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REGION. 1

THREATENED, ENDANGERED,

AND SENSITIVE SPECIES PROGRAM.

United States Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Northern Region

Wildlife and Fisheries

1989

^1

AIK88 Bookplatt

NATIONAL

LIBRARY

Caring for Our Natural Community:

Region 1 - Tlireatened, Endangered &

Sensitive Species Program

Prepared by Susan Reel Lisa Schassberger William Ruediger

United States Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Northern Region

Wildlife and Fisheries

1989 f 'WIIONAL : •^■CULTURAL LiBRARy r

^ L AUS.Ôf989

CATALOGING PRER

Cover and inserts design and layout: Seiler Design & Advertising

Cover, wildlife (wolverine and Harlequin Ducks) insert, and wildlife species reports illustrations by William Gamadrt.

Plant (western prairie fringed orchid) insert illustration by Bryan Owen.

Fish (Arctic grayling) and appendix (woodland caribou) insert by Robert Neaves.

1989

Contents 917774

Contents

Acknowledgments iv

Foreword v

Introduction vi

Chapter 1 - Wildlife 1

Chapter 2 - Fish 45

Chapter 3 - Plants 69

Appendix A - Region 1 T, E & S Species List A-1

Appendix B - National Forest Species Lists B-1

Appendix C - Selected References C-1

Appendix D - T, E & S Species Budget Summary D-1

III

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to a number of people without whom this project would still be only a good idea. Thanks go to Angela Evenden and Wendel Hann for their botanical expertise and support; the folks at the Montana, Idaho, South Dakota, and North Dakota Natural Heritage Programs for their biological advice; Steve Shelly, Peter Lesica, and John Pierce for the use of their botanical reports; John Mumma and Kirk Horn, for project support; Don Bartschi, for editorial comments on the fish reports; Donna Huguet, for her secretarial assistance and much appreciated cheerfulness; Diane Mourtisen and Dani Conner, for collating the budget; Judy Tripp, for copy editing; Betty Toczek, for Office Publishing advice; the Management Systems staff for computer assistance; Bill Antonich, for printing advice; the Cartography Staff, for cartographic help; and the Duplication Staff, for reproduction work.

Thanks also go to the following Forest personnel for their contributions to the budget summary and their project support: Dan Pence, Tom Holland, Brad Shepard on the Beaverhead; Dave Colclough, John Ormiston on the Bitterroot; Bob Boston, Dan Davis, Al Espinosa on the Clean/vater; John Edwards on the Custer; Tom Griffith, Wally Murphy, John Joy on the Deerlodge; Dave Bunnell, Tom Wittinger, Hank Dawson on the Flathead; Rich Inman, Marion Cherry, Bruce May on the Gallatin; Gorden Gray, Carl Frounfelker, Len Walch on the Helena; Dave Aldrich, Bob Shackelford, Paul Harrington, Jim Fransel on the Idaho Panhandle; Chuck Brooks, Bob Summerfield, Doug Perkinson, Lou Kuennen on the Kootenai; Jerry Reese, Don Godtel, Wayne Phillips on the Lewis & Clark; Chuck Spoon, Mike Hillis, Jerry Deibert, John Losensky on the Lolo; and Dave Fisher, Steve Blair, Rick Stowell, Pat Green on the Nez Perce.

Permission was obtained to use illustrations from the following sources: Brown, C.J.D. 1971. Fishes of Montana. Big Sky Books (Department of Biology), Montana State

University, Bozeman. Hitchcock, C.L, A. Cronquist, M. Ownby, and J.W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific

Northwest. Volumes 1-5. University of Washington, Seattle.

We used the following definitions from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sen/ice Notices of Review (1985): CI Notice of Review, Category 1 (substantial biological information on file to support

the appropriateness of proposing to list as endangered or threatened).

C2 Notice of Review, Category 2 (current information indicates that proposing to list as endangered or threatened is possibly appropriate, but substantial biological information is not on file to support an immediate ruling).

C2* Category 2, and the taxon is possibly extinct.

3A Taxa for which the USFWS has persuasive evidence of extinction.

3B Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding, do not represent taxa meeting the Endangered Species Act's definition of "species".

3C Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than was previously believed, and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat.

IV

Foreword

Foreword

The mission statement of the Forest Service is "Caring For The Land And Serving People." Certainly a vital part of this mission is maintaining the magnificent diversity of natural species that we have inherited on our National Forest lands. I believe each species is an important member of our natural community and each is a natural wonder to be cared for and enjoyed by future generations.

The Forest Service has a long tradition of land stewardship and public involvement. No aspect of land stewardship is more important than ensuring that our lands' productivity is maintained. One way to look at productivity is through our care in assuring each species, and its habitat, are maintained. Although controversial at times, the public has spoken loud and clear that a majority want the Forest Service to manage National Forest lands in a way that will provide for threatened, endangered and sensitive species.

Caring For Our Natural Community is a summary of Region One's threatened, endangered and sensitive plant, fish and wildlife resources, as well as a summary of the program to conserve each species. The program information was developed at the field level and reflects what could be accomplished under existing Forest Plans.

JOHN W. MUMMAV Regional Forester

Introduction

Introduction

THE LAND ETHIC SIMPLY ENLARGES THE BOUNDARIES OF THE COMMUNITY TO INCLUDE SOILS, WATERS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS, OR COLLECTIVELY: THE LAND.

ALDO LEOPOLD

Community to many people is their neighborhood, town, or county. It is often narrowly defined as a specific area populated by people who share a common bond. Expanding the concept of "community" to include species other than humans is a relatively new idea. Yet, there is no doubt that humans and other species share common bonds. They are dependent on our consideration for their survival and we are dependent on other species for our survival.

Prehistoric man was completely dependent on wild plants and animals for food, clothes, fuel, and shelter. This relationship was simple and direct. In recent history, the relationship between humans and wild plants and animals has changed. People now purchase packaged foods, clothes, medicine, and housing without much thought about their origins. Controlled environments and synthetic materials have led many to believe there is no longer a tie between humans and many of the earth's wild species.

As humans increase in numbers, the amount of jand available for other species decreases. There is now genuine concern that a drastic decrease in the number of species in the world could have significant, far-reaching effects on the human population and our standard of living. This concern reaches the Congress and Senate of the United States, where passage of the Endangered Species Act and its reauthorization has been near unanimous. The July, 1988 Congressional Record (Senate) provides many explanations as to why preservation of species diversity is important:

Senator Chaffee (Rhode Island) "The Endangered Species Act conjures up images of esoteric plants with unpronounceable names that few people have ever seen or heard of. But there are sound reasons of human self interest to continue this critically important program.... We try to assist even the most obscure or seemingly unimportant species because the world's living material continually provides us with ways of improving our existence.

....species that seem unimportant today may become useful or essential tomorrow.

Penicillin originally was derived from a species of fungus.

Aspirin originally was derived from willow trees

A wildflower yields chemicals that can perform the difficult job of lubricating jet aircraft engines.

A marine snail contains a chemical useful in reducing blood pressure.

VI

Introduction

A small plant from Madagascar produces one of the best treatments we have for certain types of cancer.

40 percent of all prescriptions written in the United States contain as their chief ingredients compounds derived from plants."

Senator James McClure (Idaho) "I think they (agency managers) are trying to make this statute work. They and I share a feeling that this protection of endangered and threatened species is important to mankind and to our country. I wish it were applied more broadly throughout the world than it is."

Understandably, many are confused over various terms used to describe a species* status. ENDANGERED SPECIES are defined as 'any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range." THREATENED SPECIES are any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. SENSITIVE SPECIES are those plant and animal species identified by the Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern, as evidenced by:

a. Significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers or density. b. Significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat capability that would reduce a species' existing distribution.

Federal legislation that requires protection and consideration of threatened, endangered, and other "rare" species includes the Endangered Species Act (1973), as amended; the National Forest Management Act (1976); and the National Environmental Policy Act (1969). Many states also have laws providing emphasis to species recognized by the respective states as threatened or endangered.

The Endangered Species Act (P.L 93-205) has two sections that are especially important to National Forest activities and programs. Section 7 (a) (1) states that "All other Federal agencies shall.... utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter by carrying out programs for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species..." The information contained in Caring For Our Natural Community defines the Northern Region's conservation program for endangered, threatened and sensitive species.

