Three sources of map distortion Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent....
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Transcript of Three sources of map distortion Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent....
Three sources of map Three sources of map distortiondistortion
Map scaleMap scale – most maps are smaller than – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller.us how much smaller.
Map projectionMap projection – this occurs because you – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane.earth on a flat plane.
Map typeMap type – you can display the same – you can display the same information on different types of maps.information on different types of maps.
Map scale – tells us relationship between distance Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and distance on earth’s surfaceon map and distance on earth’s surface
Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance.Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals
10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet.10,000 feet.
Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.
A A large-scalelarge-scale map depicts a small area with map depicts a small area with great great detail.detail.
A A small-scalesmall-scale map depicts a larger area with map depicts a larger area with little little detail.detail. Distortion is especially severe here. Distortion is especially severe here.
Which Which is the is the large-large-scale scale map?map?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.1. Which map scale shows the most detail?Which map scale shows the most detail?a. 1:250,000a. 1:250,000 b. 1:24,000b. 1:24,000c. 1:100,000c. 1:100,000 d. 1:62,500d. 1:62,500
2.2. A map with a large scale usually showsA map with a large scale usually showsa. a large amount of land spacea. a large amount of land spaceb. a small amount of land spaceb. a small amount of land spacec. physical features only of a land spacec. physical features only of a land spaced. the local-global continuumd. the local-global continuume. political boundaries between countries e. political boundaries between countries
onlyonly
the other Scalethe other Scale
Refers to at what scale a process Refers to at what scale a process occurs – occurs –
For example, while the storm didn’t For example, while the storm didn’t make the national news, at the local make the national news, at the local scale it was a major story.scale it was a major story.
DistributionDistribution•DensityDensity•ConcentrationConcentration•PatternPattern
Distribution definitionDistribution definition
The arrangement of something The arrangement of something across earth’s surfaceacross earth’s surface
Rank Country Population
1 China 1,313,661,696
2 India 1,129,866,154
3 United States 300,535,217
4 Indonesia 241,973,879
5 Brazil 186,112,794
6 Pakistan 162,419,946
7 Bangladesh 144,319,628
8 Russia 143,420,309
Rank Country Area – km2
1 Russia 17,098,242
3 China 9,640,821
4 United States 9,629,091
5 Brazil 8,514,877
7 India 3,287,263
16 Indonesia 1,904,569
36 Pakistan 880,254
94 Bangladesh 143,998
Population DensityPopulation Density
Population Population Density - Density -
AsiaAsia
Density of Population, 2005Density of Population, 2005
BrazilBrazil
Australia, 1997Australia, 1997
1 dot = 1000 1 dot = 1000 peoplepeople
IndiaIndia
Population DensityPopulation Density
Spatial DistributionSpatial Distribution Definition: The regular arrangement of a Definition: The regular arrangement of a
phenomenon across Earth’s surface.phenomenon across Earth’s surface. Density: The frequency with which Density: The frequency with which
something exists within a given unit of area.something exists within a given unit of area. Concentration: The spread of something Concentration: The spread of something
over a given study areaover a given study area Pattern: The geometric or regular Pattern: The geometric or regular
arrangement of something in a study areaarrangement of something in a study area
Describing Distributions
Describing Distributions
Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785
location, direction, distancelocation, direction, distancesite and situationsite and situation
ToponymToponym
Place Name!Place Name!
