Tim Lewis, Ph.D. University of Missouri OSEP Center on Positive
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Transcript of Tim Lewis, Ph.D. University of Missouri OSEP Center on Positive
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Systems to Support Social and Academic Success: Positive Behavior
Supports Meets Response to Intervention
Tim Lewis, Ph.D.
University of Missouri
OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Intervention & Supports
pbis.org
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The key
BEHAVIOR is functionally related to the TEACHING
ENVIRONMENT
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ContextThe School Environment Must Support
Appropriate Social & Academic Behavior
School-Wide Positive Behavior Support
Response to Intervention
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Givens…
• Teams
• Universal curriculum developed / identified
• Data-based decision making
• Problem solving logic
• Access to Technical Assistance
• Working toward district/regional support
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School-wide PBSSW-PBS allows educators to build
environments that increase the likelihood of student academic and social behavior
success through a systemic and supportive process
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Universal Strategies:Classroom
• Use of school-wide expectations/rules
• Effective Classroom Management– Behavior management– Instructional management– Environmental management
• Support for teachers who deal with students who display high rates of problem behavior
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Why must schools build strong universal classroom systems of support?
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Importance of Effective Instruction (Sanders, 1999)
• The single biggest factor affecting academic growth of any population of youngsters is the effectiveness of the individual classroom.
• The answer to why children learn well or not isn't race, it isn't poverty, it isn't even per-pupil expenditure at the elementary level.
• The classroom's effect on academic growth dwarfs and nearly renders trivial all these other factors that people have historically worried about.
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So one of our own is now blaming everything on the
teacher!!
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Structural Analysis Setting Factors Assessment Tool
• Level 1: Classroom Set-up and Structure
• Level 2: Context Specific Activities
• Level 3: Instructional Delivery and Tasks
• Level 4: Student Behavior
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Case Study
• SFAT– Significant variables: clarity of expectations &
directions; consistency of expectations; accessibility of class schedules; lack of enforced procedures (especially regarding to hand raising and verbalizations or entire class).
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High Structure Materials Accessiblity Rules Visible Assistance Consistent Answering Consistent
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Sessions
Percent of Intervals Off-Task
Frequency of Verbalizations
Baseline Level 1 Level 1 & 2 Level 1, 2, & 3 Follow-up
Verbalizations
Off-Task
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Connecting Classrooms to SW-PBS Efforts
• Tie academic and social behavior prevention efforts together
• First response should be to maximize time student spends in instruction & learning (i.e., keeping in class vs. sending them out)
• Focus is on building expertise within the school via the PBS team
• Focused professional development– Brief in-service, multiple practice opportunities, structured
feedback• Move to collaborative problem solving
– Peer coaching, model/demonstrations
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Systems
• Peer coaching– Individual classroom plan– Brief in-service, single topic focus– Performance feedback
• Modeling– Specialist
• Principal “walk through”
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Instructional Talk for all Participants
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DC IT
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Response to Intervention
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Academic Systems Behavioral Systems
1-5% 1-5%
5-10% 5-10%
80-90% 80-90%
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•High Intensity
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•Intense, durable procedures
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Universal Interventions•All students•Preventive, proactive
Universal Interventions•All settings, all students•Preventive, proactive
Designing School-Wide Systems for Student Success
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Responsiveness to InterventionEVIDENCE-BASEDINTERVENTIONS
STUDENTPERFORMANCE
CONTINUOUSPROGRESS MONITORING
DATA-BASEDDECISION MAKING &PROBLEM SOLVING
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RtI Logic
Teach w/ best curriculum & instruction
Intervene early at all levels
Use student behavior as
progress indicator
Screen universally &
frequently
Modify & specialize for
non-responders
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• Consistent “core” curriculum implemented school-wide (research-based)
• Core instruction follows effective instructional practices (NWREL.org)
• Core instruction implemented with fidelity• Consistent, prioritized, and protected time allocated
to instruction• Data decision rules to identify a) those at high risk
and b) “non-responders” in a timely manner
Universal Supports: Core Instruction
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Early Literacy & Behavior(Kelk & Lewis, 2001)
What are the effects of three instructional conditions a) social skill instruction, b) phonological / phonemic awareness instruction, and c) a combination of social skill instruction and phonological awareness instruction on the reading related and/or social behavior of at-risk kindergarten children?
