led a march to Washington, D.C.

After the march, King and other leaders met with

President John F. Kennedy. They talked about fair

laws for all. These talks helped start a law. It was

called the Civil Rights Act. The law said African

Americans must have equal rights. In 1964, King

won the Nobel Peace Prize. It goes to people who

try to bring peace and unity to the world.

Sadly, Martin Luther King, Jr., died before his

dreams came true. He was killed in April 1968 in

Memphis, Tennessee. Today, Kings message still

lives on.

Memphis, Tennessee

Montgomery, Alabama

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James Karales

Putting Civil Rights on the Map

Atlanta, Georgia

Washington, D.C.

Issue 2 13

Wangari Maathai was born in Kenya, Africa. She lived in a farm community. Over the years, forests around her home were cut down. The land was cleared to build large farms. Maathai planted new trees in the area.

Thirty years ago, Maathai started a group called the Green Belt Movement. This group encourages farmers to plant green belts of trees.

For this leader, planting trees is the first step in changing the world.

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In 2004, Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize.

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More than 2,000 women and children help plant trees in Kenya.

14 Time For Kids

Some people dont want new trees planted. They want to build houses and buildings instead. These people try to hinder Maathai from planting new trees.

But Maathai keeps spreading her message. Many other countries in Africa are now planting trees, too.

Maathais work has created thousands of jobs for women. Women sell seedlings to Maathais group. They spend the money they earn on food. They also use this money to send their children to school. Maathais green dream is making other womens dreams come true, too.

Kenya

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Kenya is a country in Africa. Can you point to Kenya on the map?

Kenya

AfricaAfrica

Issue 2 15Issue 2 15

(bkgd) Siede Preis/Getty Images

Joe LeMonnier

Ariadne Van Zandbergen/Alamy

Do you want to learn more about

Kenya? Look at the list below for some

facts about this country in Africa.

Official Name: Republic of Kenya

Capital: Nairobi

Size: 224,962 square miles (about twice the size of Nevada)

Population: approximately 34,000,000

Official Languages: Kiswahili and English

Climate: Tropical to arid, or dry

Agriculture: coffee, tea, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs

Currency: shilling

Sports: cross country running, road running, soccer, rugby, cricket, boxing

KeyCapital

Nairobi

Kenya

161616

No Place Like Home

A group in Vermont makes kids dreams come true.

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A 340-foot-long ramp allows kids with

disabilities to get to the tree house.

TTree houses are wonderful places to play with friends. You can even just sit in them and dream. But for some kids, tree houses are only a dream. Many kids have never been in a tree house. Why? Th ey have disabilities. Th ey are unable to climb. Bill Allen and Phil Trabulsy are good citizens. Th ey wanted to make these kids dreams come true. In 1998, they started Forever Young Treehouses in Vermont. Th is group makes tree houses for kids with disabilities.

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By Tiffany Sommers

Kids hang out in this tree house. It is high in the tree tops.

forfor EveryoneEveryoneTree Tree HousesHouses Royalty-Free/Corbis

18 Time For Kids

The tree houses have long ramps. Ramps help kids in wheelchairs get into the houses.

Kristen Messer, 17, visited a tree house for the first time. It was really great having a tree house that I could get into without any help, Kristen says.

Chaz Freeman, a 19-year-old, uses a wheelchair. After he visited a tree house in New Hampshire, he said with a smile, We get to experience what it is like to be a normal kid.

Allen and Trabulsys tireless group is working hard around the U.S. to build tree houses.

Chaz Freeman visits a New Hampshire tree house.

Michael Havey/Forever Young Treehouses

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Fireplace

Garage

Dishwasher

Computer

Air conditioner

Telephone

Things in Peoples HomesTree houses cant fit things that fit in many other houses. This bar graph shows the percent of U.S. homes that have these goods.

Dean MacAdam

(97%)

(85%)

(73.4%)

(63%)

(62%)

(35%)

Issue 3 19

Volunteers build houses for families in need.

How long does it take to build a new house? It usually takes about

six months or more. But each year,

thousands of people work together

to build new homes in just four

months! Who does this wonderful

work? Habitat for Humanity.

Habitat for Humanity is a group

that builds homes for families in

need. It has branches in different

states around the country.

This group works all over the

world, too. Volunteers help build

the homes. They are unpaid

workers. Volunteers can be builders

and painters. They can be teachers

or bankers. Some are students.

Habitat for Humanity has built

more than 300,000 houses. More

than 1.5 million people live in these houses.

Student volunteers built this home in Taos, New Mexico for a needy family.

Student volunteers at work.

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Courtesy Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International

20 Time For Kids

1976 1991 1996 2000 2003 2005 20070

100,000

200,000

300,000

10,00050,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

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Suruchi Srikanth hammers a nail into the wall of a new house.

Working TogetherBuilding a home is hard work.

Volunteers learn how to put up

walls. They use tools and machines.

These selfless volunteers work with

the family that will live in the

house. Everyone works together to

make the familys dream come true.

Suruchi Srikanth has worked with Habitat for

Humanity for four years. She began volunteering in

high school. She has built many homes with other

volunteers. She takes her responsibilities seriously.

Volunteers know that if they dont help, homes might

not get built. They are good citizens who care about

other people.

The Number of Houses BuiltThis graph shows how many houses Habitat for Humanity built from 1976 to 2007. The group formed in 1976.

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Issue 3 21

Psst! Listen, little hamster,We have something to say to YOU.

You may think we kids are giants,

But you can be one too.

Giants dont have to be real big,

Giants dont have to be tall.

What makes someone a giant

Is not their size at all.

And even when we giants get scared,

We always do our best.

We learn from our mistakes

And forget about the rest.

Life is like a play:

We all play giant parts.

And the biggest giants are the little players

Who play with giant hearts.

By Brod Bagert

sst! Listen little hamsster

By Brod Bagert

Giant HeartsB B d B t

Giant Hearts

Digital Archive Japan/Alamy

22

A Chimp Home

People work together to give animals a helping hand. People work together to give

When Animals When Animals Need HelpNeed Help

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ChampsChamps forfor ChimpsChimps

By Anna Prokos

FFort Pierce, Florida, is a great place to monkey around. Th is city is home to 300 chimpanzees. Th e chimps live at a sanctuary. A sanctuary is a safe place.