Section 7 (a) (2) requires "Each Federal agency shall, in consultation with the (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened or result in the destruction or adverse modification of (its) habitat." Each Forest Service project within threatened, endangered or sensitive species habitat goes through a process called a "Biological Evaluation." Biological Evaluations are professional appraisals of the quality and quantity of habitat available to listed species, potential effects should the activity proceed, and ways to avoid or reduce unwanted impacts. The information contained in Caring For Our Natural Community will be helpful for those preparing Biological Evaluations.

The National Forest Management Act of 1976 provides the enabling legislation for developing Forest Plans. Within each Forest Plan, there are Standards and Guidelines for managing and coordinating threatened, endangered and sensitive species. The information contained in this publication includes descriptions of the Northern Region's threatened, endangered and sensitive species, distribution maps, and program summaries. The program summaries were generated by each National Forest in the Northern Region. They are field level evaluations of actions and activities recommended to fully implement all Forest Plan's threatened, endangered and sensitive species direction.

VII

Introduction

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended, is our national charter for protecting the environment. It provides our nation's overall environmental policy, ensures environmental information is available to decision-makers and citizens, and defines a process for gathering and disclosing information. Forest Service Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements are prepared for many projects and activities to comply with the above law. The information contained in Caring For Our Natural Community will be helpful to Forest Service biologists, writers, and interdisciplinary teams when describing which species are on project areas, their habitats, or broad types of activities that may effect threatened, endangered or sensitive species. It is not designed to be a comprehensive reference for any of these species.

A basic policy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Forest Service is that we will manage habitat for all existing native plants, fish, and wildlife species in order to maintain at least viable populations of such species. All native species (and desirable non-native species) are considered important parts of a healthy ecosystem.

Two objectives were paramount in developing Caring For Our Natural Community. The first was to provide an easily accessible desk reference on the Northern Region's threatened, endangered and sensitive species. Included would be where they occur, what their habitats consist of, their physical descriptions, and a general discussion of activities that may affect them. The second was to organize and describe the Northern Regions threatened, endangered and sensitive species program.

Beyond the practical reasons for preparing Caring For Our Natural Community, it is hoped that people (Forest Service and others) will spend a little time getting to know some of our Region's least common entities. Developing effective programs to maintain threatened, endangered and sensitive species over time will take broad public support and understanding.

VIII

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Chapter 1 • Wildlife

Chapter 1 - Wildlife

"Conservation is sometimes perceived as stopping everything cold, as tiolding wtiooping cranes in liigtier esteem than people. It is up to science to spread the understanding that the choice is not between wild places or people. Rather, it is between a rich or an improvised existence for Man"

Thomas E. Lovejoy Conservation Biology M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wllcox, Eds.

Chapter 1 - Wildlife Endangered

NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOLF Can/s lupus irremotus

USFWS Status: Endangered USFS Region 1 Status: Endangered

Description.-The wolf is the largest wild member of the dog family Canidae. An adult male wolf stands 2-3 feet tall at the shoulder, and weighs 90 to 110 pounds (females are smaller). Wolves differ in appearance from domestic dogs by their long legs, narrow chest, and generally larger size. The wolf's coat ranges in color from white to black, with about equal proportions of grays and blacks in the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the U.S.

Habltat.-The availability of ungulate prey and isolation from human activities are the most important factors that determine suitable wolf habitat. Wolves are highly social animals that form packs of 2 to 20 individuals organized around a breeding pair. Depending on the number of wolves in the pack and prey availability, each pack maintains an exclusive territory from 40 to 1,000 square miles in size. Within each pack's territory, a den site is used to shelter young. Dens are generally located in underground burrows dug on steep slopes in well-drained soil, in hollow logs, or in abandoned beaver lodges. Between late May and early July when the young are 6-10

weeks old, the wolf pack will move from the den to a rendezvous site. Rendezvous sites are gathering areas where the pups stay while the pack hunts. Often, they are located in meadows adjacent to timbered hillsides with surface water nearby. A number of rendezvous sites may be used throughout the summer.

Food.~Wolves are opportunistic predators that hunt cooperatively in packs. Elk, deer, moose, and to a lesser extent other ungulates, account for more than 90 percent of the biomass consumed by wolves. Beaver and other small mammals, such as rabbits and ground squirrels, make up a small part of their diet.

Reproductlon.-The social status of individual wolves within a pack determines whether they reproduce. Usually, only the dominant male and female of the pack mate. After a 63 day gestation period, 4-7 pups are born in late March to May. Yearling wolves, 17-20 months old, commonly disperse in the fall. In areas with low-density wolf populations, young may disperse to adjacent areas to form new packs.


Management Impllcatlons.-Any activity that influences ungulate populations, such as loss of habitat through timber harvest or commercial development, can affect wolf populations. Occasionally, wolves take livestock. In these situations, wildlife managers recommend programs that target offending animals. There is some concern that hunters and wolves compete for game. A survey in northwestern Montana found that hunters, by a three to one margin, hoped wolves would continue to live in

the area. Wolves attract public attention as watchable wildlife. The chance to see wolves in the wild or to hear them howl is an extraordinary experience.

Dlstrlbutlon.-ln the Northern Region, transient wolves have been sighted in northern Idaho and western Montana. Since about 1982, a small breeding populatton has recolonized the area in and around Glacier National Park and the North Fork of the Flathead River in northwestern Montana.

Geographic range and recovery areas of the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET

Management Activity Budget ($M)

Yearl Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Program Management 35 35 38 40 41

Habitat Inventory 48 53 35 26 27

Habitat Improvement Structures 4 6 8 8 8

Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures 30 41 47 47 47

Habitat Planning 54 58 58 23 23

Resource Coordination 35 34 40 43 45

Information and Education 31 29 33 28 28

Habitat Maintenance 4 4 8 10 15

Monitoring 42 42 44 47 47

Management Plans 5 8 16 19 13

Landownership Changes

TOTAL 288 310 327 291 294


PEREGRINE FALCON Falco peregrinus anatum


Description.-Peregrine Falcons, with their streamlined bodies and narrow pointed wings, are built for speed. They are spectacular fliers that can attain diving speeds of over 200 miles per hour. Peregrines are medium-sized falcons, slightly larger than crows. Adults have a blue-gray back barred with dark blue, a white throat, and a creamy breast marked with horizontal bars. They have black markings over the head and down the side of the face, which gives the appearance of a helmet. Juveniles are brown, and may be confused with Prairie Falcons.

Habitat.-Peregrines breed in a wide variety of habitats, but cliffs are the common element. They nest on cliff ledges, rock outcrops, or talus slopes. Frequently, nesting cliffs dominate the surrounding area and overlook a body of water. They also nest on tall buildings in cities. Peregrines feed and winter in open habitats where prey concentrate, such as marshes and river bottomlands.

Food.-Peregrines feed almost exclusively on birds. They prey on a variety of small- to medium-sized birds that gather on marshes and lakes. Their hunting strategy is to dive, or stoop, on a bird from above, striking the prey's back with a glancing blow from its talons. After the

prey is hit, the falcon will grasp it in mid-air or recover it from ground. Peregrines travel extensively when hunting and may range up to 18 miles from the nest in search of prey.

Reproduction.-ln temperate regions, breeding territories are established in March and breeding pairs often return to the same site used in previous years. Usually, the male reaches the nest site, or eyrie, first and defends it until the female returns. Peregrines do not construct a nest; they form a hollow or scrape in the soil on a cliff ledge. The female lays 3-4 eggs and does most of the incubation while the male provides the food. After about 30 days the eggs hatch. The young leave the nest at 35-42 days of age and begin to make their own kills 2-4 weeks after fledging. They often stay with the adults until the fall migration.

Management impiications.-Although loss of habitat and human disturbance around nests contributed to the population decline of Peregrine Falcons, the primary cause was contamination from DDT. DDT, an organochlorine insectide, has been linked to the thinning of eggshells in Peregrine Falcons, Bald Eagles, and Osprey. DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972, but it is still used in


Latin America, where falcons and other migratory birds spend the winter.

