3D Geographic Information System

Wellington T Gwavava

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What is 3D GIS? A system that is able to model,

represent, manage, manipulate, analyze and support decisions based upon information associated with three-dimensional phenomena (Worboys, 1995)

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What is 3D? having or appearing to have length,

breadth, and depth.

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What is GIS? “Geographic Information System (GIS) is

an integrated system of computer hardware, software, and trained personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is geographically referenced.” ~ NASA

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Components of GIS Hardware Software Data People

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GIS functions Capture /Data Acquisition Structuring /Data Storage Manipulation Analysis Presentation

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Capture /Data Acquisition is inputting spatial data to the system. Many different techniques and devices

are available for both geometric and attribute data.

The devices in frequent use for collecting spatial data can be classified as manual, semiautomatic or automatic and the output either vector or raster format.

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Capture /Data Acquisition (2)

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Structuring /Data Storage This is a crucial stage in creating a

spatial database using a GIS. This is because it determines the range

of functions, which can be used for manipulation and analysis.

3D system have different structuring capabilities (complex topology and object-oriented).

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Structuring /Data Storage (2)

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Manipulation Important manipulation operations are

generalization and transformation. Generalisation is applied for reducing

data complexity or to make the data presentation more legible.

Transformation includes coordinate transformation to a specified map projection and scaling

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Manipulation (2)

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Analysis This is the core of a GIS system. It involves metric, topological and/or order

operations on geometric and attribute data.

Primarily, analysis in GIS concerns operations on more than one set of data, which generates new spatial information of the data.

Terrain analysis (e.g. intervisibility), geometric computations (volume, area, etc), overlay, buffering, zoning, sorting are among typical analysis functions in G IS.

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Analysis (2)

Evaluate steepest slope Perform visibility analysis

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Analysis (3)

Conduct volumetric and cut-fill computations Construct interpolation of surface z-values Create vertical profiles along linear features

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Presentation This is a final task in GIS. That is to present all the generated

information or results in the form of maps, graphs, tables, reports

This may also include Visualization, navigation, user interface and internet access

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Presentation (3)

Aerial view (2D) 3D non-textured view

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3D GIS : Visualization, navigation and user interface Advances in the area of computer graphics

have made 3D visualization a major ingredient of the current interface of GIS

3D Tools to effortlessly explore and navigate through large models in real time, and texture the geometry.

Observations on the demand for 3D City models are now possible i.e. Google Earth

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Why do we need 3D GIS? Simulation of complex systems provide

understanding on how the system operates different perspectives, aided by high quality visualization and interaction

Observation of system feature that would be to small or too large to be seen on a normal scale system

Access to situation that would otherwise be dangerous or too remote or inaccessible

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Why do we need 3D GIS? (2)

Enable high degree of interaction which is important to aid understanding

Provide a sense of immersion of the environment where the user can appreciate the scale of change and visualize the impact of a building design on the external environment and the inhabitants

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Why do we need 3D GIS? (3)

Allows export to popular multimedia such as video (.avi or .mpeg) or VRML (.vrl or .vrml) that provide the following benefits Do not need to know 3D GIS, simply use intuitive

and easy to use interface to operate the 3D model Inherent flexibility/adaptability – these multimedia

are 3D cross-platform display and non-browser specific which enable expensive data to be used more widely

Fast and slow time simulation – ability to control timescale by incorporating a sequence of captured events into the key frames (or snapshots) of the motion video

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Applications 3D GIS ecological studies 3D urban mapping environmental monitoring landscape planning geological analysis Architecture civil engineering automatic vehicle navigation mining exploration archeology hydrographic surveying marine biology

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3D GIS: Challenges Data collection – cost of 3D modeling and

time to acquire consistent geometric and textural data

Spatial analysis – there is a need for formalism for detecting spatial relationships based on set topology notions

Internet access – remote access to 3D on demand spatial information has high computational and network overhead

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3D GIS: Challenges (2)

Conceptual model - The design of a conceptual model is a subject of intensive i.e. describing real-world objects and spatial relationships between them

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Efforts by Major GIS Vendors ArcView 3D Analyst Imagine VirtualGIS GeoMedia Terrain PAMAP GIS Topographer 3dvia SPACEYES MS Virtual Earth Google Earth

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Future Developments Real time 3D GIS, providing visualization

of 3D GIS at a whole city scale always faces the challenge of dynamic data loading with high-efficiency.

4D GIS, with a time defined analytics GIS aid in disaster management urban planning by predictive models of 3D states

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Summary 3D GIS has the same basic definition as 2D

GIS 3D GIS provides the most efficient technology

for spatial data management 3D GIS faces few implementation challenges,

overcome by technological advances 3D GIS the next generation of GIS, it is still

yet to become mainstream 3D GIS has vast number of applications, it is

currently used in specialized fields The evolution of GIS is cyclical as it revisits

self concepts

References [1] Coors, V., 2002, 3D GIS in Networking environments, CEUS (to be published), 17 p. [2] Oosterom. P.J.M. van, J.E. Stoter, S. Zlatanova, W.C. Quak, 2002, The balance between

Geometry and Topology, Advances in Spatial Data handling, D.Richardson, P.van Oosterom (Eds.), Ottawa, Canada, 9-12 July

[3] Coors, V. and V. Jung, 1998, Using VRML as an Interface to the 3D data warehouse, in: Proceedings of VRML'98, New York [4] Abdul-Rahman, A., 2000. The design and implementation of two and three-

dimensional triangular irregular network (TIN) based GIS. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, 250 p. [5] P. Vessen, “wireless Power transmission,” Leonardo energy;

briefing paper. [6] http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/mapanalysis/Topic27/Topic27.htm [7] http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional.../papers/pap565/

p565.htm [8] Deren Li, Qing Zhu Qiang, Liu Peng Xu., From 2D to 3D GIS for CYBERCITY ,State Key

Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan Universit

[9] Claire Ellul, Muki Haklay. 2006 Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS [10] Billen R., S. Zlatanova, P. Mathonet and F. Boniver, 2002, The Dimensional Model: a

framework to distinguish spatial relationships, in: Advances in Spatial Data handling, D.Richardson, P.van Oosterom (Eds.), Springer, Ottawa, Canada, 9-12 July, pp. 285-298

[11] Alias Abdul Rahman1, Sisi Zlatanova2, Morakot Pilouk, The 3D GIS Software Development: global efforts from researchers and vendors

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Thank you!