These chimps once lived in labs for years. Some were taken as babies from their homes in Africa. They were brought to the United States for scientists to study. They were kept in small cages. Many had not seen another chimp. They didnt know how to climb trees.

Wild chimps help each other meet their needs. They look at the fur of other chimps to find bugs. They take the bugs off. This keeps the chimps healthy.

Wild chimps also use the environment to meet their needs. They use sticks to get bugs and honey to eat. They use rocks to open nuts.

People rescued these chimps from little cages in labs. Now they live in a more natural place.

Luis M. Alvarez/AP Photo

Many chimps help save people.

Now people are saving these chimps.

Champs for ChimpsLynne Sladky/AP Photo

Chimps climb and play at the sanctuary in Florida.

24 Time For Kids

Champs for ChimpsHappily Ever AfterSave the Chimps runs the Florida sanctuary. Th is group makes life happier for chimpanzees. Now the animals live on 12 islands. Th e islands have lots of large trees. Now these animals are active and happy.

For the first time in their lives, the chimps have families. They eat three fresh meals a day. They gulp down delicious foods like bananas, apples, pasta, and oatmeal with raisins.

Dr. Carole Noon started Save the Chimps in 1997.

Oldest Chimps in U.S. Zoos In the wild, chimps can live to their forties.

They can live even longer in zoos. Take a look.

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CocoPortland

Zoo

BonnieLos Angeles

Zoo

SusieSunset

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Chimps in zoos

(t) Lynne Sladky/AP Wide World Photos; (c) Luis M. Alvarez/AP Photo

Issue 4 25

Special collars help

protect elephants.

LLewis is a wild elephant. He lives in the Samburu National

Reserve in Kenya, a country in

Africa. Lewis uses his legs to

roam and his eyes to look for

food. He uses his trunk to

grab food. By doing what

comes naturally, Lewis could

help save other elephants.

African elephants are

endangered. That means

the number of elephants is

very low in some places.

To protect them, there are

nature reserves like Samburu.

They give the animals a safe

place to live.

Protecting enormous

animals can be hard.

Elephants need a lot of food.

They eat about 220 to 440

pounds of plants every day.

It is hard to find spaces that

are large enough and have

enough food for them.

FollowFollow thethe Herd HerdFollow Follow thethe Herd Herd

Kevin Schafer/age fotostock/SuperStock

1,000

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26 Time For Kids

Many smaller animals share

the 64-square-mile reserve.

The serval, a wild cat, and the

klipspringer, an antelope, are

only two feet high. They need

less food than Lewis. They

find enough to eat in

Samburu. Unlike Lewis, they

dont roam into unsafe places.

Collecting the Clues

A group called the Save the

Elephants Foundation is

working to help elephants.

Scientists wanted to find out

what makes elephants

wander into unsafe places.

Maybe then they could keep

them safely in Samburu.

The group put special

collars around the necks of

some elephants. Each collar

had a special part that lets a

satellite track the elephant.

Scientists learned that Lewis

often left the reserve during

the dry season. When there

was little rain, he couldnt find

enough to eat. He learned to

find delicious crops at a farm.

This information will help

Lewis. Scientists can give him

food during the dry season.

Then he and other elephants

wont need to roam. Andrea Delbanco

Claire Cerling The elephant collars are big!

Issue 4 27

By Kenn Nesbitt

A penguins toes, they froze

from strolling slowly through the snows

because his clothes expose his toes

or so Im told.

A penguins knees can freeze

from speeding freely through the breeze

and freezing knees can make him sneeze

and catch a cold.

A penguins bill will chill

from sitting still upon a hill

until hes ill and had his fill

of being cool.

But his digits ALL go rigid

frozen stiff and frosty frigid

when a penguin

rides his icicle to school.

(bkgd) Don Farrall/Getty Images

28

High-Tech Help

Scientists use more than their ears to listen to space sounds.

(c)

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Is Anyone Out There?

John Todd/AP Photo

Scientists study signals for clues about what happens in space.

Scientists are listening for sounds in outer space.By Kathryn Satterfield

In 1870 the telephone was invented. It allowed people who were far apart to talk to each other. Today Jill Tarter spends her days listening to signals from outer space. She is a scientist.

Earth makes many signals every day. They come from radios, televisions, and cell phones. In the past, signals from radios couldnt reach deep into space. Their frequencies, or number of radio waves, kept them from traveling far. But tools changed in the 1930s. Since then, signals have traveled to other stars. Things in space might give off signals, too. Scientists use tall wires, called antennas, to listen for these signals.

30 Time For Kids

Jill Tarter uses a computer to understand the signals.

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Radio telescopes collect data from radio sources.

Courtesy Seth Shostak, SETI

A Sound PlanTarters group also uses radio telescopes. These giant metal dishes pick up out-of-this-world sounds. The tools have heard sounds from 800 stars. Scientists studied the sounds. The sounds did not show signs of life in outer space.

Tarter wanted to study science from an early age. After 16 years, she still loves her job. We may detect a signal at any moment and answer one of humankinds oldest questions, says Tarter. Are we alone? She thinks the answer is no. There are 100 billion stars in the universe. So scientists still have plenty to search!

(bkgd) Masterfile Royalty-Free

Issue 5 31

Finding Finding the Waythe Way

There are special ways to help blind people get around. For example, blind

people use a walking stick. They tap it

along the ground as they move. The stick

warns them when something is blocking

their path.

Dogs are trained to help people who cant see.

These guide dogs lead people through busy areas.

The dogs are trained to follow orders. When blind

people are in a new place, they can ask others for

directions. Then they pass on the information to

the guide dog using the right commands.

Now there is new technology that can help blind

people when they are in a new place. Some people

use GPS. GPS stands for Global Positioning System.

GPS can tell a person exactly where he or she is.

It uses satellites in space to work.

Blind people count on technology to help them get around.

The first guide dog training school in the U.S. started in 1929.