In the early 1980's, biologists initiated a program to re-establish Peregrine Falcons onto historical nest sites in Montana and Idaho. The Peregrine Fund, a private, non-profit organization based in Boise, Idaho, breeds Peregrines in captivity. These captive-reared birds are then released at suitable nest sites through a technique called "hacking". When the young Peregrines are nearly ready to fly, they are put in a large "hack" box that is placed on a ledge or tower. They are guarded and fed for a week before they are released. Once released, the fledglings return to

the hatch site to feed and roost until they become fully independent, in about 3-6 weeks. The goal of the hacking program is to establish self-sustaining Peregrine Falcon populations.

Distribution.-The Peregrine Falcon has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. There are 3 subspecies in North America, but only the anatum subspecies is listed as endangered. Historically, Peregrine populations were relatively sparse in the Northern Region. Recently, they have been re-introduced in Idaho and Montana. There are Peregrine Falcon hack sites on the Nez Perce, Beaverhead, Custer, Helena, and Gallatin National Forests.

Current geographic range of Peregrine Falcons in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET

Management Activity Budget ($M) per Year

1 2 3 4 5


IHabKat Inventory 29 19 18 13 13

Habitat Improvement Structures 3 3 3

Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures

Hack Site 89 141 181 201 124





MonKoring 14 23 24 26 33

Land Ownership Changes

TOTAL 192 244 295 305 234


WHOOPING CRANE Grus americana


Description.-The Whooping Crane is the tallest bird in North America. This heron-like, wading bird stands 5 feet high and has a 7-foot wingspan. Adults are snowy white with black wing tips and legs. Patches of bare red skin occur on the chin and crown. Young whooping cranes are rusty brown mixed with white until their first spring when they molt into the adult plumage. Today, 2 populations exist in the wild. The only reproductive flock nests in Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada's Northwest Territories and winters along the Texas Gulf Coast. In 1975, a second flock was established at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Idaho.

Habltat.«Whooping Cranes nest on wet prairie grasslands and in the shallows of freshwater marshes and sloughs. At Wood Buffalo National Park, they defend breeding territories up to 18 square miles in size. Whoopers stop at wildlife refuges and river bottomlands along their 2,600-mile migration route from Canada to Texas. From November to early April, they winter on estuarine marshes, shallow bays, and tidal flats along the Texas Gulf Coast. Pairs and families at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in coastal Texas defend winter territories of about 289 acres in size. At Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge,

whoopers defend summer territories, but no nesting has occurred. The refuge is a 22,000-acre high-altitude marsh surrounded by forested mountains. In the fall, whoopers migrate with the Sandhill Cranes to Bosque del Apache NWR, and nearby bottomlands along the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. Wetlands and agricultural croplands along the route attract the flock.

Food.-Whooping Cranes eat a variety of foods such as frogs, crustaceans, minnows, berries, and insects. On migration, grains are an important part of their diet and they will stop to feed in recently harvested grain fields. Their major winter foods include crabs, clams, fish, snails, and amphibians in estuarine habitats.

Reproduction.-The lifespan of Whooping Cranes in the wild is about 22-24 years. They are monogamous and mate for life. Adults reach sexual maturity at 4-5 years of age. Mate selection occurs on the wintering grounds or on migration. Most birds reach the nesting grounds by late-April or early-May. Each pair returns to the previous year's breeding territory, but constructs a new nest. Nests, usually made of bulrushes, are built in the shallows of marshes, sloughs, and lake margins. Nest size varies, but can get as large as 7 feet across. In late April and early May, the female


lays 2 eggs. The pair shares incubation and chick-rearing duties. Chicks leave the nest within hours after hatching. The young stay near the nest for the first few days, then begin to wander farther from the natal area daily. They are able to fly at 80-90 days of age. Usually, only one chick survives.

Management impiicatlcns.-Although never abundant, the Whooping Crane population decline accelerated as their nesting and wintering habitats, wetlands and prairie grasslands, were rapidly converted to croplands. In 1941, only 21 Whooping Cranes were left. Since that time, Canada and the

U.S. have worked cooperatively to recover Whooping Crane populations.

Distribution.-The former range of the Whooping Crane extended across the prairie grasslands of North America, from northern Canada to central Mexico. Whooping Cranes stop in Montana, South Dakota, and North Dakota on their way to and from their breeding grounds. Occasionally, individuals from the Rocky Mountain population wander into neighboring states. A few have been seen at Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge and in the Centennial Valley of southwestern Montana.

Current geographic range of Whooping Cranes in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Yearl Year 2 Years Year 4 Years

Program Management 1

Habitat Inventory

Habitat Improvement Structures


Habitat Planning

Resource Coordination

Information and Education 1 1

Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 1 1

Management Plans


TOTAL 2 1 2


BALD EAGLE Haliaeetus leucocephalus

USFWS Status: Endangered throughout the lower 48 states except in WA, OR, MN, Wl, and Ml, where It Is listed as threatened.

USFS Region 1 Status: Endangered

Descrlptlon.-The Bald Eagle has a maximum wingspan of 8 feet, which makes it the largest wild North American bird of prey. For the first 4 years of life, the immature plumage of Bald Eagles is brown mottled with varying amounts of white on the body and leading edge of the wings. During this stage, they are often mistaken for Golden Eagles. At about 5 years of age, adults are light to chocolate-brown with a white head and tail, yellow feet and beak, and light yellow eyes.

Habitat.-Open water is a critical component of both summer and winter habitat for Bald Eagles. On their breeding grounds, almost all nests are within 2 miles of a body of water. Nesting habitat is particularly important because the breeding season lasts 5-9 months. They tend to nest in tall trees with an easy flight access and view of water. Usually, the nest is built in the top third of a large, live conifer or cottonwood tree that provides shade and support for their immense stick nests. Their nests are often reused and average 5-7 feet deep, 6-8 feet in diameter, and may weigh up to 2 tons. Occasionally, they nest on cliffs and rock pinnacles. Food availability determines where eagles winter. Usually, winter habitat is associated with open water where fish and waterfowl can be taken easily. If other food resources are abundant, such

as rabbits and deer carrion, eagles will use upland areas without water. Roost sites are an important component of winter habitat. Eagles roost on old, large trees isolated from human activities and with open horizontal branches suitable for perching and with easy access. They roost communally and will use the same trees daily and year after year.

Food.-Bald Eagles feed primarily on fish. They also eat waterfowl, seabirds, small mammals (especially rabbits), and carrion. Eagles search for fish from a perch or while flying over the water. They wade along the shore and pick up dead fish, or pirate fish from Osprey and from each other.

Reproductlon.-Bald Eagles are monogamous and long-lived birds with a maximum lifespan in the wild of almost 22 years. They are sexually mature at about 4-5 years of age. In the Rocky Mountains, courtship and nest building occurs from February through March. The female does most of the nest building, and lays 1-3 eggs. Both parents share the incubation and brood-rearing duties. Incubation lasts for about 32-34 days, and nestlings fledge 70-98 days after hatching. After leaving the nest, the young feed with the adults for about 2-3 months.


Management Implications.-Bald Eagle population declines were noticed as early as 1900. Widespread concern about the potential extinction of the bird chosen to be our national ennblem stimulated Congress to pass the Bald Eagle Act of 1940, which prohibited the killing of Bald Eagles. From 1947 through the early 1970's, organochlorine insecticides, particularly DDT, severely affected Bald Eagle reproduction, mainly through the thinning of eggshells. In 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency banned the use of DDT in the U.S. Currently, habitat availability is the major factor associated with their population decline.

Commençai and residential development, logging, mining, and recreation can displace eagles, or damage nesting and wintering habitat. Recently, Bald Eagle breeding populations in the western U.S. have increased, probably because of an increase of healthy individuals into the reproductive population since the DDT ban. In the Northern Region, the number of breeding Bald Eagles has increased dramatically since 1980.

DIstribution.-The distribution of the Bald Eagle extends throughout North America north of Mexico. In the Northern Region, they occur year-round in Montana and northern Idaho.

Current geographic range of Bald Eagles In the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5




Habitat Impn/. Non-Structures

Habrtat Mgt. Plan 8 13 6 6 9





Nest Management Plans 30 41 25 29 27

Landownership Changes 120

TOTAL 151 196 172 288 157


BLACK-FOOTED FERRET Mustela nigripes


Distribution.- One of the rarest mammals on earth, black-footed ferrets have tittered on the verge of extinction. This mink-sized member of the weasel family has a long buffy yellow body with a black mask across the eyes, black feet and legs, and a black tip on the tail. Adults average slightly more than 1.5 feet long and weigh 1.4 to 3 pounds.

