Timbuktu (the city of Mali)

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GROWTH

• Mansa Musa’s Support• By Traders–Muhammad Askia (Spodek p.366)– Sub-Saharan, Caravans, Berber, Arab traders– Good Trade Relations

• Intellectual Exploration – Religious Studies– Literature prosperity – Education Organizations

Role

• Trade Center– Gold, ivory, salt, animal skin, and slaves

• (Barron’s AP World History 3rd Edition, p.138)

• Studying Center– Islamic scholars– Oral storytelling and song making

Chang’an

- Acted as an one end of the Silk Road Major trading center cos-mopolitan

- The capital of Sui, Tang Dynasty One of the biggest cities - Biggest city in China since Han dynasty

- Cultural influence to near regions Kyoto

- Political significance: legitimacy, much is lost since the 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms period

- The recession of Chang’an Rebellions

-- An Shi Rebellion -- Huang Chao rebellion

- Not selected to become a capital of any countries. -- Corresponds to the decline of the Silk Roads

So… where does this end up?

Venice

Venice: An island city, the greatest seaport in late me-dieval Europe and its commercial and cultural link with Asia, Venice is unique environmentally, architecturally,

and historically.

Venice

Significance Cultural-Venice was influenced by many regions -”Myth of Venice”-Influence from other regions *Palace, Church

Significance Political-Political structure – patriciate governs-The commune: Republic

“Immensely wealthy Italian city-state of the Medival period”

VeniceSignificance Economical-Maritime trade: the major hub of Mediterranean trade-End of 10th century, Venice : most economically developed city in Italy.-Trade conflicts-14th and 15th, Venice : Golden age (influenced by Crusades)

Decline of Venice -Under Francesco Foscari

*Crusade: A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infi-dels.

Relationship between Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

Rome: Before Avignon Papacygolden age of church

• 7th century~ early 9th century : Grew dramati-cally -Charlemagne -Vigorous buildings• Late 9th~mid 11th: uneasy peace between papacy and Nobility dispute• 11th~12th C : golden age -rule state throughout Europe -many pilgrims gifts… flow money

Conflicts btw nobility and popeConflicts• Republican constitution sur-vived both papal and imperial rule pope large cash pay-ment to senators• pope Innocent tried to secure pope’s position conflict with Orsini. • Innocent cherish to Roman. Roman supports for a while • Tax problem: resurgence, more, severe Collapse• Lost reforming zeal from peo-ple• Royal power grew• France tries to arrests the pope pope dies

Rome: Avignon PapacyAvignon Papacy• cardinal divided: pro, anti-Bonifacian -elect archbishop, they made pope more vulnerable • make pope refuge -Establish papal curia in Avignon -Establish loyal faction• Controlled by France –France appoint pope and clergies -Pope followed what France says Try to Go Back• After one of effective (clement) archbishop dies: cardinals deeply di-vided - go back to Rome or not • Pope John XXII : forceful – feud stops for a while - tried to go back Italy sent subordinates -Emperor of Italy againstFailed -France and archbishops didn’t agree -John’s death: pope decline -Hundred Years’ War

Rome: After Avignon Papacy

Great Schism• Pope Gregory returns from Avignon (1377)• France oppose: elect new one two groups meet and elect new pope: 3 popes schism• Popes abdicate (1415~1417) elect new (1417) :schism ended but pope’s power hit the floorIn This Period • spread of heresy • collapse of priests• Black Death: corrupted churchInfluences: • secular government grow• people started to refuse the religion climate of Protestant Reformation

Religious Influence• Center of religion• Birth of Muhammad• Prominent role in wor-

ship: Ka’aba• Five Pillars: Pilgrimage

to Mecca• Umma: community of believers

Mecca

Ka’aba in Mecca

• Islamic trade cen-ter

• Silk Road• Economic benefits

to Quraysh tribes

Economical Influence

• Muhammad’s return to Mecca

• Muhammad’s power

• Legitimacy

Political Influence

Location of Medina

History of Medina

• Sahifa al-Medina : Constitution of Medina

• Migrated to Medina in 622 C.E• Diverse than Mecca : Jews,Muslims, idolaters.

http://insearchofsimplicity.com/sample-chapters/

 

Prophet’s Mosque

Significance of Medina• Not an obligatory part of

the pilgrimage• Visit purpose of ziyara,

pious visit.• capture the early history

of the prayer ritual, also strengthen the believer’s resolve and commitment to these practice.