Mark

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32 Time For Kids

Talking MapBlind people who use GPS carry around

a tiny receiver. First, the receiver gets

signals from satellites in space. Then,

a computer guides the user with

voice commands. Finally, the user

listens for exact directions. Its like a

talking map!

GPS also lets people know what

is around them. It tells the name of

the street that is coming up. It may

even tell the user about a park or store

nearby. Blind GPS users have a better idea about their

neighborhood. They feel better about traveling alone.

They feel good about getting to new places.

The ABCs of GPSSatellites move around Earth.

They are about 11,000 miles high

in the sky! There are about 24

GPS satellites moving around our

planet. Each one orbits Earth

twice a day.

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Blind people have tools, like GPS, to help them get around.

Detlev van Ravenswaay/Photo Researchers

GPS satellites float above Earth. There are many of them.

Issue 5 33

People figure out better ways to do important things.

Look at this chart to see how tec hnology has changed.

How do you think people will cook 20 years from now? What will they use to listen to music? How will they travel?

Gina Matarazzo

Activity Past Present

Cooking

Traveling

Communicating

Listening

to Music

34

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Schools serve up ahealthful new food policy.

Going to Seed

Do you eat sweet treats at school? If you do, you probably dont live in Texas. In 2004, Texas made new rules about school snacks.

The Texas government checked on its students. It found a big problem. About one third of the states elementary school children weighed too much.

The Texas Department of Agriculture is part of the state government. It is in charge of school lunches. It made new rules for healthful eating in schools. The rules say kids should eat balanced meals. Kids should also cut back on foods with too much fat or sugar. Children now eat foods that give them energy to grow, work, play, and learn.

More schools are serving healthful foods.

LWA/Photodisc/Getty Images

School lunches slim down to keep kids healthy.

36 Time For Kids

Sometimes, sugar is added to food and drinks. But too

much sugar is bad for your health. See how much sugar

is in some foods.

How Sweet It Is!

Food or Drink Added Sugar (in teaspoons)

one slice of bread

one cup of chocolate milk

one bar of chocolate

one cup of milk

one fruit drink

Sugar Added to Food and Drinks

New Rules for Vending MachinesThe new rules change vending machines in schools, too. Many foods sold in vending machines have too much sugar or fat. Now, students cannot buy unhealthy foods from vending machines during the school day.

Some Texas schools have changed their vending machines. Now they sell healthy foods such as fruit, carrot sticks, and yogurt. They are helping kids in the community be healthy! Vending machines now

have more healthful foods.D

ean

MacA

dam

Issue 6 37

Animals can be plant partners.

Bees, Bats, Bears, and Bison

Martin Rugnar/age fotostock/SuperStock

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sA bee buzzes. A bat fl ies at night. A bear walks through a forest. A bison grazes. Th ese diff erent animals are part of the process of growing plants.

Seeds Start with PollenPlants grow from seeds. Th e seeds come from pollen. Th e pollen and seeds are made in the plants fl owers.

To make seeds, pollen has to move from one part of the plant to another. Pollen also moves from plant to plant. How does pollen get from one place to another? Sometimes bees and bats carry it. Bees and bats fly to flowers to get food. They fly from flower to flower. Along the way, they touch pollen. Pollen sticks to their bodies. When the bee or bat moves to a new flower, pollen rubs off. Then the plant can make seeds.

38 Time For Kids

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Plants Start from SeedsA seed needs soil to grow. How do seeds get from the plant to the soil? Sometimes bats, bears, and bison help out.

A bear finds a blueberry patch. A fruit-eating bat lands in a banana tree. A bison chews tall grass. When these animals eat fruit and grass, they are also eating seeds. The seeds go in with the food. Later they come out in the animals droppings. The seeds in the droppings grow into plants.

Sometimes seeds stick to thefur of bears and bison. When those animals lie down, the seeds can drop to the ground. A new plant can grow there.

Plants grow from the seeds. Flowers grow on plants. Flowers make pollen. Pollen makes seeds. Hungry bees, bats, bears, and bison go looking for food. Now it starts all over again! Susan Moger

Plant HelpersThis chart shows the resources plants give to animals.

Animal Plant Resource

giraffe leaves to eat

squirrel tree branches to build a nest in

monkey sticks to use to gather honey

sparrow seeds to eat

Westend 61/Alamy

Issue 6 39

Fresh and FruityWant to whip up a tasty snack? Try this

recipe for a yummy fruit smoothie.

Youll go bananas over it!

Directions

1. Put all the ingredients into a blender. Place cap on the blender. (Ask an adult help to help you.)

2. Blend until smooth.

3. Pour into two glasses. Enjoy with a friend!

Ingredients

1 banana

6 strawberries

34 cup low-fat yogurt

1 cup low-fat milk

3 ice cubes

Thomas Firak/Jupiterimages

(t) (bl) (bkgd) Christine Schneider

40

Martian Veggies?

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People and animals use plants for food.

People and aanimals use People and

These steps show how a pumpkin grows. These steps show how a pumpkin grows.

From Seed to FruitFrom Seed to Fruit

Start with Seeds Seeds go into the soil. Sunny

spots are best. Sunlight helps

pumpkins grow.

Leaves and FlowersWeeks pass. Leaves grow

on the pumpkin vines.

Then come flowers. One

flower opens at a time.

Next Come the Sprouts Small sprouts come up from the

soil. Their roots take in water.

Water and sunlight help sprouts

grow bigger.

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42 Time For Kids

From Seed to Fruit

Orange Pumpkins The fruits take in warmth,

water, and sunlight. Each one

grows big and orange. Now

the pumpkins are ripe!

J Douglas Brooks/Port Huron Times Herald/AP Photo

RVN/Alamy

Green Pumpkins Fruits grow on the vines.

They are tiny at first.

Each fruit stays green for

months. The pumpkins

are not yet ripe.

Pumpkin Plant Pumpkin plant parts work together to grow more plants.

Flowers make seeds and fruit.

Fruit feeds the seeds and keeps them safe.

Seeds grow into new plants.

Leaves take in light and turn it into food.

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Issue 7 43

A Martian GardenA Martian GardenCan vegetables grow in Martian soil on Earth?

Michael Mautner is a scientist and a gardener. He had an idea. He wanted to know if he could grow vegetables here on Earth in soil from Mars.