IHabitat.-Black-footed ferret sightings have been most often associated with black-tailed or white-tailed prairie dog colonies. Prairie dogs build their colonies in mid- to short-grass prairie. Ferrets use the maze-like prairie dog burrows for shelter and dens. In the Meeteetse Wyoming Study Area, black-footed ferret habitat contained 21 prairie dog colonies that averaged 338 acres each and covered about 8.5 percent of the study area. Prairie dog burrows are ideal dens. They stay cool when the prairie heats up to over 100 ^'F in the summertime, and remain relatively warm when winter temperatures plunge below 0 **F. The presence of black-footed ferrets can be detected by the trench-like furrows they dig at the entrance of prairie dog holes.

Food.-Prairie dogs make up over 90 percent of the ferret's diet. Ferrets are nocturnal and solitary predators that dig prairie dogs out of their burrows.

During the winter prairie dogs hibernate, but ferrets remain active and have been even observed hunting on sub-freezing nights. They prey also on ground squirrels, cotton-tailed rabbits, pocket gophers, and white-footed mice.

Reproduction.-Males are polygynous and establish large territories that exclude other males, but encompass the territories of one or more females. Breeding occurs in February and March. The average litter size is 3-4 young that are born in May or early June. The female alone cares for the young, which stay below ground in a burrow for the first month. In the fall, young ferrets leave the natal area to establish territories of their own.

■Management implications.-Black-footed ferrets are sensitive to changes in the population of their prey. The primary reason for the decline in black-footed ferrets is thought to be the elimination of prairie dog colonies throughout much of their range. Management activities that reduce prairie dog numbers, such as poisoning and habitat destruction, can adversely affect black-footed ferret habitat. Potential black-footed ferret habitat should be periodically surveyed for the presence of ferrets. Prairie dog towns that are selected for black-footed ferret habitat need careful

10


management to ensure prey numbers can sustain ferrets.

Distribution.-Although black-footed ferrets have never been abundant, their range once extended across the Great Plains, mountain basins, and semi-arid grasslands of North America. Their historical distribution coincides with the range of their prey-black-tailed, white-tailed, and Gunnison's prairie dogs. During the mid-1970s in western South Dakota, the world's only known

breeding population gradually died out. Seven years later, a small population of black-footed ferrets was discovered on a ranch near Meeteetse, Wyoming. At one point, the population reached a high of 130 individuals. Unfortunately in 1985, canine distemper decimated the isolated population to only a few ferrets. The remaining population was captured and a breeding program was established.

••••••••••••••1 • ••••••••••••ta^ « f • • • •-» -

Historical geographic range of black-footed ferrets in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year1 Year 2 Years Year 4 Years

Program Management 1 1 1

Habitat Inventory 3

HabKat Improvement Structures

HabKat Imprv. Non-Structures 10 10

Habitat Planning 2

Resource Coordination 2 8 2


Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 1 1 1 4

Management Plans 10 10


TOTAL 1 3 18 34 17

11


WOODLAND CARIBOU Rangifer tarandus caribou

USFWS Status: Endangered In Washington and Idaho, 3A In Montana. USFS Region 1 Status: Endangered In WA and ID, and sensitive In Montana.

Descrlptlon.-Caribou are medium-sized members of the deer family. They have broad muzzles, long legs, and large hooves. Unlike deer, both sexes have distinctive large-beamed antlers, which average 40 inches in length. There are two distinct groups of caribou in North America, the tundra and woodland (mountain) caribou. Woodland caribou are larger, darker colored and less nomadic than any of the four tundra subspecies. About 250,000 woodland caribou range across northern British Columbia and Canada. Within this group is a small, isolated population known as the Selkirk Mountain herd.

Habltat.-Most of the habitat used by the Selkirk Mountain caribou herd is above 3,600 feet in elevation. The herd makes distinct seasonal shifts in habitat over a wide elevational gradient. In late winter (mid-Jan to mid-May), caribou move to high-elevation (6,000-foot) slopes and ridges with a southerly aspect in open stands of stunted subalpine fir and whitebark pine. In spring (mid-May to mid-July), they head to low-elevation, open-canopied forests with southern or western aspects, and adjacent openings, where green forage is readily available. During the calving season (early June to mid-July), pregnant cows leave spring range for mature or old-growth stands

on high, snowpacked ridgetops. In the summer (mid-July to mid-September), cows and their calves rejoin the rest of the herd in relatively undisturbed, mature .spruce and subalpine fir forests. During the fall rut (mid-September to end of October), caribou shift to lower elevations and densely canopied timber stands. Early winter (November to mid-January) is a critical time for caribou. In the Selkirk Mountains, deep, wet snow makes winter travel difficult. Often, caribou use densely canopied old-growth cedar and hemlock forests.

Food.-Throughout most of the year, caribou feed on forbs, shrubs, and grasses. Huckleberry leaves are an important part of their summer diet. During the late winter, caribou eat arboreal lichen almost exclusively. Commonly called "old man's beard", various arboreal lichen species grow from the branches of mature coniferous trees. Although they provide highly digestible energy, lichen are low in proteins.

Reproductlon.-Caribou are polygamous; one mature bull (at least 4-5 years old) will mate with a number of cows (a harem). He collects and guards his harem from younger bulls. Cows can conceive at 18 months of age, but most breed after they are 3 years old. The breeding season is short, and usually lasts for a week in mid to late

12


October. Calves are born in mid-June. They are dark brown, unspotted, and able to follow their mothers within an hour of birth. Harsh weather on the snowy, ridgetop calving grounds may influence calf sun/ival. By mid-July, cows and their calves rejoin the herd on their summer range.

Management Implications.-- Habitat alteration, either through logging, insect attacks, or wildfire, can reduce the amount of old-growth cedar/hemlock forest, which may be critical winter habitat for the herd. Road access and highway development has increased highway collisions

and poaching in the Selkirk Mountains. Widespread programs to educate the public about caribou has helped increase the concern and interest in Woodland caribou in North Idaho. In 1985, the herd consisted of 26-28 animals. Part of the southern Selkirk Mountain caribou recovery program includes population enhancement.

Distribution.-The Selkirk Mountain caribou herd extends south into southeastern British Columbia, northeastern Washington, and northern Idaho.

Current geographic range of woodland caribou In the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Yean Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5




Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures 10 10








TOTAL 59 70 58 68 58

13


INTERIOR LEAST TERN Sterna antillarum athalassos


Descrlptlon.-Terns are graceful, streamlined waterbirds. The Interior Least Tern is the smallest member of the tern family, and measures about 9 inches long with a 20-inch wingspan. Adults have a black cap, white forehead, gray upperparts, white underparts, and forked tail. They have a yellow bill with a black tip, and yellow legs. Interior Least Terns hover more, and have quicker wing beats than other terns.

Habitat.-Least Tern nesting habitat is open, flat, sand or pebble beaches along rivers and resen/oirs. Also, sandbars and islands, man-made structures such as dikefields, sandpits, and fly-ash lagoons have been used as nest sites. Usually, nesting areas are barren, except for scattered clumps of vegetation. Nesting habitat is often adjacent to shallow areas of lakes, ponds, and river backwaters that offer abundant small fish populations. Little is known about the winter range and habitat of Interior Least Terns.

Food.-Least Terns feed almost exclusively on small fish. Also, they feed on crustaceans and insects. Terns catch fish by skimming over the water surface or by hovering and diving from the air into the water headfirst.

Reproduction.-Least Terns arrive on the breeding grounds in late May-early June. Both the male and female build the nest, which is a scraped depression in the sand often lined with a few small pebbles and shells. The nest is placed on well-drained surfaces, away from the water's edge, and often near a small ridge or piece of driftwood. They nest in small colonies, sometimes with nesting Piping Plovers. Females lay 1-4 brown-speckled, olive-colored eggs, and both parents incubate (females mostly). Chicks hatch in 20-25 days, around late June-early July. About 6 days after hatching, the downy chicks wander from the nest. By August, the young are able to fly. It takes time for young terns to learn how to successfully fish for themselves, and the parents help them feed into the fall.