Some Vocab:Some Vocab:
Absolute DirectionAbsolute Direction Absolute DistanceAbsolute Distance Absolute LocationAbsolute Location
Relative DirectionRelative Direction Relative DistanceRelative Distance Relative LocationRelative Location
Absolute locationAbsolute locationmathematical locationmathematical location
Clemmons is:Clemmons is: 3636⁰⁰ 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 8080 ⁰ ⁰ 22’ 55.15” W (latitude) 22’ 55.15” W (latitude)
700 building700 building 3636 ⁰ ⁰ 03’ 48.84” N 03’ 48.84” N 8080 ⁰ ⁰ 22’ 55.15“ W 22’ 55.15“ W
SiteSitephysical attributesphysical attributes
(includes absolute location, but includes the (includes absolute location, but includes the physical setting; especially in urban geography)physical setting; especially in urban geography)
What are the relevant site features of What are the relevant site features of Clemmons?Clemmons? LandformsLandforms ClimateClimate Soil qualitySoil quality Availability of waterAvailability of water VegetationVegetation
Relative locationRelative locationregional position relative to other placesregional position relative to other places
(general spatial interconnection and (general spatial interconnection and interdependence)interdependence)
Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont section of Forsyth Countysection of Forsyth County
Davidson County is to the southDavidson County is to the south Davie County (Advance) is to the westDavie County (Advance) is to the west Winston-Salem is 10 miles to the eastWinston-Salem is 10 miles to the east Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421
SituationSituationlocation attributeslocation attributes
(external relations, a type of relation location that (external relations, a type of relation location that refers to items of significance, especially in urban refers to items of significance, especially in urban geography)geography)
Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom community for persons working in community for persons working in the medical, bio technical/medical the medical, bio technical/medical and aeronautical businesses in the and aeronautical businesses in the TriadTriad
I-40 and US 421, major I-40 and US 421, major transportationtransportation
Absolute directionAbsolute directioncardinal points N-S-E-Wcardinal points N-S-E-W
Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Salem.Salem.
Relative directionRelative directionculturally based, not necessarily an accurate culturally based, not necessarily an accurate
cardinal pointcardinal point
Clemmons is in the “South”.Clemmons is in the “South”. Clemmons is …Clemmons is …
Absolute distanceAbsolute distancemathematical space between 2 pointsmathematical space between 2 points
Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Winston-Salem.Winston-Salem.
Relative distanceRelative distancemeaningful space meaningful space
measurementmeasurement Clemmons is about 15 minutes from Clemmons is about 15 minutes from
Winston-Salem.Winston-Salem. Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy.Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy.
““City of City of 2 2
Million”Million”articlearticle
Vocabulary
Time-Space Convergence Distance Decay Friction of Distance
Use the terms…Use the terms…1. Describe the absolute location, 1. Describe the absolute location,
absolute direction and absolute distance absolute direction and absolute distance of a place of your choice.of a place of your choice.
2. Describe the relative location, relative 2. Describe the relative location, relative direction and relative distance of the direction and relative distance of the same place.same place.
3. Describe the site.3. Describe the site.
4. Describe the situation.4. Describe the situation.
1.1. Which of the following is not a measure Which of the following is not a measure of relative distance?of relative distance?
a. 2,339 cma. 2,339 cm b. 35 secondsb. 35 secondsc. $2.50 cab ridec. $2.50 cab ride d. 216 d. 216
footstepsfootstepse. 15 minutese. 15 minutes
2.2. Relative location is an important Relative location is an important geographic concept mainly because it geographic concept mainly because it
a. locates places according to longitude and a. locates places according to longitude and latitudelatitude
b. defines a place in terms of how central or b. defines a place in terms of how central or isolated it is to other placesisolated it is to other places
c. defines patterns of natural environmentc. defines patterns of natural environmentd. helps cartographers to develop more d. helps cartographers to develop more
accurate mapsaccurate mapse. illustrates how local, regional and global e. illustrates how local, regional and global
factors interact within the local-global factors interact within the local-global continuumcontinuum
Homework for tonight is Subway Activity #3
DiffusionDiffusionThe process by which an The process by which an idea or innovation is idea or innovation is transmitted from one transmitted from one individual or group to individual or group to another across space - another across space - FellmanFellman
People move to a new People move to a new area and take their area and take their culture with them – culture with them – examples include- examples include- crops, culture, crops, culture, farming techniques, farming techniques, building stylesbuilding styles
Known asKnown as
Relocation Relocation DiffusionDiffusion
Information about an Information about an innovation may spread innovation may spread through a society – through a society – examples include - examples include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. religious creed. Possibly through mass Possibly through mass media advertisement—media advertisement—
Known as Known as
Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion
Relocation DiffusionRelocation Diffusion
Type of Expansion DiffusionType of Expansion Diffusion
Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion
Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but
not necessarily applying only to diseases!not necessarily applying only to diseases! Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and
areas outward from the source regionareas outward from the source region Examples – influenza, ideas on the world Examples – influenza, ideas on the world
wide web; agriculture (like hybrid seeds), wide web; agriculture (like hybrid seeds), Buddhism (but not all religions), breaking Buddhism (but not all religions), breaking news, Domino Theory news, Domino Theory
Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to or nodes of authority or power to other persons or placesother persons or places
Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, musicstyles of clothing, music
Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion
A fundamental idea, though not the A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative trait itself, stimulates imitative behaviorbehavior
Examples – creation of a unique Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle)cattle)
Diffusion?Diffusion?
