Thursday, January 20, 20001 Management of Information Systems: 45-870 Mini-3 Spring 2000.

Thursday, January 20, 2000 1

Management of Information Systems: 45-870

Mini-3Spring 2000


Management of Information Systems

Computer Hardware Basics & Trends Managerial Issues

IT Exercise #1 Guidelines & Grading Criteria

Teams: Formation Assigned Presentation Date Directory

Web Page Design & Development


The Information Technology Platform

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE & DATA

TELECOMMUNICATIONS


Computer Basics Who invented the computer?

What is a computer?


Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit

SecondaryStorageDevices

ControlUnit ALU

Primary StorageUnit

InputDevices

OutputDevices

A Computer System


RAM : Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on)

ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable Flash Memory

Types of Memory


MICROPROCESSOR

VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: BITS PROCESSED AT ONE

TIME MEGAHERTZ: ONE MILLION CYCLES PER

SECOND DATA BUS WIDTH: BITS MOVED BETWEEN

CPU & OTHER DEVICES REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING

(RISC): EMBEDS MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED


FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

VacuumTubes

VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated

CircuitsIntegrated

Circuits

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, Less Costly Computers

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, Easy to Maintain

Trends in Computer Processing


More Trends

microprocessor performance doubling every 18 months (Moore’s Law) while cost constant 100 million transistors on a chip by 2005 Pentium Pro in 1995 (5.5 million transistors) first Intel 4004 in 1971 (2,300 transistors)

use of semi-conductors in wider variety of products

multi-media extensions CISC & RISC merging silicon-germanium chip

can combine analog & digital on a single chip


Powers of 10 and the IT Revolution

Visualizing progress in powers of 10 ...

If the automobile, airplane, and other businesses had developed like the information technology business you could …..


Purchase a set of automobile tires for $0.50 that would last 12 million miles.



Purchase a Rolls Royce for $2.75that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon.



Purchase an automobile for $2.75that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon.Purchase a ticket for an around-the-world airline flight that would last only six minutes.



Purchase an automobile for $2.75that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon.Purchase a ticket for an around-the-world airline flight that would last only six minutes.

Purchase a home for $10,000 that would occupy 440,000 square feet.


MainframeComputersMainframeComputers

MidrangeComputersMidrange

Computers

MicrocomputersMicrocomputers

Major Categories of Computers


Centralized Model of Computing

Host System/Mainframe

Host System/Mainframe

Terminal

Terminal

TerminalTerminal


ClientSystems ServersServers

Distributed (Client-Server) Model of Computing




ClientSystems

ServersServers

Host Systems/Mainframe

Host Systems/Mainframe

Hybrid Model of Computing

Terminal


DISKTAPEOPTICAL STORAGE

SECONDARY STORAGE


Cylinders

AccessMechanism

AccessArms

Read/WriteHeads

Disks

Tracks: Concentric circlesfor storing data as magnetizedbits.

Sectors:Portions of a track

Track

Magnetic Disks


STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g.,

10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 IBG BLOCK 2 IBG BLOCK 3 IBG B

Tape


ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP

RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED

MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE


CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES LAND: FLAT PARTS OF DISK SURFACE REFLECTS LIGHT

PITS: SMALL SCRATCH ON SURFACE SCATTERS LIGHT

WORM: WRITE ONCE / READ MANY ERASABLE OPTICAL STORAGE (EOS) DISKS;

CD-RW DVD

OPTICAL STORAGE


SemiconductorMemory

SemiconductorMemory

MagneticDisks

MagneticDisks

Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape

Optical DisksOptical Disks

Acc

ess

Spee

d In

crea

ses

Stor

age

Cap

acity

Dec

reas

es

Cos

t per

Bit

Incr

ease

s

Storage Media Trade-offs


Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Disk

Major Trends in Secondary Media Storage


More Trends

magnetic disks and tapes remain primary mass storage devices through 2005

density of magnetic hard disk drives increasing at 60% per year

price per megabyte of disk storage falling by 50% every 15-18 months

DVD and CD-RW more popular multi-media applications driving storage

developments


Input Devices

Input mouse touch screen voice input scanners OCR pen-based


FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched Card

Paper Tape

Punched Card

Paper Tape

Punched Card

Punched Card

Key to Tape/Disk

Key to Tape/Disk

KeyboardData EntryPointing DevicesOptical

Scanning

KeyboardData EntryPointing DevicesOptical

Scanning

Voice RecognitionSpeech and

Touch DevicesHandwritingRecognition

Voice RecognitionSpeech and

Touch DevicesHandwritingRecognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use

Input Technology Trends


Output Devices

Output CRT LCD Printers Plotters Voice output


FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched Card

Printed Reportsand Documents

Punched Card

Printed Reportsand Documents

Punched Cards

Printed Reports and Documents

Punched Cards

Printed Reports and Documents

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysVoice Responses

Hyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Video DisplaysVoice Responses

Hyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly

Output Technology Trends


Computer Hardware:Managerial Issues Choosing the “right” computer systems for

your business Vertically integrated or distributed or hybrid Mainframe or Midrange or Micro

How often and when to purchase / upgrade Industry standards Evolution potential Integration potential

Balancing cost, speed, capacity, reliability, security


Guidelines for IT Exercise #1 and Grading Criteria

FrontPage should be used to create a “web” and navigation structure for your team’s home page and links

All pages in your team’s web should have a similar look and feel, including the individual pages, tech report, and case analyses

Web pages will be evaluated for: Design and appearance (consistency,

attractiveness, etc.) Functionality Individual (5%), team (5%)


Team Formation and Assigned Presentation Date

Forming teams 4-6 team members on a team Choose a team captain, web master,

and team name Complete team form and submit to

me Assigning a Presentation Date

for Team Tech Byte


Team Directory Account Directions

Email Alberto Espinosa ([email protected]) to get your team’s account number on andrew server (i.e., 01,

02, 03, etc.) to get write access privileges (for team captain and web

master) Move your team’s web pages to andrew server

Use FTP (file transfer protocol) to transfer your files to your team’s assigned account ##

/afs/andrew/course/45/870/team##, where ## refers to your assigned account (i.e., 01, 02, etc.)

View your pages on andrew at: http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/andrew/course/45/870/team##/index.htm


Web Page Design & Development WWW Basics

Hypertext markup language (HTML) Hyperlinks Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

Web page design Planning and Designing Effective Web

Pages FrontPage Use & Tips (Demo)


WWW Basics: HTML Hypertext markup language

(HTML) Tags and attributes Browser Page

HTML generators and/or hand coding HTML


Web Browsers and Servers Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

scripts Hyperlinks Uniform resource locators (URL)

Absolute vs. relative Elements:

http://www.microsoft.com/products/yourproduct.htm/#information


Planning & Designing a Web What’s a “web”?

Collection of home page, associated pages, graphics, documents, multimedia, other files

Designing a web Draw an organization chart of your

web pages Decide on a navigation structure Choose a design for your web pages


Example of Web Structure for IT Exercise #1

In d ivid u a l 1 In d ivid u a l 2 In d ivid u a l 3 In d ivid u a l 4 In d ivid u a l 5

M em b er P ag es Tech B yte P ag e

C ase 1 C ase 2

C ase A n a lyses P ag es F in a l IT E xerc ise P ag e

Team H om e P ag e


Elements of Good Web Design Focus Consistency Efficiency Navigation Portability Maintenance Feedback

Thursday, January 20, 20001 Management of Information Systems: 45-870 Mini-3 Spring 2000.

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Transcript of Thursday, January 20, 20001 Management of Information Systems: 45-870 Mini-3 Spring 2000.