Management impllcatlons.-The Interior Least Tern population decline has been attributed to the loss of breeding habitat and human disturbance. Irregular fluctuations in water levels along dammed rivers reduces nesting habitat and floods nests. Human disturbance during the nesting period forces birds off their nests, leaving the eggs or young vulnerable to prédation. Water

14


level monitoring during the short nesting season by cooperating agencies can prevent nest loss. Education programs that explain the needs of nesting terns to the public can help minimize human disturbance.

DIstrlbutlon.-There are 3 subspecies of Least Terns. The Interior Least Tern breeds along portions of the Missouri, Red, Colorado, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Ohio river systems in the central

U.S. They winter along the coasts of Central America, the Caribbean Islands, south to northwestern South America, and east to Brazil. In the Northern Region, they occur along the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in western North Dakota and South Dakota.

Current geographic range of Interior Least Terns in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Years

Program Management 1 1

Habitat Inventory 2 2


Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures 2

Habitat Planning 1 2



Habitat Maintenance 1 1

Monitoring 1 1

Management Plans 5


TOTAL 6 9 3 5 7

15

Chapter 1 - Wildlife Threatened

PIPING PLOVER Charadrius melodus

USFWS Status: Threatened USFS Region 1 Status: Threatened

Descrlptlon.-Piping Plovers are small, stocky shorebirds with a sandy-colored back and white belly. In breeding plumage, the adult has an orange-based bill with a black tip, bright orange legs, and a black band across its breast and forehead. Its name is derived from its melodious bell-like "peep-lo" call.

Habltat.-ln the summer, Piping Plovers occupy gravel spits along major rivers and sandy, sparsely vegetated beaches surrounding lakes, ponds, and alkali wetlands. In migration and winter, they also use mudflats and flooded fields.

Food.~Piping Plovers feed on a variety of worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and insects picked from the sand.

Reproductlon.-Piping Plovers are on their breeding grounds from late March to August. Following courtship in May, the pair make a shallow, scraped depression in the sand, sometimes lining it with small pebbles. The nest is placed on the higher part of sandy shores, away from the waterline and vegetation. The female lays four cream-colored, finely speckled eggs in the nest scrape. For about 28 days, both sexes take turns incubating the eggs. The downy, cryptically colored chicks leave

the nest after hatching and are tended by both parents until they are able to fly after about 30 days. Reproductive success is low, and those adults that are successful usually fledge less than 2 chicks. Plovers that nest with nesting American Avocets or Least Terns are more successful at hatching young than solitary nesters. Whether successful or not. Piping Plovers will return to the same area to nest in successive years.

Management impllcatlons.-Fluctuating water levels, through impoundment or channelization of lakes and rivers, affect the availability of Piping Plover nesting habitat. High water levels limit the amount of open sandy shoreline available for nesting. Piping Plovers that place their nests away from vegetation are more successful possibly because open habitat allows plovers to see approaching predators. Nests built too close to the water's edge may be swept away by storms. Also, Piping Plovers are sensitive to the presence of humans and their pets, and recreational beach activities can displace nesting plovers.

16


DIstrlbutlon.-There are three major breeding populations of Piping Plovers: the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes, and the Great Plains. The Northern Region contains part of the northern Great Plains population (estimated to number from 1,000 to 1,200 pairs), which breeds in eastern

Montana, and western North Dakota and South Dakota. Piping Plovers winter along the southeastern coast from Texas to North Carolina.

Current geographic range of Piping Plovers in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Habrtat Inventory 1 1

Habitat Improvement Structures 2

Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures 2


Resource Coordination 1 1


Habitat Maintenance 1

Monitoring 1 1

Management Plans 10


TOTAL 3 15 6 3

17


GRIZZLY BEAR Ursus arctos

USFWS Status: Threatened USFS Region 1 Status: Threatened

Description.-Grizzly bears are one of the largest land mammals in North America In the contiguous U.S., they are mostly nocturnal and relatively shy. Adult male grizzlies average 300-500 pounds and females average 150-400 pounds. Their fur ranges in color from black to blond, and they have long, curved claws, humped shoulders, and a concave muzzle. Often, silvery guard hairs cover their underfur, which gives them a grizzled appearance.

HabHat.-The range of grizzlies varies widely in size (from about 7-1,245 sq. miles), depending on food distribution. Some range overlap exists among sex and age classes. Food distribution and availability, as well as isolation from humans dictates habitat use. Grizzlies may move seasonally along an elevational gradient. They move down to low-elevation riparian areas, snowchutes, and meadows in the spring and late fall. In the summer, early fall, and winter, they move up to high-elevation habitats such as subalpine forests and alpine slabrock areas. Mixed shrubfields, seeps, grasslands, timbered sidehill parks, and old burns are used for feeding and resting. In seep areas, grizzlies will bed down in the dense understory vegetation. Natural caves or dens excavated by grizzlies are used each winter. Often, dens are

concentrated in appropriate habitat at elevations above 6,500 feet. A grizzly spends an average of 4-5 months in its den each year, entering after the first heavy snowfall (November) and emerging in late March-early April.

Food.-Grizzlies are omnivores. A majority of their diet is composed of vegetation including forbs, sedges, grasses, roots, berries, and pine nuts. They also eat fish, ground squirrels and other rodents, ungulates, carrion, and insects. In the spring, grasses, forbs and ungulate carrion are important foods. In the summer and fall, grizzlies feed primarily on forbs, sedges, berries, pine nuts and insects.

Reproduction.-The breeding season is about mid-April to mid-July. Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of any mammals. Females do not breed until 4-7 years old, and generally produce cubs every 3 years. Usually, 2 cubs are born in the den in January. During late March and early April, the female and cubs emerge from the den. Cubs spend the next 2 years with their mother.

Management Implications.-Grizzly bears are wide-ranging animals that require large areas of undisturbed habitat. The population decline of grizzly bears is most often attributed to excessive

18


mortality rates and habitat loss due to human encroachment. The human activities that can disturb grizzly bears include timber harvesting, oil and gas development, recreational development, and livestock grazing.

Distribution.-Grizzly bears have a holarctic distribution. In North America, they once ranged from the Arctic Slope to central Mexico and from the Pacific coast to Minnesota. Today, they occur from Alaska to northwestern Wyoming. In the

Northern Region, grizzlies are found along the northern Continental Divide of Montana, in the Cabinet/Yaak Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, and in the Selkirk Mountains of Idaho. A few grizzlies may also exist in the Bitterroot Mountains along the Idaho and Montana border.

Current geographic range of grizzly bears In the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Habitat Mapping 279 326 195 140 97



Cumulative Effects Analysis 108 131 127 122 102

Law Enforcement 48 48 52 51 52


MonKoring 101 105 116 115 117

Public Education 140 135 130 116 112


Landownership Changes 189 317 164 124 324

TOTAL 1367 1548 1327 1191 1293

19

Chapter 1 - wildlife Sensitive

BOREAL OWL Aegolius funereus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on aii National Forests except the South Dakota

and North Daicota portions of the Custer National Forest.

Description.-Boreal owls are 8-12 inches tall, only slightly larger than American Robins. They are best recognized by the prominent black line that frames the white face and yellowish bill. They appear large-headed, lack ear tufts, and have a heavily spotted forehead.

IHabitat.-Boreal Owls live year-round in high elevation, (5,000 to 8,000 ft) mature to old growth (climax) Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir forests of western Montana, northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and central Colorado. These often densely forested subalpine areas open onto gently rolling mountain meadows. Researchers in central Idaho have been studying a population of Boreal Owls that shifts elevation and habitat seasonally. They winter in old-growth ponderosa pine forests mixed with lodgepole pine. During the summer months, the owls move up in elevation to cooler, Engleman spruce and subalpine fir forests. Home ranges vary in size, but may cover as much as 2,200 acres. They overlap extensively, however, and only a small area around the nest is defended during the breeding season. During the day. Boreal Owls

roost in conifers, often on a branch near the trunk of the tree. They are often hard to locate because of their cryptic plumage, which resembles tree bark. Although Boreal Owls nest in tree cavities, they avoid them as roost sites, possibly because of pine marten prédation.

Food.-Boreal Owls are primarily nocturnal hunters, most active after sunset and just before dawn, but have been seen hunting during the day. They prey on small mammals-particularly red-backed voles {Clethrionomys gapperi). Boreal Owls also eat pocket gophers, shrews, birds, and insects. After detecting potential prey, an owl will often remain on its perch for over 10 minutes before it pounces.