http://www.youtube.com/user/http://www.youtube.com/user/samsungmobileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM samsungmobileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM
Cultural Cultural HearthsHearths
•An area where cultural traits develop An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits and from which the cultural traits diffuse.diffuse.•Examples – Islam, agriculture, Examples – Islam, agriculture,
Time-Distance Time-Distance DecayDecay
•The farther the place is from the The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. to be adopted. •The acceptance of an innovation The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters.to reach its potential adopters.•Cultural barriers work against Cultural barriers work against diffusion.diffusion.
Types of Diffusion are not speed specific – Types of Diffusion are not speed specific – no type of diffusion is particularly fast or no type of diffusion is particularly fast or slowslow
S-CurveS-Curve• Diffusion of innovationsDiffusion of innovations•3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards68% majority, 16% laggards
• Which of the following type of Which of the following type of diffusion spreads the quickest?diffusion spreads the quickest?
a. Contagious Diffusiona. Contagious Diffusion
b. Hierarchical Diffusionb. Hierarchical Diffusion
c. Stimulus Diffusionc. Stimulus Diffusion
d. Relocation Diffusiond. Relocation Diffusion
e. None of the answerse. None of the answers
Rap music first appeared in New York in the Rap music first appeared in New York in the 1970’s. Later, it spread to large cities with 1970’s. Later, it spread to large cities with vibrant African-American populations – such vibrant African-American populations – such as Los Angeles, Oakland, Chicago, and as Los Angeles, Oakland, Chicago, and Detroit – without being absorbed by the Detroit – without being absorbed by the smaller cities and rural areas in between. smaller cities and rural areas in between. This type of spatial diffusion is calledThis type of spatial diffusion is calleda. relocation potentiala. relocation potentialb. hierarchical diffusionb. hierarchical diffusionc. contagious diffusionc. contagious diffusiond. cultural diffusiond. cultural diffusione. cascade diffusione. cascade diffusion
Which of the following is not a good Which of the following is not a good example of a barrier to spatial diffusion?example of a barrier to spatial diffusion?a. A mountain rangea. A mountain rangeb. A different languageb. A different languagec. A different dietary preferencec. A different dietary preferenced. A highway systemd. A highway systeme. A strict religious systeme. A strict religious system
The Spanish-language concentration of Little The Spanish-language concentration of Little Havana in Miami is an example of what Havana in Miami is an example of what type of diffusion?type of diffusion?
a. relocation diffusiona. relocation diffusionb. expansion diffusionb. expansion diffusionc. stimulus diffusionc. stimulus diffusion d. hierarchical diffusion d. hierarchical diffusion
FRQ Practice – NO FRQ Practice – NO NotesNotes• Define and Give an example ofDefine and Give an example of
– Relocation DiffusionRelocation Diffusion– Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion– Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion– Contagious Diffusion (diseases not Contagious Diffusion (diseases not
allowed) allowed)
