Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart NewExt WP4 "Multimedia impact pathways" Presentation by Till M....
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Transcript of Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart NewExt WP4 "Multimedia impact pathways" Presentation by Till M....
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
NewExtWP4
"Multimedia impact pathways"
Presentation by Till M. Bachmann Villigen, 26 May 2003
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Introduction
• Objectives of WP:(according to description of work)– Site-dependent assessment of concentration levels
in soil and water compartments– Exposure assessment with respect to ingestion by
humans considering food chains– Total exposure assessment (ingestion + inhalation)– 'As far as possible' quantifying impacts and
damages
Introduction
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
WATSON-Europe
• Acronym for: – Integrated WATer and SOil environmental fate,
exposure and impact assessment model of Noxious substances for Europe
• Box model for water and soil coupled to regional air quality model WTM (Windrose Trajectory Model) of EcoSense
EcoSense multimedia
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Atmosphericemissions
Background (natural+ anthropogenic)
Direct emissionsto water and soil
Sources ofsubstances
Regional scaleatmospheric models
Air model
Soils ofdifferent use
Soil &waterModel Sediment
freshGroundwater
Waterfresh
Watermarine
Sedimentmarine
Drinkingwater
Aquaticorganisms
Exposuremodel
Farmanimals
Human beingsinhalation exposure not shown
Plants
En
vir
on
men
tal f
ate
mo
de
l
EcoSense multimedia
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Top soils of:– Pastures– Arable land– Non-vegetated areas
(e.g. rocks, open cast mining)– Semi-natural ecosystems
Other compartments:– Freshwater bodies– Sediment
– Built-up areas– Glaciers
Spatial characteristics• Environmental media distinguished taking differences
in permeability, soil erosion and human (in)direct exposure into account
• These are:
about 11500 different compartments in 3400 base regions
EcoSense multimedia
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Temporal characteristics• Climatological annual average data for hydrology• Temporal resolution:
– Steady-state: for sustainability questions („Which concentration will occur in media and food if the current emissions are kept the same forever?“)
– Quasi dynamic: temporal concentration development in different media and food (‚quasi‘: only a substance‘s concentrations vary)
• Pulse emission: emission stops after a given time
– „Time to steady-state“: assessing when a certain percentage of the steady state solution will be reached (very persistent substances like heavy metals will only reach a steady-state after several hundred or even thousand and more years)
EcoSense multimedia
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Scenario• Case study: 1000 kg Pb/a emitted in Flanders
Scenario calculations
• Reference: European emissions in 1990 (UBA/TNO 1998)
• Exposure via inhalation and ingestion
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Concentration increment
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Collective dose of Pb - resultsScenario calculations
• Summed over national average exposures• Ingestion exposure only via milk, beef, cereals and potatoes
UWM (power plants)
WATSON
Inhalation 2.84 10-6 1.07 10-5
Ingestion 1.60 10-4 1.17 10-3
Total 1.63 10-4 1.18 10-3
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Collective dose of Pb - comparisonScenario calculations
• Similar to UWM: – Ingestion dose about two orders of magnitude larger than inhalation
• Dissimilar to UWM: – Dose levels: one order of magnitude higher
– Contribution of different paths (potato and rye!)
– Decreasing intake fraction over time
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
• Two scenarios consideringCd and Pb emissions to Germany and tributary areas:– Atmospheric deposition only
(UBA/TNO 1998)– Plus direct releases into water
(UBA 2000; distribution: i) industry+municipal emissions: per capita, ii) diffuse emissions: area weighted)
• No background• Steady-state concentrations
Sustainability application• Case study for Germany
Scenario calculations
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
• Policy standards (EU directive) with respect to lead:– Arable land: 50-300 mg/kg dry-weight
– Surface waters for drinking water abstraction: 0.05 mg/l
Results – environmental media – PbScenario calculations
concentration range at steady-state
standard exceedances [area %]
Standard min max unit emissions + backgrounda)
arable land 0.79 81.7 [mg/kg d.-wt.]
1.4 %b) 6.0 %c)
surface water
atm. dep. 8.7 10-4 1.2 10-2 [mg/l] 0 % n/a
+ water em. 1.2 10-3 1.7 10-2 [mg/l] 0 % n/a a) background: 17.0 ppm Pb in upper continental crust (Wedepohl, 1995)
time to steady-state for exceedance case: b) 11-24% and c) 11-35% (after 1000 years)
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
• Policy standards with respect to lead:(Commission Regulation (EC) 466/2001 to Directive 2001/22/EC)
– milk consumption (infants): 0.02 mg/kg fresh-weight– meat consumption: 0.1 mg/kg fresh-weight
Results – food consumption – PbScenario calculations
concentration range at steady-state [mg/kg f.-wt.]
standard exceedances
[mass %]
Standard min max
milk 0.0021 0.037 0.9 %
meat 0.0038 0.067 0 %
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Conclusions
• Air-dispersion based EcoSense is extended to a multi-media exposure assessment tool
• WATSON offers many opportunities to calculate welfare losses via external costs as well as sustainability indicators in terms of long-term environmental media and/or food concentrations
• However, the use of exposure-response functions has not yet been possible due to lack of emission information as well as atmospheric modelling reasons related to PAHs and PCDD/Fs
Conclusion
Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart
Thank you for
your attention!
Conclusion