Thurgood Marshall, the first black

Supreme Court Justice. What case

did he argue that we talked about in Ch

29 Sec 3?

Nonviolent Civil Rights Groups

SCLC CORE SNCC

Stands For:

Made up of:

Nonviolent Civil Rights Groups

SCLC CORE SNCC

Stands For:

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Congress of Racial Equality

StudentNonviolent Coordinating Committee

Made up of:

Church-based African Americans from the south.

Students throughout the South. Mostly African American but some whites also.

Northern based Civil Rights group made of both African Americans and whites.

Sit-Ins

• What were they protesting

• Who led the protests

• Result

Freedom Riders

• 1960 Supreme Court Ruling

• What group led the protests

• Southern Response

• Outcome

Freedom Rides

• Supreme Court rules that interstate travel vehicles such as busses can’t be segregated.

• CORE organizes integrated rides through the South to expose violations.

• When busses reach Alabama violence erupts. Busses bombed and people beat.

• Riders were arrested• Kennedy sends in federal marshalls to protect

future rides…segregation on busses ends

Rides to expose violations of the supreme court ruling that said segregation on busses

and in terminals was illegal.

Permanent brain damage

• Congressman John Lewis was a freedom rider

Integrating Colleges

• Brown v. Board

• What college

• Who?

• Public reaction to an African American on campus: - 375 & 2

• Meredith finally admitted

University of Mississippi

• Brown vs. Board integrated public schools but not colleges.

• NAACP gets court order requiring the university to admit James Meredith 1962

• When Meredith arrives Miss Governor Ross Barnett blocks his entrance.

• Riots break out, 2 killed and 375 injured.• Kennedy sends in armed troops and

Meredith is admitted and graduates.

+

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn4M8wmoPto

In 1966, during a voter registration march Meredith was shot in the

back and leg…he survived.

What is needed for nonviolent protests to be successful?

Albany ProtestsBirmingham Protests

Protest: Albany Birmingham

Important Notes about the Protest

Success or Failure:

What is needed for nonviolent protests to be successful?

Probably the most famous picture from Birmingham

From prison King wrote his famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail” defending peaceful protests and

demonstrations to advance the Civil Rights Movement.

• "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"

• "justice too long delayed is justice denied."

The effect of Birmingham

• Kennedy asks Congress to enact legislation outlawing segregation in public facilities.

• The SCLC organizes a march to D.C. to draw attention to Kennedy’s request.

• King gives the “I Have a Dream” speech.• Summarize this speech in 35 words or less.

I HAVE A DREAM

• MLK’s speech speaking of his vision of that the U.S. could and should be

• Things to notice– He references the Gettysburg Address and speaks

about the Emancipation Proclamation.– He references the song “My country tis of thee”– He references the Declaration of Independence by

saying “all men are created equal” and that they are given “certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

– He references the Bible through many quotes– “Free At Last” “Let Freedom Ring”– http://www.windmillworks.com/gamesonline/

clozegames/dream.htm Interactive site

Why do you think they chose the Lincoln

Memorial for the site of their march?

Why do you think the FBI went to such great lengths to stop the march?

• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover repeatedly tried to scuttle the march. In the months leading up to it he intensified his already passionate campaign to defame Martin Luther King, Jr. Hoover tried to persuade the Kennedys that King was being influenced by Communists, and his specious denunciations of some King associates were taken much more seriously by the Kennedys than was warranted. As a result, they strong-armed King into cutting off some of his closest friends and advisers on the grounds that they might be enemy agents. Hoover's baseless suspicions about King, his virulent attacks on him, and his repeated attempts to destroy his reputation with the Kennedys were spurred by racist delusions and other pathological animosities. Hoover tried, unsuccessfully, to exploit wiretap information about King's sexual indiscretions and about Rustin's homosexual liaisons. On the very morning of the march, Hoover assigned several agents to telephone celebrity participants in a futile last-ditch attempt to get them to withdraw their support. His attacks on King are some of the darkest examples of official paranoia and character assassination in America.

After the march leaders met with J.F.K. and discussed what would be necessary to get the Kennedy Civil Rights Bill passed through Congress…Kennedy was dead within 3

months of this picture.

Martin Luther King Memorial in D.C. scheduled for completion in 2008

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Kennedy starts the ball rolling but LBJ signs it

• It banned all discrimination in public facilities and in employment practices. It also removed SOME voting registration restrictions.