Martian Rocks Hit EarthMautner did not go to Mars to get the soil. He made it from Martian rocks that were already here. The rocks from Mars fell through space. They landed on Earth. Space rocks that land on Earth are called meteorites. A lot of meteorites hit Earth. Not many of them come from Mars. Mautner proved that his did.

One Martian rock was found in the Sahara Desert. The other was found in Antarctica. Both are good places for spotting space rocks.

In the MixMautner took slices from the Martian rocks. He found chemicals inside them. These same chemicals on Earth are used in fertilizer. Fertilizer helps plants grow.

AFP/Newscom

A Martian Garden

A meteorite from Mars

44 Time For Kids

Mautner ground up the slices of Martian rock to make soil. This soil had the fertilizer chemicals in it.

Mautner mixed the Martian soil with water. Then he put pieces of asparagus and potatoes in the mixture. In a few weeks the plants grew a couple of inches tall. These plants were healthy. He grew other plants in plain water. He also grew some in water mixed with other ground-up rocks. These test plants were smaller. They were not as healthy as the plants grown in Martian soil.

Mautner says, In the future, people starting a colony on Mars could use the soil there to grow food. Susan Moger

Bo

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The asparagus plant grows bigger!

A tiny asparagus plant sprouts in Martian soil mixed with water.

The Solar SystemThe Solar SystemEarth and Mars are part of the Solar System. Can you find them in this diagram?

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Sun

Mercury

Venus

Earth

MarsJupiter

SaturnUranus

Neptune

Issue 7 45

Plant the seed in the ground.

Day 1

How long does it take for a bean seed to turn into

a full-grown bean plant with beans you can pick?

The seed grows roots.

Day 3

The seed sprouts.Day 8

The seedling grows.

Day 14The bean plant has beans ready to pick!

Day 60

From SeedSeed to BeansBeans

(tl) (tc) (tr) Siede Preis/Getty Images; Nigel Cattlin/Alamy; (bl) WizData/Alamy; (br) Siede Preis/Getty Images; S.J. Krasemann/Peter Arnold, Inc.

Seed Beans

46

Speaking Chinese

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China has a lot to share with the rest of the world .China has a lot to share with the rest of the world .

ALL ALL ABOUT ABOUT CHINACHINAALL ABOUT CHINA

Dinosaur Hunters

MMany important fossils have been foundin the Gobi Desert in China. Paleontologist

Meng Jin found a fossil of a mammal in the

Gobi Desert. It was about the size of a cat.

The big surprise was what else Meng and

his team found. They found the bones of a

young dinosaur inside the

mammal fossil. This discovery

changed how people think of

dinosaurs and mammals.

Scientists used to think ancient mammals were not hunters. They thought these mammals ate insects and seeds. These mammals, scientists believed, were hunted by dinosaurs. Mengs discovery showed that these mammals hunted dinosaurs and ate them!

AP Photo/Frank Franklin II

This is a model of the little dinosaur found inside the mammal fossil. These dinosaurs ate plants.

A scientist points to dinosaur bones in the mammal fossil.

48 Time For Kids

Mammals that lived 130 million years ago

were not very big. The cat-sized mammal from

China is bigger than other ancient mammals.

The dinosaur found inside the mammal was not

full-grown. As an adult, that dinosaur would be

much bigger than the mammal that ate it!

Young Dinosaur3 inches tall 5 inches long

Mammal8 inches tall 18 inches long

Adult Dinosaur48 inches tall 72 inches long

12Hei

ght i

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ches

0

24

36

48

Grant Delin/Corbis

How Big?

Mike Maydak

Adult Dinosaur48 inches tall72 inches long

Mammal

44

66

88

Young

Issue 8 49

Fourth-grade students study Mandarin in math class at Woodstock Elementary School.

This girl writes Chinese letters.

Why are so many kids in the United Stateslearning Chinese?

F th d t d t t d

Frederic Larson/The San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis

Jessica Bucknam shouts, Tiao (teeow)! Her fourth-grade

students jump. Dun (dewwen),

she says. The kids move down.

These words are a type of Chinese

called Mandarin. Millions of

people in China speak this

language.

The kids go to Woodstock

Elementary School in Portland, Oregon. Children here

read stories and learn math and science in Mandarin

Chinese. Their teacher, Jessica Bucknam, is from

China. She teaches the kids more than 100 Chinese

words each year.

Rick Bowmer/Wide World Photos/AP Images

50 Time For Kids

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This boy is studying Chinese at his school in San Jose, California.

Countries with the Most PeopleMore people speak Chinese than any other

language. That is because more people live in

China than in any other country. More than one

billion people live there. The graph below shows

the five countries with the most people.

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Country

China India United States Indonesia BrazilChi I di U it d St t I d i B il

Source: About Geography, November 2006the above numbers are computer estimates for the end of 2006

(1,315,000,000)(1,100,000,000)

(190,000,000)

(300,000,000)(245,000,000)

Issue 8 51

Say It in ChineseMandarin Chinese is spoken by more than

one billion people. The words in this chart are

written using the English alphabet. Chinese

uses a different alphabet. See if you can chat

in this 6,000-year-old language.

Durga Bernhard

English

Hello.

Thank you.

My name is ____.

What is your name?

School is fun.

Good-bye!

Wow!

Chinese

Ni hao.

Xie xie.

Wo jiao ____.

Nin gui xing?

Xue xiao hao wan.

Zai jian!

Hao bang!

How You Say It

nee how

sye sye

hwo jeeow ____

neen gway sing

shwe seeow how wan

dzay jeean

how bong

52

Scientists are studying creatures to build robots.

lobster

cockroach

scorpionScorpion

Robot V

RoboLobster

Far Flung

(bl) Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; (cl) Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy; (tl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (br) Jodi Hilton for the New York Times/Redux Pictures; (cr) Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn and Roy Ritzmann/Case Western Reserve University; (tr) Courtesy NASA Ames Research Center; Flap Photo: Diomedia/Alamy

These robots look strange. But one day, they may work for you!

Scientists look at Robot V. It moves like a roach.