• Political leadership

http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/saudi_arabia/images/medina_mosque_01_V_500.jpg

Karakorum … 1. Location + Geographical Significance + Before

Mongol Rule

Karakorum… 2. As the Capital of Mongol Empire

• Ogedei Khan erects permanent political structures

• Has temples of all the major religions … (Primary document by William of Rubruck)

• Housed workmen from around the em-pire (French Gold-smith)

In 1220, Genghis

Khan moves capital from Avarga to

Karakorum

Mongol Empire’s political, cultural,

economic capital for 40 years

After aban-don by

Kublai Khan

(1266), destroyed

by vengeful Manchurian soldiers in

1388

Karakorum … 3. Factors for Growth Over Time

• Mongol Conquest More buildings, religious centers

• Exploration Spread of knowledge, though slow• Slave Trade (13C, slaves sold at Karakorum)

Ethnic diversity, larger workforce• Commercial Trade Trade w. China, Southeast

Asia, Middle East increases

Greater Diversity

Increased Trade

Population Growth

Urbaniza-tion

Samarkand

Growth during 600 – 1450

Before this time period: already developed; had been capital of kingdom, influ-

enced by Alexander the

Great etc.

8th C: Arab

9th-10th C: Samanids

of Iran

11th-13th C: various Turkic ppl

Early 13th C: annexed

by Khwarexm-

Shah

1220: destroyed by Genghis Khan

1365: capi-tal of Timur

Empire

Samarkand

Samarkand: Significance • Culture – reflects multi-ethnicity: Turks,

Persians, Arabs, Mongols

– Architecture– Garden Making– Samarkand Rug

• Center of Islamic learn-ing– Patronized Turkish as a literary lan-

guage– Poetry, literature – Scholars

• Al Samarkandi – medicine, astronomy, philosophy, theology, logic

• Uluh Beg – astronomy, math

Samarkand

Mongol

Persian + Turkic

Islam/ Arabic

Constantinople

Where is Baghdad???

What was the role of Bagh-dad?

• Capital city of the Ab-basid dynasty– Architecture– Arts– Cultures– Finance– Markets/Trades– Education– Science/technology

• Religious center• Military character• Commercial activities Abbasid Palace(late 12th/early

13th C)

Growth

• Founded in 762 as the capital of the Ab-basid dynasty– Most significant cultural centre of Arab and Is-

lamic civilization– Symbol of Muslim culture and achievement

• Economically developed metropolis– Juncture of the land and water trade routes

• Mongol invasion in 1258 C.E• Became local center of the Mongol Empire

Damascus: Location • It is now the cap-

ital of Syria.

• It was the capital of the Islamic Caliphate.

• Known as the oldest inhabited city.

Growth

• Cultural Growth-The Great Mosque -Easy communication

• Economic growth-Trade

Role of this city

• Capital of Umayyad

- Centre of Culture and Trade

• Crusade

Development and decline of Kiev

• Slavs established their own settlement on a hill and was named for Kiy.

• Kiev was not based on agriculture. Therefore, trade was occurred along the Dniper river. Trade also went to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia

• Kiev established diplomatic relations with Byzan-tium, England, France, Sweden, and other countries.

• Decline: in late 12th century, the power of the city had declined. In 1238, Genghis Khan invaded Rus and conquered the towns of central Russia. Much of the city was destroyed and the most of its popula-tion killed

Religious development

• The introduction of Christianity to Kiev enhanced its significance as the spiritual center of Russia.

• The city’s wealth and religious importance was at-tested to by its more than 400 churches.