Reproduction.-The first documented nesting record of a Boreal Owl in the Rocky Mountain region was in Colorado in 1981. Since then, other breeding populations have been discovered including one in the River of No Return Wilderness in central Idaho, and another along the border of Idaho and Montana within the Lolo and Clearwater National Forests. The presence of Boreal Owls often goes undetected because oí

20

Chapter 1 - Wildlife Sensitive

the inaccessiblity of their habitat and their nocturnal habits. The breeding season begins in February in subalpine forests that are still buried under deep snow. During this time, male Boreal Owls are extremely vocal and can be located using nocturnal surveys. Boreal Owls often nest in abandoned Pileated Woodpecker (or other large woodpecker) cavities in large, dead, or dying conifer trees, or in large aspen within mature spruce forests. The female lays 5-7 white eggs in April or May and incubates them for approximately 28 days. The male provides nearly all the food during this time. Around 3-4 weeks later, the

nestlings leave the nest cavity and soon after begin to hunt for themselves.

Management implications.-Currently, relatively little is known about how management activities affect Boreal Owls. Nesting Boreal Owls may be sensitive to human disturbance.

Distribution.-The distribution of the Boreal Owl extends south from Alaska, throughout central Canada, into northern Minnesota, and the Rocky Mountain region of Idaho, Montana, northeastern Washington, Colorado, and Wyoming. Within its range, its distribution may be localized and patchy.

Current geographic range of Boreal Owls in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Habrtat Imprv. Non-Structures 2 2 2




Habitat Maintenance 2 2 2


Management Plans 5 20 15 20


TOTAL 108 152 172 161 173

21


FERRUGINOUS HAWK Bateo regalis

USFWS Status: C3 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on Nationai Forests in Montana, North Dakota,

and South Dalcota.

Description.-The Ferruginous Hawk has a wingspan of almost 5 feet, which makes it the largest hawk in North America. Adults are mostly dark brown above with rufous edging on the feathers, and white below. When soaring, it can be best identified by its large size, white tail, and chestnut-colored thighs, which are feathered to the toes and give the appearance of a V against a light background.

Habitat.-Ferruginous Hawks inhabit unbroken native prairie grasslands, plains, and badlands. They appear to have an affinity for areas with sparse or short vegetation possibly because they often stalk their prey while on the ground. Usually, they nest on the ground on low hillsides, ridgetops, or buttes. These high relief areas provide a view of the surrounding terrain and isolation from human disturbance. Sometimes, they build their nests in juniper or cottonwood trees, in sagebrush, or on power line structures and haystacks. Breeding pairs aggressively defend their nesting territories, which often contain 1-6 nests (only one is used for rearing young).

Frequently, nests are reused by the same pair in successive years.

Food.-The diet of Ferruginous Hawks consists primarily of small mammals, particularly jackrabbits and ground squirrels. Also, they eat mice, pocket gophers, snakes, small birds, and large insects. Nesting pairs have been observed hunting cooperatively for larger prey.

Reproduction.-Ferruginous Hawks return to their breeding grounds in late March or early April. Nests, made of large sticks and lined with bark or dried grasses, can be as large as 3 feet in diameter. In late April, the female lays 2-6 eggs. Both the male and (mostly) female incubate the eggs for approximately 27 days. After hatching, the downy nestlings remain in the nest for about 2 months. In July, the young leave the nest, but stay in the natal area for several weeks.

Management impiications.-Breeding pairs are extremely sensitive to human activity near their nests, and they have been known to desert the nest if they are disturbed before the eggs have hatched. An extensive amount of prairie

22


grassland habitat has been converted to cropland, which has reduced their breeding habitat.

Distribution.-The range of this prairie raptor extends across the Great Plains and the arid Intermountain region of the western U.S. In the fall, individuals from the northern breeding populations migrate south to winter in south-central

and southwestern U.S., and northern Mexico. In the Northern Region, Ferruginous Hawks are a locally uncommon to common breeder in southern Montana, western North Dakota and South Dakota.

Current geographic range of Ferruginous Hawks in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5



Habitat Improvement Structures 2 2





Habitat Maintenance

MonKoring 3 5 4 4 4

Management Plans 12 2 2


TOTAL 30 38 47 35 35

23


SAGE GROUSE Centrocercus urophasianus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Custer National Forest in North Dalcota.

Description.-Sage Grouse are the largest grouse in North America. Males often weigh from 5-7 pounds. Both the male and female have a gray-brown body, black belly, long pointed tail, yellow stripe above the eye, and feathered legs and toes. Males in breeding plumage have large air sacs on their white breasts, white collars, and long black filoplumes on the sides of their neck. Females are less conspicuous and blend into the sagebrush habitat. Juveniles look similar to the females.

Habitat.-Sage Grouse use sagebrush rangelands exclusively. Sage Grouse depend on sagebrush for food and cover. They are most abundant where sagebrush provides 15-50 percent of the ground cover. Some populations of Sage Grouse are locally migratory, others sedentary. Migratory grouse move to wet foothill meadows in the summer and fall to forage on succulent forbs and insects. Large flocks of both males and females make annual migrations to low-elevation winter range. Communal breeding grounds, or leks, are often within or near Sage Grouse winter habitat. Lek sites are in open areas, such as meadows or clearings, that are surrounded by sagebrush. They vary in size from 1 to 40 acres.

Food.-From October to May, grouse feed almost exclusively on sagebrush leaves. In the spring and summer, they feed on the flowers and buds of forbs. During the first 3 weeks of life, insects make up an important part of a grouse chick's diet.

Reproduction.-From late March to late May, males gather on traditional lek sites and perform ritualized courtship dances. Anywhere from 10 to 100 males will hold territories on the lek, with the older males defending the central positions. Courting males strut, or dance, while they inflate their neck sacs, hold their tails erect and fanned, their heads back and wings rigged. Females approach the lek site and tend to mate with a centrally located male; therefore, only a few males sire most of the offspring. The hens will then leave the lek to nest nearby and rear young alone. Hens nest on the ground under large sagebrush plants. The nest is a shallow depression lined with grass and sage leaves. The hen lays 6-9 eggs that hatch in 25-27 days. The peak hatching period is in mid-June. The chicks are precocial-covered with down, eyes open, mobile at birth, and able to feed themselves by following the hen. They are able to fly after 7-10 days.

24


Management impiications.-Sage Grouse depend on sagebrush rangeland for food, nesting, and hiding cover. Sagebrush habitat conversion, through livestock grazing and agriculture, has greatly reduced Sage Grouse habitat. Important elements of grouse habitat that need to be carefully managed include traditional or potential lek sites, nesting areas, upland wet meadows, sagebrush winter range, and sufficient sagebrush cover.

Distribution.-The distribution of Sage Grouse follows that of the sagebrush-dominated

rangelands of western North America. They occur from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, south to Utah and Colorado, and from the Cascade and Sierra mountains east to western North Dakota and South Dakota. In the Northern Region, they are local residents on the National Forests east of the Continental Divide in Montana, and the Custer National Forest in North Dakota and South Dakota

Current geographic range of Sage Grouse in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Habitat Inventory 1



Habitat Planning 3

Resource Coordination 1 1


Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 1 1

Management Plans 5


TOTAL 1 11 5 3 5

25


TRUMPETER SWAN Cygnus buccinator

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Beaverhead, Gallatin, and Custer National Forests.

Description.-Trumpeter Swans, with their wingspan of 6 feet and an average weight of 30 pounds, are the largest waterfowl in North America. Adults are entirely white, except for their black bill and legs. The forehead and bill profile is long and flat, similar to a Canvasback. Juveniles (cygnets) are gray-brown until the following spring. Trumpeters are noted for their low-pitched, trumpet-like call.

Habttat.-Trumpeters nest on the margins of interconnected shallow marshes and lakes, lakes within forested or sagebrush habitat, and oxbow habitat along rivers. They nest in secluded areas and often use the site for several years. These large birds need sufficient amounts of open water for landing and takeoff. Breeding territory size often equals the size of the nesting lake, and averages 25-37 acres. At Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Montana, breeding territories are less than 100 acres in size, and average about 32 acres. Most breeding pairs exclude others from their territories during the nesting and brooding period. In the winter, trumpeters frequent ice-free portions of

slow-moving rivers and streams warmed by geysers and hot springs.