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Early Literary Outcome
Social Skill Outcomes
Phonemic Instruction
+/- -
Social Skill Instruction
- +/-
Phonemic and SS Instruction
+ +
Control Group - -
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Targeted / Small Supports
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Important Themes
• Part of a continuum – must link to core curriculum
• Efficient and effective way to identify students (Curriculum Based Measures; DIBELS) through FREQUENT monitoring
• Intervention matched to presenting problem but not highly individualized
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Targeted Supports
Intensify Instruction• Increase academic
engaged time• Small group / one:one• Increased
opportunities to respond
• Supplemental curriculum
Alter Instructional Environment
• Rules & routines• Attention signal• Ratio of positive /
negative statements• Efficient transitions• Active supervision
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Individual / Intensive
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Individual
• When small group/targeted not sufficient
• When data indicate high risk*
• Linked to core curriculum / outcomes
*limited data beyond literacy
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Individual/ Intensive
• Targeted assessment (Curriculum Based Measures; DIBELS)
• Instruction targets remediation and/or accommodation
• Environment provides multiple and sustained engagement opportunities
• Monitor outcomes and make necessary adjustments (progress monitoring)
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RtI Applications (Sugai, 2007)
EARLY READING/LITERACY SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
TEAMGeneral educator, special educator,
reading specialist, Title 1, school psychologist, etc.
General educator, special educator, behavior specialist, Title 1, school
psychologist, etc.
UNIVERSAL SCREENING
Curriculum based measurement SSBD, ODR, record review, gating
PROGRESS MONITORING
Curriculum based measurementODR, suspensions, behavior incidents,
precision teaching, attendance
EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS
5-specific reading skills: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension
Direct social skills instruction, positive reinforcement, token economy, active supervision, behavioral contracting,
group contingency management, function-based support, self-
management
DECISION MAKING RULES
Core, strategic, intensive Primary, secondary, tertiary tiers
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Field Elementary School
SW-PBS and RtI with Literacy
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Academic Systems Behavioral Systems
1-5% 1-5%
5-10% 5-10%
80-90% 80-90%
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•High Intensity
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•Intense, durable procedures
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Universal Interventions•All students•Preventive, proactive
Universal Interventions•All settings, all students•Preventive, proactive
Designing School-Wide Systems for Student Success
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Field Elementary School• High Diversity
– School has 290 students; 50% minority; 20% English Language Learners; 13% special education
• Instructional leader turnover• Poverty
– 79% of students qualify for free and reduced lunches
• Highly transient population
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Field Elementary School
+ Teachers and Staff committed to the increasing academic and social successof all students
+ A committed Principal who supported faculty in their efforts to change the way the taught to improve children’s lives
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Field Elementary School
• Academic Standing– Annual Yearly Progress (AYP)
• 5% of all students scored proficient in 2005, according to the Missouri Assessment Program. Breakdown by ethnicity:
–0% African American– 18% Caucasian
–0% Students with disabilities– 0% English Language Learners
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Field Elementary School
• Literacy• In 2004–05, 44% students
required intensive support for reading and writing
• Social Behavior• In 2003-04 Averaging 10.4
discipline referrals per day
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Positive Behavior Supports
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MU College of Education —140 years of discovery, teaching
and learning
Impact
From 10.4 per day
To 1.6 per day
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Impact
• Literacy• In 2004–05, 44% students required
intensive support for reading and writing. This number shrunk to 31% in 2007–08.
• Shifted to a structured, explicit, research-based core literacy program with three tiers:
– One: Benchmark– Two: Strategic Intervention– Three: Intensive Intervention
• Monitor progress in fall, winter and spring
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Impact• Improved Academic Standing
– Annual Yearly Progress• In 2007, 27% of Field’s students scored proficient
in 2007 (up from 5%).
• African American: 0% improved to 16%• Caucasian: 18% improved to 57%
• Students with disabilities: 0% improved to 25%
• English Language Learners: 0% improved to 27%
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Big Ideas• Develop Core curriculum (social & academic)
– Teach & Practice
• Data-based decision making– Evaluate effectiveness
– Identify “non-responders”
• Continuum of supports firmly linked to core curriculum– Small group/targeted
– Individual
• Systems, systems, systems• Problem Solving using logic of PBS & RTI
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Systems, systems, system
Kauffman states “…attempts to reform education will make little difference until reformers understand that schools must exist as much for teachers as for student. Put another way, schools will be successful in nurturing the intellectual, social, and moral development of children only to the extent that they also nurture such development of teachers” (1993, p. 7).
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Systems to Support Social and Academic Success: Positive Behavior
Supports Meets Response to Intervention
Tim Lewis, Ph.D.
University of Missouri
OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Intervention & Supports
pbis.org