• In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byz. Christianity

• Her grandson(valdimir) 980CE convert to orthodoxy• Artistic tradition of icon painting, Byzantine style

architecture, monasticism religious education, legal principles and other patterns of thought

• The Cathedral of St. Sophia

All about Moscow

-Capital city of the Russian Federation

- important center in 14th cen-tury

Oblast , western Russia-South : Oka River, Moskva River-Southeast: plain drops to the Meshchera Lowland-Northern Edge: Central Rus-soan Upland

Moscow in Christianity

• 15th century• After the fall of Con-

stantinople to the Turks (1453), re-garded as the “Third Rome”

• Integrating modern technology, eagle symbols, the work of going back to Rome

Mongols…

- after Chinggis’s death 1227

- Four sons contin-ued their expan-sions

- Along the lands, they entered Rus-sia, and took Mos-cow Kiev

• Russia began to take its modern form

- After Ivan III (r. 1462- 1505)

Cairo - Geography

• Located along the Nile• The Largest City of

Africa

http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/21/mideast.wrap/egypt.cairo.map.lg.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo

Growth

• The Most Important Religious Icons of Cairo (640CE, Amr ibn al-A)

• Mosque of Ibn Tulun • Reaching its zenith under Mam-

luk’s control in 14th C• Economy started to decline

since 15th C• King of Kanem converted to Is-

lam constructed a religious school in Cairo.

– Expansion of Fatimid Rulers to begin their administration in Fu-stat.

– Economic Inflation – Mansa Musa

Role

– one of the world’s great trade centers

– sheltered a very signifi-cant Jewish community

– Created a religiously important societies in N. Africa

Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World I (Pg. 115~116)

Spodek: World History, 3rd Edition

DELHI [Northern India]

Climate/Region Dryness, Hot summer/Hillside sissoo

neem

Wild boar

Monkey->

-Fruit (neem, jaman, sissoo) increase of population

-Increase of pop urbanization Market

-animals (wild boar, & monkey) increase of pop

Interaction of SR & IOR

-Indo-Muslim role of spreading Mus-lim? (REL)

-Important city for other markets (ECON)

-Pashtun style (1193-1320)

e.x) Quwat-ul-Islam mosque The Qutb Mibnar Tomb of Iltutmish Alai Gate

Qutb Mibnar

DELHIPolitics

1. Tomar dynasty (736) – Lal Kot -inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi-given by Vibudh Shridhar-learning eloquent language

2.Lal kot’s Qila Rai Pithora(Chauhan King of Ajmer conquer 1180)

3. Delhi Sultanate (1206) (Under the Slave Dyansty)1st Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aybak (former slave become a general

4. Helding power (After SLAVE DYNASTY)Khilji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodi dynasty

5. Timur Lenk (1398) invade (too tolerant of their Hindu)

• Food, jewelry mainly traded• Significant amount of trade->net-

work, transportation• Used canoes and boats for trans-

portation• A lot of merchants but under strict

control• Merchant trade: pochta

Trade

The Center of Aztec Life: Tenochtitlan

• Religious: a lot of sacrifice needed• A lot of temples, rituals • Military: main purpose->gain slaves

for sacrifice• Soldiers had a lot of decoration • Peasants were in companion in bat-

tles

Religion, military…

Cuzco City in S-eastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes Mountain range-capital of the Cusco Region

In the time per. of 600-1450, history of growth and role of Cuzco starts from 1200 as a capital of Inca Empire.

Growth

Architecture Machu Picchu Sacsayhuaman Fortress with precise stone tech

Extensive Conquest and Ruling Tech-niques-Starts to form a form of a nations and kingdoms with a variety of cultures

-Conquered the whole Southern America

-Unites the whole continent.

-Integration of Religious and Forceful Au-thority with Political Control = Using three ways to rule

Religious growth-Emergence of Sun Temples

-integrates religion into a way of ruling Infrastructural Growth-Unification of roads and bridges-Public Temples and Fortresses

Role

1.Central Force and Authority

2. Firmly sets religious principles that are built on people’s mind

3. Infrastructure

However, b/c of extensive conquest and warfare, Cuzco takes a role of a division of power between the Cuzcos and Kitos (each powers)

Jenne-Jeno

• Upper inland Niger Delta of the middle Niger

• Groups from the Serer, Soninke of Mali, moved to Jenne-Jeno

• Flood plain suited for rice, sorghum, and millet

• Important city for trans-Saharan trade

• Reached the peak between 450-1100CE.

(maximum area of 100 acres in 850 CE)• Islamic influences

as the climate be-came dryer

• Decline 1200-1400CE

-ghost town by 1400CE