Most people hate cockroaches. Not Roy Ritzmann. He thinks they are great. Th eyre fast, he says. Ritzmann is a scientist. He is helping other scientists to build robots. Th ey are using bugs as models!

Acting Like AnimalsScientists are looking closely at insects, lobsters, and scorpions. Why? Because they have all the right moves! Their bodies let them live in different places. Their many legs help the animals travel easily over bumpy ground.An insect has antennas and little hairs. These help itsense changes around it.

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By Kathryn R. Satterfield

These Are

54 Time For Kids

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Scientists studied real lobsters to build a RoboLobster.

Scientists are working to build robots with animal-like parts. The parts would make the robots more useful. These robots could find people who are trapped in a building. They could climb, crawl, or swim into dangerous places.

Creepy, crawly robots may one day help the U.S. military and NASA. The RoboLobster will search for underwater weapons called mines. Robots may alsogo into space. A robot based on scorpions and roaches will explore Mars. These bots will rock!

Holt Studios International Ltd/Ala

my

Robot Roach Real Roach

Uses sensors to feel.Six legs help it move easily.

Moves 5 body lengths in a second.Issue 9 55

Monarchs on the Move

Have you ever seen butterflies like these fluttering through the air? Every August, millions of monarch butterflies begin a long trip. They fly from the cold north to spend the winter in the warm south.

Some monarchs travel as far as 3,000 miles to reach their winter home. They head for the mountains of central Mexico. There, they gather in large groups in trees called Oyamel firs.

In the spring the monarchs fly north again. When they reach the north, the females lay eggs. Late in the summerthe butterflies from those eggs head south.

Monarch butterflies fly far for warm weather.

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Monarchs on the Move

Bob Sciarrino/Star Ledger/Corbis

56 Time For Kids

Flying thousands of miles is dangerous. But the monarchs face another danger. People are cutting down trees in the Oyamel forests of Mexico. Only 10 percent of the Oyamel forest is left.

The good news is that people are working to save the forests. Most people agree that protecting the winter home of the monarchs is important. That is very good news for butterfly fans. They will be able to enjoy the colorful monarchs for years to come!

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(bkgd) Patricio Robles Gil/Sierra Madre/Minden Pictures/Getty Images

Michael Hood/Alamy

This diagram shows the butterfly life cycle. When a monarch butterfly egg hatches, a caterpillar comes out. It eats and grows. Later, it forms a hard shell or pupa. Inside, it changes into a butterfly. One day, it will lay eggs.

pupaegg

caterpillar

butterfly

A Monarch Is Born

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Issue 9 57

Who Has a Who Has a

Backbone? Backbone? Some animals have a backbone. Some animals

dont. Animals with a backbone are called

vertebrates. Animals without a backbone are

called invertebrates.

What are you: vertebrate or invertebrate?

Animal Yes No

Bird

Butterfly

Fish

Jellyfish

Lobster

Rabbit

Snake

Worm

(c) iStockphoto/anafcsousa ; (cw from tl) U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service/Dave Menke photographer; Cre

atas/PunchStock;

Photodisc/Getty Images; image100/PunchStock; iS

tockphoto/Viorika; Photodisc/Getty Images; Image

Source/PunchStock;

Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images

Do these animals have backbones?

58

Animals From Eggs

Dolphins are underwater heroes.

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phins are underwater heroes.

Safe in Safe in the Seathe SeaSafe in the Sea

A big animal crawls out of the sea to lay her eggs on this beach. Then she uses her two back flippers to bury the eggs in the sand. This will hide the eggs and keep them from getting too warm or too cool. The mother crawls back to the sea and swims away. She will not be here when her eggs hatch.

Huey, George H.H./Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

Turtles hatch on beaches around the world.

A turtle makes tracks in the sand.

60 Time For Kids

The eggs hatch. Little turtles crawl to the sea. For many years they will swim, eat, and grow. Some will come back to this beach to lay eggs.

Many Kinds of Eggs Turtles h atch from eggs, and so do lots of other animals. Look

at these eggs. Would you know what kind of animal laid them?

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Egg Animal

Robin Robin parents make nests for their eggs. They warm the eggs until they hatch. Then, they feed the baby birds.

Monarch butterflyFemale butterflies lay eggs on leaves and fly away. Caterpillars hatch from the eggs. Later, they become butterflies.

Poison dart frogFemale frogs lay eggs. The males watch the eggs. Tadpoles hatch from the eggs. They crawl to their mothers back. She puts each one in a small pool of water. Each tadpole will grow into a frog.

Green TurtleFemale turtles lay eggs on the beach. They bury them in sand and crawl away. Baby turtles hatch and crawl to the sea.

Issue 10 61

Thank You, FlipperR ob Howes wanted to spend a day at the beach. He brought his 15-year-old daughter, Nicky, along. She brought two friends: Helen Slade, 16, and Karina Cooper, 15. Th ey all went to Ocean Beach in New Zealand, where Howes was a lifeguard.

The group swam and body surfed. Then they saw something strange. Suddenly, there were these fins, says Howes.

The swimmers saw seven dolphins moving toward them. The dolphins seemed upset. They hit the water with their tails. They kept moving in a circle around the swimmers. Then one large dolphin swam toward Howes and Helen. Next, it dove down underwater. Thats when Howes saw something gray moving in the water.

Rob Howes, his daughter, and her friends were saved by dolphins. Matt Fleet saw the rescue.

Dolphins saved these swimmers from a shark!Dolphins saved these swimmers from a shark!

Stuart Westmorland/Getty Images

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Dolphins are known to help humans in trouble in the sea.

62 Time For Kids

Thank You, FlipperTim Davis/Corbis

A great white shark waited underwater. It wasnt far from the people. The shark headed straight toward Nicky and Karina. Now a shark is not slow. It moves fast! So the dolphins used their tails to swim even faster. Each one splashed its tail even more. Then Howes knew why. The dolphins didnt want to harm him and the girls. These sea mammals wanted to keep them safe.

The dolphins stayed close to the group until the shark left. When Howes and the kids were safe, the dolphins swam away.

You wanted to say thank you and shake their flippers, Howes says. This isnt a fishy tale! These dolphins are heroes.