Food.-Trumpeters feed on aquatic vegetation and insects. Females spend most of their time feeding during the critical time preceding egg-laying. Energy stored at this time is essential to successful reproduction.

Reproduction.-Trumpeters are monogamous and form long-term bonds. They begin breeding at 3-6 years of age. Trumpeters return to their breeding territories between February and late May, depending on the elevation and the rate of ice-thaw. Together, the male and female build a platform nest made of emergent vegetation, which is often located on a muskrat house, beaver lodge, or small island. Usually, the female lays 5 eggs and incubates them for about 33 days. The young hatch around late June.

Management implications.-Activities that cause soil erosion increase the deposition of silt into Trumpeter Swan nesting lakes. Human disturbance during the nesting and brooding period can cause nest destruction and abandonment. Cygnet survival is associated with

26

Chapter 1 - Wildlife Seneitfve

spring weather and water levels. It is extremely important to properly manage water levels so that nest flooding is avoided and growth of aquatic vegetation is encouraged through nutrient recycling. Ice-free winter habitat, especially the area along Henry's Fork River, is critically important to Trumpeter Swans in the Rocky Mountain region.

Dlstributlon.-The former geographic range of the Trumpeter Swan was widespread, but the birds were never abundant. By the early 1900's, the commercial trade in swan skins, plus hunting and habitat destruction had decimated the population. The only survivors were a few families that shared the thermally warmed waters of

Yellowstone National Park and the Centennial Valley of Montana. A portion of these survivors founded the present Rocky Mountain population. They breed in the Centennial Valley and Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Yellowstone National Park, northwestern Wyoming, and northeastern Idaho. They winter in the tristate area of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming-in particular, Henry's Fork River at Harriman State Park. In the Northern Region, Trumpeter Swans occur only in southwest and south-central Montana.

Current geographic range of Trumpeter Swans in the Northern Region.

PROGRAI\^ BUDGET












Management Plans 2 5 4 4


TOTAL 18 20 28 28 28

27


SPOTTED BAT Euderma maculatum

USFWS Status:C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on all National Forests east of the Continental Divide.

Descrlptlon.-The spotted bat is one of the rarest bats in the U.S. This remarkable-looking bat measures about 5 inches in length and has 3 large white spots on its black-furred back, 2 near the shoulder and 1 on the rump. The underparts appear white, but the base of each hair is dark. The ears, wings, and tail are covered with pinkish-red skin. The ears of the spotted bat are quite large, almost 2 inches in length, and curl over the head like a ram's horn when the bat is resting. Spotted bats make loud, high-pitched metallic squeaks that can be heard almost three-quaters of a mile away.

Habltat.-Relatively little is known about the life history of the spotted bat. They have been most often trapped in dry, rough, desert terrain. In Utah, Texas, and New Mexico, they are thought to range from Sonoran Desert scrub to coniferous forests. In Canada, spotted bats have been obsen/ed foraging in open areas surrounded by ponderosa pine. They also occur in dry canyon areas with high limestone cliffs that provide roost sites. During the day, bats roost alone in rock cracks and crevices, frequently returning to the same cliff face to roost. After the breeding season.

they may wander into other habitats. Bats will fly several miles in search of water, and trap sites set over waterholes have provided most of the bat records.

Food.-Moths are the primary food item of spotted bats. They are late flyers that hunt insects on the wing from after midnight to before dawn. They forage alone and will chase others from their feeding area.

Reproductlon.-The reproductive habits of spotted bats are relatively unknown. It is suspected that females produce a single offspring in late May or early June. The female nurses the young while hanging upside down in the roost, often shielding it with her wings.

Management Impllcatlons.-lnventories and life history information on the spotted bat is needed. Limestone cliffs and canyon walls, caves and mine shafts are potentially critical bat habitat. Recreation, particularly cave exploration, and other human disturbance in these areas may be detrimental.

DIstrlbutlon.-The distribution of the spotted bat extends throughout western North America, from the southern border of British Columbia,

28


south through the southwestern U.S. to central Mexico. It has most frequently been recorded in California, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Utah, and the Mexican state of Durango. In the Northern Region, its presence is known from a single specimen, which was

collected in Billings, Montana. Nonetheless, spotted bats are suspected to occur on National Forest lands east of the Continental Divide.

Current geographic range of spotted bats in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Years





Habitat Planning 4 1 1



Habitat Maintenance




TOTAL 20 30 36 29 31

29

Chapter 1 • Wildlife Sensitive

COMMON LOON Gavia immer

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on aii Nationai Forests except the North Dakota

and South Dakota portions of the Custer Nationai Forest.

Description.-The Common Loon symbolizes the wild country of the north. Loons are large, heavy-bodied birds with a 4-5 foot wingspan, a 2-3 foot body length, and an average weight of 8-10 pounds. They are surprisingly swift flyers that can attain speeds of 75 miles an hour. When floating, loons resemble ducks, but they sit noticeably lower on the water. During the breeding season, adults have a black head, black dagger-like bill, black-and-white striped necklace, black- and white-checkered back, white belly, and bright red eyes. Loons are more inconspicuous in their nonbreeding and immature plumage, which is gray above and white below.

l-iabitat.-Loons are totally dependent on water. Their legs and feet, positioned far to the rear of the body, are used to propel them through the water. This gives them a great deal of speed and mobility undenvater, but makes it almost impossible for them to walk on land. On the breeding grounds, loons nest on clear, secluded lakes larger than 10-13 acres in size. They appear to avoid lakes above 5,000 feet in elevation, which are often unproductive, or covered with ice until the late spring and early summer. Each pair defends a territory, which includes feeding areas.

a nest site, and a nursery area. Usually, loons nest on islands or sheltered shorelines within 5 feet of the water's edge. Nursery areas are located in productive, shallow bays or coves protected from wave action. Breeding pairs return to the same lakes year after year, but do not necessarily nest every year.

Food.-Loons are primarily fish-eaters. They also eat vegetation, amphibians, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Known as the great northern diver, loons can swim undenvater for as long as 15 minutes when in pursuit of prey.

Reproduction.-Common Loons arrive in the Northern Rocky Mountains around late April. Most breeding pairs return to the same lake, sometimes even to the same nest bowl. Nests are built at the water's edge. In mid-May to late June, the female lays 1-2 eggs. Both parents share equally in the incubation, defense and feeding of the young. After about 28 days, the eggs hatch. The downy chicks leave the nest within a day of hatching. They move to shallow nursery areas where food is relatively abundant. For the first 2 weeks, the adults carry the chicks on their backs. Chicks are unable to feed themselves sufficiently until after they are 8 weeks old. By 10-11 weeks

30


old, they are able to fly, and begin to leave their natal lakes. Young and adult loons gather on larger lakes in the area until October or November, when they migrate to coastal wintering grounds.

Management impiications.-Common Loons are extremely sensitive to human disturbance and will leave their nests when approached. Water level fluctuations and boat wake can flood nests. Lakeshore development often destroys loon nesting habitat. Backcountry lakes used by loons, that were once rarely visited, are now popular recreation sites. Concerned groups throughout loon country have formed to

survey loons and educate the public. Some nesting areas are posted, and lake users are asked to avoid these areas from mid-May through mid-July.

Distribution.-The breeding range of the Common Loon extends across Alaska and Canada south into New England and the Great Lake states. Small populations occur in North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Washington. In the Northern Region, they breed west of the Continental Divide in northwestern Montana and northern Idaho. Loons winter on inland freshwater lakes, and along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts.

Current geographic range of Common Loons in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year1 Year 2 Years Year 4 Year 5




Habitat Imprv. Non-Structures 5 5 5 5

Habitat Planning



Habitat Maintenance




TOTAL 51 61 54 46 55

31


WOLVERINE Gu/o guio

USFWS Statu8:C2 USFS Region 1 Status: SensKive In Idaho

Descrlptlon.-The wolverine is the largest land member of the weasel family. Wolverines measure 3-4 feet long, including their short bushy tail, and weigh 20-50 pounds. They resemble small bears, with their heavy, powerful build and blackish brown coat. A large yellowish stripe runs along each side from their shoulder to the base of their tail. Like all mustelids, wolverines possess a pair of large scent glands which secrete an odorous spray.

