Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature...
-
Upload
thomasina-shaw -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature...
![Page 1: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Three Minute ReviewSLEEP• Circadian rhythms
– daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature– free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer than
24 hours (usually ~25 hours)– staying up later is easier than going to be earlier
• jet lag: eastbound vs. westbound• daylight savings time• blue Mondays• shift work and accidents
– superchiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland get input about light levels from retina
• melatonin for jet lag?
• Do you really need sleep?– can live without it but why would you want to?– microsleeps
![Page 3: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• EEG waves– stadium analogy: irregular vs. synchronous patterns– Awake
• irregular EEG waves– Non-REM Sleep
• progress down then up through stages• sleep thoughts• Stage 1
– irregular EEG waves• Stage 2
– sleep spindles and K-complexes in EEG• Stages 3&4 = “slow wave sleep”
– deep sleep– low frequency waves in EEG indicate synchronous neural firing
– REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep• irregular EEG waves• movements inhibited• dreams• cycles every ~90 minutes• as night progresses, more time in REM and longer REM periods
![Page 4: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Why sleep?– Restoration theory– Preservation theory
• predators sleep, prey don’t• why be awake if you can’t hunt?
• What causes the drive to sleep/wake?– Is there a sleep chemical?– Reticular Activating System -- waking– Pons -- dreaming
• What do dreams mean?– Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Dream Analysis
• manifest vs. latent content– Allan Hobson’s Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
• pons random activation in brain brain synthesizes a story to try to make sense of it
• Why dream?– role in learning, memory and development?
![Page 5: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Test Yourself
Slow wave sleep:
a) consists predominantly of alpha waves
b) is the stage in which dreaming occurs
c) is the stage in which sleepwalking is most likely to occur
d) occurs because neurons in the brain are firing asynchronously
e) occurs predominantly in the latter half of the sleep period
![Page 6: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Logical Reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
• How good is our reasoning? What types of errors are people prone to?
![Page 7: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Deductive Reasoning• Reasoning from the general to the specific• Syllogisms
– Present two general premises that must be combined to see if a particular conclusion is true
– For example:• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man
• Is Socrates mortal?
• Series problems– review series of statements– arrive at a conclusion not contained in any
single statement– For example:
• Robin is funnier than Billy
• Billy is funnier than Sinbad
• Whoopi is funnier than Robin
• Q: Is Whoopi funnier than Sinbad?
![Page 8: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Inductive reasoning
• Reasoning from the specific to the general
• Sherlock Holmes is perhaps a better example of INDUCTIVE reasoning than deductive reasoning
• He takes specific clues and comes up with a general theory
![Page 9: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inductive reasoning problems
• 7 8 16 17 …
• 4 8 5 10 …
• 720 120 24 …
• 2 3 10 12 …
• 18 16 14 …
![Page 10: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A little experiment…• You are given the cards below and asked to test the
following hypothesis
All cards with a vowel on one side have an even number on their opposite side
• What would be the first card you would check? Which would be the second card you would check?
A J 4 7
![Page 11: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Estimating Probabilities
• Are you more likely to die from:– all accidents or strokes?– electrocution or asthma?– motor vehicle accidents or cancer of the digestive
system?– lightning or appendicitis?– homicide or diabetes?
![Page 12: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Estimating Probabilities
• Carol is 31 years old, single, outspoken and very bright. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in antinuclear demonstrations.
• What is the probability that Carol is a feminist bank teller?
• What is the probability that Carol is a bank teller?
![Page 13: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Estimating Probabilities
• Your friend buys three Lotto 6/49 tickets and offers you one. Which set of numbers would you choose:– 7, 18, 23, 36, 41, 49– 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6– 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35
![Page 14: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How Can You…
• You are alone in a room with two strings hanging from the ceiling. The strings are two far apart for you to grasp them both simultaneously. Your job is to tie the two strings together. Your only tool is a pair of pliers. How can you accomplish the job?
![Page 15: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Insight
Wolfgang Kohler1887-1967
Not just humans & chimps, crows too!
Archimedes287-212 B.C.
![Page 16: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lawn Chair Larry
![Page 17: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why Would We Want to Measure Intelligence?
• Education
• Defining extremes
• Job testing (e.g., military recruits)
• University admissions (mean = 500, SD = 100)– SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test)– MCAT (Medical College Admission Test)– LSAT (Law School Admission Test)– GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test)– GRE (Graduate Record Exam, for graduate school)
![Page 18: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How Can We Measure Intelligence?
• Average IQs• high school graduate: ~105• University (Bachelor’s) graduate: ~115• Advanced professional degree graduate: ~125
Nu
mb
er o
f S
core
s
+1SD +2SD-1SD-2SD 0 +3SD-3SD
34% 34%13.5% 13.5%2% 2% 0.1%0.1%
Z-Score
IQ scores follow a bell curve(normal) distribution (Gray p. A-7)
100
Average
The mean is 100
115 130857055 145IQ ScoresThe standard deviation is 15
Dull
Retarded
BorderlineBright
Superior
Gifted
IQ scores can be used to classify intelligence
![Page 19: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
WAIS-style Verbal Subtest Questions
• Vocabulary– What does emulate mean?
• Similarities– In what ways are airplanes and submarines alike?
• Information:– Who wrote The Great Gatsby?
• Comprehension– What does it mean when people say “Birds of a feather flock
together”?
• Digit Span– Repeat the following numbers: 3 2 7 5 9
• Arithmetic– If you paid $8.50 for a movie ticket and $2.75 for a bucket of
popcorn, how much change would you have left from a $20 bill?
![Page 20: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
WAIS-style Performance Subtest Questions
• Block Design• Picture Completion• Picture Arrangement• Object Assembly• Matrix Reasoning• Digit Symbol• Symbol Search
![Page 21: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Block Design
• Assemble the blocks on the left to make the design on the right
![Page 22: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Picture Completion
• What is missing from the picture?
![Page 23: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Picture Arrangement• Arrange these pictures in an order that tells a story,
and then tell what is happening in the story
![Page 24: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Object Assembly• Put these pieces together to make an object
![Page 25: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Digit Symbol
• Look carefully at the key on the left. In the blanks on the right, write the correct numeral for the symbol below each symbol
![Page 26: Three Minute Review SLEEP Circadian rhythms –daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and temperature –free-running body rhythms are typically a bit longer.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e2c5503460f94b1c02a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Raven’s Progressive Matrices