The killer whale is the largest dolphin. The whale

shark is the largest shark. Which is longer?

John Kanzler

Sea Animal Size

Killer Whale 32 feet

Whale Shark 46 feet

Sharks cant change direction quickly like dolphins.

Issue 10 63

By Constance Levy

Theres a horn sound

from the blowhole

and a high-speed spout

when a whale at sea

blasts the old air out.

It breathes up a geyser,

a flare of fizz,

a white cloud that shows you

where it is

in the endless waves

of the great green sea.

Oh, whales exhale

magnificently!

(b) Royalty-Free/Corbis

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Lost Lynx!

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Nature MattersNature MattersWhy do living things need places to live in nature?

LosingLosing the the LynxLynx

Scientists hope this female lynx will have cubs.

Twelve Iberian lynx cubs were born in Doana National Park in Spain. Th e cubs are part of a program to help save these big cats. Iberian lynx are in danger of disappearing.

In 1900, there were about 100,000 Iberian lynx in Spain and Portugal. Today, there are fewer than 200. These wild cats are the most endangered cat in the world.

Scientists are working to save these wild cats.By Andrea DelBanco

Jose B. Ruiz/Nature Picture Library

Losing the Lynx

Joe LeMonnier

Spain

Doana National Park

66 Time For Kids

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This rare lynx lives in Spain.

Whats Wrong?Why are the lynx in danger? Th ey are losing their homes. People have built houses, farms, and roads where the lynx live. Th e large cats also cant fi nd enough food. Lynx eat rabbits. But most of the rabbits where the lynx stay are gone. Many lynx began to starve, or go hungry.

Scientists hope more cubs will be born. So far, about 24 lynx live in Doana National Park. People are trying to protect the babies and their parents. Roads around the park will be closed. This will keep lynx safe from passing cars.

Big Cats There are 37 types of wild cats in the world. Many of them

may soon disappear. Here are facts about some of these cats.

Losing the Lynx

James Gritz/Photodisc/Getty Images

Cat Habitat

Jaguar Mexico, Central and South America 292

Lion Africa 15,000

Siberian tiger Russia, Asia 500

Number in the World

Issue 11 67

Josh Tenge has his head in the sand. Tenge isnt an ostrich. Hes a sandboarder.

Tenge spends lots of time riding sand

dunes in Nevada and Oregon.

Dunes are landforms. Landforms are

different shapes of Earths land. Hills

and cliffs are landforms, too.

Dunes are hills of sand. They change

shape and size as the wind blows. Many

places around the world have dunes.

There are many in the United States.

The largest area of sand dunes in the United States is

in Oregon. It is the Oregon Dunes National Recreation

Area. The highest sand dunes in North America are in

Colorado. They are in Great Sand Dunes National Park.

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pelm

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A new sport lets boarders land in the sand.

Joe Lemonnier

The largest area of sand dunes in

the United States is in the Oregon

Dunes National Recreation Area.

Josh Tenge is a champion sandboarder. He teaches others how to sand surf.

Oregon

Surfing the Sand s

68 Time For Kids

No Snow? No Problem!This new sport is like snowboarding. Snowboarding

is popular in many states that have snow in the

winter. People who live in warm states dont have

snow. Now they can feel the thrill of snowboarding.

Instead of sliding on snow, sandboarders glide

down sand. They can sandboard all year round!

Sandboarders work hard at their sport. They

show their skills in competitions around the world.

Tenge is the master of sandboarding. He has won

the world championship four times!

Sand Master Park in Oregon is a great place for

sandboarding. The park has ramps on the sand.

Riders use the ramps to lift into the air. Boarders

practice flips and turns. Tenge teaches new riders

how to sandboard. More than 8,000 visitors go to

the park each year!

Watch Those Dunes!Sand dunes on beaches are

important. They protect the land.

They stop huge ocean waves

from washing over the land.

Sandboarders ride dunes that are

away from beaches. They dont

want to harm beach dunes. Many

sand dunes are protected by law.

M. Dillon/Corbis

The Great Sand Dunes in Colorado are protected. They are in a national park.

(bkgd) Comstock/PunchStock

Issue 11 69

Although it is gold,

It isnt a locket;

Though shaped like a coin,

It fits no pocket.

It hasnt a ladder,

But it can climb.

Its much like a clock

For telling the time.

It gives itself, free,

To child and man,

But nobody touches it.

Nobody can.

THE SUNTHE SUN

(bkgd) DAJ/Getty Images

By Leland B. Jacobs

7070

Scientists fight to savethese sea creatures.

Animal Families

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New laws are helping to protect sea turtles in Mexico.

Some sea turtles are safer in the water.

Thousands of female sea turtles crawl out of the water on La Escobilla Beach in Mexico.

Each one digs a nest in the sand to lay its eggs.

Then it covers the eggs with sand and returns

to the ocean. In 45 days, the babies hatch and

crawl into the water.

These types of sea turtles are called olive

ridleys. Around the world, the number of sea

turtles is decreasing. But the number of olive

ridleys on La Escobilla Beach has gone up. Why?

The turtles can thank a program in Mexico.

Sea turtles are in danger of

disappearing. Some have been

hurt by pollution. Others have

been caught in fishing nets

by hunters.

Olive ridley sea turtles crawlout of the water to lay eggs.

Ad

rian

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72 Time For Kids

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S oldiers ask children to be careful around sea turtle eggs.

In 1990, Mexico passed a law to

stop sea turtle hunting. Soldiers

watch the beaches to protect sea

turtles. People are taught how to

help save sea turtles. Now there are

about one million olive ridley nests

at La Escobilla Beach. Thats four

times as many as there were in 1990.

Turtle TroubleThese four types of sea turtles are in danger of dying out.

Leatherbacks are the largest sea turtles. One third of them die every year.

Hawksbill turtles are hunted for their beautiful shells to make jewelry.

Green turtles and their eggs are eaten in many areas.

Fewer than 1,000 loggerheads now nest on Japans beaches.

This map shows La Escobilla Beach in Mexico. Can you find it on the map? What is the capital city of Mexico?

Jany Sauvanet/Photo Researchers

Charles V. Angelo/Photo Researchers

Joyce & Frank Burek/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

Porterfield/Chickering/Photo Researchers

Jo

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Issue 12 73

Baby animals need help to meet their needs. Animal parents give babies food, water, and shelter. They keep babies safe.

Courtesy Dr. Joan Silk

Baboon FathersScientists learned something surprising about baboons. Some baboon fathers help mother baboons care for their babies.

Scientists learned that male baboons can tell which babies are theirs. They used tests to match 75 baboon babies with their fathers. Half of these fathers spent time with their babies until the babies were three years old.

Male baboons can be fierce fighters. But they can be sweet with infants, says scientist Joan Silk. The fathers rush in if one of their babies is in danger.

The scientists think baboon fathers know their babies by sight and by smell. Its always fun to find out that animals are smarter than you thought! says Silk. Elizabeth Winchester

A baboon father cares for his babies.

Daddy Day CareDaddy Day Care

74 Time For Kids

Tim Davis/Corbis

Emperor Penguin A penguin pop holds the mothers egg on his feet. He uses his skin and feathers to keep the egg warm. He does this for nine weeks, without eating, until the egg is ready to hatch.

Sea Horse A female sea horse lays eggs in the males pouch. It is in the front of the males stomach. He carries the eggs until they hatch. When the babies are big enough, they swim away.

Darwins Frog This frog father carries up to 15 eggs inside a special part of his throat. After the eggs hatch and the tadpoles have turned into frogs, they hop out.

Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures/Getty Images

Lezczynski; Zigmund/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

Good DadsBaboons arent the only proud fathers in the animal world. Here are some other animal dads that care for their kids.

Issue 12 75

I wear a helmet

On my back.

Its hard

And guards

Me from attack.

And if I wheeze,

Or sneeze,

Or cough,

The shell I dwell in

Wont fall off.

Its glued without

A screw or mortise.

Im born with it,

For Im a tortoise.

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d)

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By Douglas Florian

76

How Can You Help?

If we treat resources with care, there will be enough for everyone. This girl takes water used to rinse dishes and reuses it to water plants.

(c)

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es Taking Care

of Earth If we treat resources with care,

A lot of people have to share Earths resources.

B link your eyes. In that time, three people were born. Blink again. Thats another three people! Every minute there are 184 more people. Every hour there are 11,040 more. Every day 264,960 people are added to the total. That makes 97 million more people on Earth every year.

By 2007 the total number of people on Earth was six and a half billion. A stack of 6 billion pennies would be 5,000 miles high!

Growing PainsEarth has a limited amount of natural resources. People need these resources to live. Water covers most of Earth. But less than 1 percent of it can be used for drinking and washing. One of every 13 people around the world does not have enough clean water.

Grant Faint/Getty Images

Vario Images/GmbH & Co. KG/Alamy

A lot of people have to share

Its Getting Crowded Around Here!

78 Time For Kids

Food is a problem too. One of every 7 people in the world does not get enough to eat. Why? As cities grow bigger, farmland vanishes. Buildings and roads take its place. There is less room to grow food, and there are more people to feed.

Every person alive uses Earths resources. Some use more than others. Using less and wasting less are ways to conserve resources.

Diane Macdonald/Stockbyte/Getty Images

This time line shows the population, or number of people,in the United States from 1800 to 2000. What happenedto the population?

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

The U.S. Population Over Time

5,308,483 people

23,191,876 people

76,212,168 people

151,325,798 people

281,421,906 people

Making SureMaking SureTheres EnoughTheres Enoughto Go Aroundto Go AroundCan six and a half billion people figure out how to share and save Earths resources? Bill Ryan of the United Nations thinks so. He believes young people will change the world. There are more young people alive now than at any other time, he says.

Issue 13 79

People use pecan trees in many ways. The wood can be used to

make furniture or to burn for heat.

But most people use pecan nuts.

They are good to eat!

A Year in the Life of a Pecan TreePecan trees take a whole year to make the nuts

we like to eat. Look at this time line to learn how

the tree changes through the year.

Pecans:Pecans: A Nutty ResourceA Nutty Resource

Garcia/photocuisine/Corbis

In January, some farmers

grow special plants

around the trees.

These plants add

nutrients to the

soil. The tree needs

nutrients to grow.

Pecan trees are natural resources. Natural resources are materials from Earth that people use.

The tree begins

growing leaves and

blossoms in March. Each flower will

become a nut later.

The tree needs

water from the

spring rains to grow.Ray Hendley/Index Stock Imagery/Jupiterimages

Noam Armonn/Alamy

January February March April May June

80 Time For Kids

Saving Water for the TreesWater is a natural resource too. Pecan

trees need lots of water to live. If there

is enough rain, there is a good pecan

crop. But a drought can cause big

problems. A drought happens when

there is little or no rain.

Rain fills reservoirs, places

where water is stored. Canals

carry reservoir water to

farms and cities. Reservoirs

dont fill up during droughts.

Saving water is important

for everyone, including

pecan farmers.

Grant Heilman Photography/Alamy

In July, thetree grows

green husks.

There is a nut

growing inside

each husk.

The husks turn

brown. They open

in October and the nuts fall out.

People can eat

plain nuts, or use

them to make

cookies and pies.Inga Spence/Getty ImagesGoss Images/Alamy

July August September October November December

Issue 13 81

How does cotton from a plant in a farm field

become a T-shirt? There are four steps.

Step 4 Manufacture

Step 3 Clean & Gin

Step 2 Harvest

Step 1 Plant & Grow

Cotton seeds are planted in warm soil in the spring.

After 4 to 5 months, the cotton bolls, or pods, are picked.

A machine called a cotton gin takes seedpods and seeds outof the fluffy cotton. The cottonis cleaned. Then it is packed in bales and sent to a mill.

At the mill, the raw cotton is spun into thread. The thread is woven into fabric. The fabric is dyed. Then the fabric is cut to a pattern and sewn together.

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How does cotton from a plant in a farm field

b T hi t? Th f t

From From Cotton FieldCotton Field to to T-ShirtT-Shirt

82

WindHere Comes the

From Rock to Sand

You can fly a kite on a windy day. What else happens in windy weather?

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You cant see air, but when the wind blows you can feel it. Wind is air on the move!

When the wind starts blowing hard, it often means the weather is

changing. A summer rainstorm can

bring fast winds. A hurricane is a

dangerous kind of summer storm.

Its fast winds can uproot trees and

destroy houses. Hurricane winds

move 75 to 155 miles per hour.

This is faster than a speeding car!

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Its hard to hold an umbrella in a windy rainstorm.

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Windy Weather

Hurricane winds can bend trees. These storms can bring heavy rains that cause floods.

84 Time For Kids

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A winter storm with

heavy snow and strong

winds is called a blizzard.

Blizzard winds move

25 miles an hour or more.

A tornado is another

kind of dangerous

windstorm. The funnel

of spinning wind acts like a

vacuum cleaner. Tornado

winds can blow between

40 and 379 miles an hour. A tornado can pick up trees and cars. It can tear the roof off of a house.

Blowing snow makes it hard to see in a blizzard.

Issue 14 85

Panoramic Images/Getty Images

Rocks do not need food, water, or air. They dont grow, but they can change.

How can a nonliving thing change if

it does not grow?

People, plants, and animals are living things. They eat, drink, and breathe. Living things also grow.

Solid as a Solid as a

RockRock

Rocks are objects. They do not live.

86 Time For Kids

Rocky WeatherWind and rain wear down rocks.

Water gets into cracks in rocks.

When cold weather makes water

become ice, it breaks the rocks

apart. The rocks chip and break

into smaller pieces.

Strong winds lift fine sand

and blow it against rocks.

The moving sand rubs against

rocks. Over time, rocks get

smaller and smaller. Some rocks

end up as minute grains of sand!

A river can carry sand all the

way to the sea. As river water

moves sand, the sand rubs

against river rocks. These rocks

get smoother and smaller.

Jim Lundgren/A

lamy

Co

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man

/Gett

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Water that turns to ice can crack rocks.

This fine sand comes from big rocks.

Michael Szoenyi/Photo Researchers

Moving water rubs sand against rocks. This makes the rocks smooth.

Issue 14 87

The diamonds on the tree twigs

Are all the diamonds that Ive got

So bright

So unexpected

So soon gone

And yet

Alive as rain

Alive as time

Shining like diamonds

Raindrops

They shine and glow

Brighter than snow

They shine

And they are mine.

Raindrops on the Willow TreeRaindrops on

the Willow Tree

8888

By Margaret Wise Brown

Telling

Tales

Spanish Moss

Long ago people told stories to explain how things happen. Today we still enjoy those stories.

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19501850 1875 1900 1925

1907 She becam e a reporter at the Beaumont Journal.

1aB

Florence Stratton liked to hear peoples stories. She wrote down stories told by pioneers and Native Americans. Th ese folk tales tell us what people thought long ago.

The Tejas were among the first people of Texas. Stratton published their stories in a book, When The Storm God Rides. People liked the book so much, it became a school book for children in Texas!

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S 15

9/T

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ry

lorence Stratton liked to hear peoples

Florence Stratton was a journalist. Few women worked for newspapers or wrote books at the time.

1938 Stratton died.

1928 She began writing a weekly column for the Beaumont Enterprise.

Time Line of a Story Teller1883 Florence Stratton was born.

Berniece Burrough/Courtesy The Internet Sacred Texts Archive

1936 When The Storm God Rides was published.

1950

2008/The Beaumont Enterpr

ise

90 Time For Kids

Folk tales were often used to explain how things happen. Stratton wrote down this Tejas tale about Spanish moss.

Nancy Tripp/Dreamstime.com

How the North Wind Lost His HairTh e South Wind was a young man. He lived with the Tejas by the Gulf of Mexico. He blew warm air.

The North Wind was an old man with long, gray hair. He blew cold air. He visited the Gulf in winter. Sometimes he brought snow.

One spring, the old North Wind would not leave the Gulf. He kept South Wind away. It was cold.

The South Wind was tired of being kept away. He fought with the North Wind. The South Wind pulled out some of North Winds long, gray hair during the fight. The North Wind flew away.

The South Wind was so happy he had won, he began dancing. As he danced, the North Winds hair fell on trees. Today, we call it Spanish moss. It still grows on many trees in the Gulf.

Bern

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Issue 15 91

Why is the south wind warm and the north wind cold? To answer this, you have to know about two

things: how the sun heats Earth and how air moves.

Heating Earths AirSunlight heats Earths land, water, and air. The suns

rays strike Earth differently in different places.

In some places, the suns rays strike Earth nearly

straight on. These direct rays make those places very

warm. Places near the equator tend to be very warm.

In some places, Earth does not get direct rays from

the sun. These places are cooler. The North Pole and

the South Pole are the coldest places on Earth.

iSto

ckphoto

/Raycat

hy is the south wind warm and the north wind

The Suns Rays

Equator

North Pole

South Pole

Earth

direct rays

Sun

92 Time For Kids

Earths Moving AirIn the United States, warm

air moves up from the south.

Winds that blow from the

south are warm. Cold air

moves down from the north.

Winds that blow from the

north are cold.

Warm south winds keep

the southern states warm. But

sometimes, north winds blow

across the southern United

States. Then it can be cold. Joe LeMonnier

Blue arrows show cold air moving from the north. Red arrows show warm air moving from the south.

Cold Air in the United StatesThis time line shows some of the lowest temperatures

recorded in the United States. Which state had the

temperature 70 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (-70F)?

1910 200019801960194019201900 1990197019501930

1933 Riverside, Wyoming66 F below zero

1954 Rogers Pass, Montana70F below zero

1971 Prospect Creek Camp, Alaska80F below zero

1985 Maybell, Colorado, and Peters Sink, Utah61F below zero

Issue 15 93

Red Hansen

Who Has Seen theWho Has Seen the

Wind?Wind?

Who has seen the wind?

Neither I nor you.

But when the leaves hang trembling,

The wind is passing through.

Who has seen the wind?

Neither you nor I.

But when the trees bow down their heads,

The wind is passing by.

by Christina Rossetti

94

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TIME for Kids - Student Reader G2

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