Habltat.-Wolverines are solitary animals. They are found in mature or intermediate timbered areas around natural openings including cliffs, slides, timber blowdown, basins, and meadows. In the summer, wolverines move to higher, cooler elevations and seem to favor alpine fir forests. Low elevation riparian areas may be important winter habitat. Wolverines have large territories that tend to overlap, and a male's home range can be up to 790 square miles. In northwestern Montana, the average yearly range of male and female wolverines was 165 and 150 square miles, respectively. Wolverines return to the same areas seasonally. Normally nocturnal, wolverines can be

active any time of the day and remain active throughout the winter. They build dens in tree windfall, rockslides, and small caves, and often line them with leaves.

Food.-Wolverines feed primarily on rodents and ungulate carrion. They also eat berries, insects, fish, birds, and bird eggs. They have been known to take bait from traps. Carrion appears to make up a major portion ot their winter diet. In the winter, wolverines hunt in tree wells, which are snow-free areas under dense, low-growing conifers, that provide access to small mammals.

Reproductlon.-Mating occurs in May through July. The fertilized eggs will not begin to develop in the female's uterus until winter. Usually, 2-3 young are born in late March and early April. The female cares for the young alone and will stay with them until they are 5-6 months old. The young are sexually mature by the next spring. Females may not produce young every year.

Management Impllcatlons.-Wolverines are attracted to trapline bait, and will eat animals found in traps. Heavy wolverine predator control and loss of habitat has contributed to their decline.

32


Once thought extinct in the Rocky Mountain states, wolverine sightings have increased in the last 50 years. This should be interpreted with care; however, as the increase in vy^olverine sightings may be a reflection of the increase in the human use of wilderness areas. Wilderness or remote country, where human activity is minimal, is important to the maintenance of healthy wolverine populations.

Dlstribution.-Wolverines have a holarctic distribution. In North America, they range across Alaska and Canada, south into the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. In the Northern Region, they occur in western Montana and northeastern Idaho.

\ ' - ^

Current geographic range of wolverines in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Habitat Maintenance




TOTAL 25 33 45 41 41

33


HARLEQUIN DUCK Histrionicus histrionicus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive

Description.-These small, elegant, and boldly marked ducks are commonly called "lords and ladies". Males have a slate-blue body with a chestnut side, a white crescent on the head, and dash-like stripes and spots on the neck, wings, and shoulders. The dark brown females have 2-3 white head spots. In flight, these short-billed ducks appear small and long-tailed.

Habitat.-On the wintering grounds. Harlequin Ducks gather in compact flocks to feed in the surf along rocky ocean shorelines. While on the breeding grounds, they are most often found along isolated, swift mountain streams. Unpaired males and females, singly or in small groups, travel extensively along streams. Each breeding pair settles on 1-2 km of stream habitat lined with dense vegetation. Although paired ducks avoid each other, they will occur together at favored feeding sites. They preen and roost on rocks and logs in midstream or along stream edges. During the nesting and brood-rearing period, females and their broods live on abandoned oxbows and ponds adjacent to streams until the ducklings are old enough to feed and travel in fast stream currents. Most Harlequin Ducks, especially females, return to the same breeding sites year after year.

Food.-Harlequins feed on crustaceans, mollusks, small fish, and aquatic insects such as stonefly and caddisfly larvae. Unlike any other North American duck, they feed completely undenA^ater in turbulent mountain streams. When feeding, they dive into the swift current, paddle their feet to propel them upstream as they probe among the rocks for food.

Reproduction.-Harlequins spend only a short time, 3-5 months, on their summer range. Pair formation occurs prior to their arrival on the breeding grounds in April. Once a pair settles onto their isolated breeding territory, the female begins to search for a nest site. The nest, made of grasses and lined with down, is concealed under a bush, sheltered bank, piece of driftwood, or in a rock crevice. The female lays 6-8 eggs. At the onset of incubation, the male leaves, and the female is left alone to brood the eggs (27-34 days) and rear the young. The downy young hatch around the beginning of July. They are flightless for the first 6 weeks, and will remain with the female until August, when they all leave for the wintering grounds. By that time, unpaired males and females have been gone from the summer range since mid-June.

34


Management implications.-Harlequin Ducks have specialized habitat requirements. Any activities that affect the availability of aquatic invertebrates, the stream flow, or the isolation of their breeding territories will adversely affect their reproduction. Harlequins, especially nesting females, avoid areas frequented by humans. Harlequin Duck habitat is often used for recreational purposes, such as fishing, Whitewater rafting and camping.

Distribution.-The range of the Harlequin Duck is separated into 2 regions: eastern and

western. The eastern population breeds along the northeastern coast of Canada. Within the western region, they breed from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, east to British Columbia, and Alberta, and south to central California and northwestern Wyoming. In the Northern Region, they are an uncommon and localized breeder throughout the Rocky Mountains. These isolated breeding populations migrate in the fall to winter along the rugged North Pacific Coast.

Current geographic range of Harlequin Ducks in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Habitat Maintenance




TOTAL 66 78 104 99 96

35


BIGHORN SHEEP Ovis canadensis californiana

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Custer National Forest, North Dakota only.

Description.-Bighorn sheep are grayish brown to dark brown with a white muzzle and rump. Both sexes have large, ridged horns that curve backwards, and in males these horns form massive spirals. Rams "broom", or break off, the horn tips during head-on clashes with other rams during the breeding season.

Habitat.-Bighorn sheep are well-adapted to a wide variety of habitats, but tend to select open, grassy shrublands in close proximity to rocky terrain. Rugged rock outcrops provide bighorns with escape cover.

Food.-Bighorn sheep are herbivores that feed on grasses, sedges, and forbs. In the winter, bighorn also browse on shrubs. They are attracted to mineral licks, particularly in the spring and early summer.

Reproduction.-Bighorn sheep are highly social animals that usually separate into ram bands, and nursery bands comprised of ewes, lambs, and subadults. After 2 years of age, young rams leave the nursery herd to join a ram band. The bands are organized into social heirarchies where rank is determined by strength and horn size, which are related to age. Rams battle for dominant

positions in the band. The contenders square-off, take a few steps backwards and rush fonvard, colliding horns with a crack that can be heard a mile away. Adult bighorns reach sexual maturity at about 2-3 years of age. The breeding season, or rut, occurs in November and December when rams aggressively compete for females. Bighorns are promiscuous, but most of the breeding is performed by dominant rams. Lambing occurs in May and June, usually a single lamb per ewe, and twinns are rare. Ewes and lambs band together in nursery herds.

Management implications.-Bighorn sheep are sensitive to disturbance and may become susceptible to disease when stressed. Management activities that displace or disturb bighorn, especially when lambing, can negatively affect reproduction.

Distribution.-The former range of bighorn sheep extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains of Canada south to Mexico, and Baja, California. The subspecies, O. c. auduboni, that once occupied eastern Montana and Wyoming, and western North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska is now extinct. In 1956, 18 bighorn

36


sheep, 0. c. californiana, from British Columbia were reintroduced to the North Dakota badlands along Magpie Creek. A number of additional transplants have occurred since then resulting in a herd of about 250 sheep. In the Northern Region,

the bighorn sheep is listed as a sensitive species only on the Custer National Forest in North Dakota.

Current geographic range of bighorn sheep in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Habitat Inventory 1





Information and Education 1


Monitoring 10 10

Management Plans 3


TOTAL 23 23 6 6 5

37


WESTERN BIG-EARED BAT Plecotus townsendii

USFWS StatU8:C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive

Descrlptlon.-Westem big-eared bats, also called Townsend's big-eared bats, are medium-sized bats about 4 inches long with very large ears that measure more than an inch in length. Adults average 10 grams in weight. Their fur is soft and long with slate-gray hairs tipped with cinnamon to blackish brown. Big-eared bats are swift, agile flyers that take deep, smooth wingbeats alternated with short glides.

Habitat.-Big-eared bats have been found in a wide variety of habitats, from arid juniper/pine forests to high-elevation mixed-coniferous forests. In the winter, large aggregations of bats (12-200) roost communally in caves or abandoned mine tunnels. They arrive at the winter roost sites, called hibernacula, in October and stay until mid-spring. The average temperature within a hibernaculum is 54 "^F or less. In the winter, females are usually dormant both day and night. Males are less inclined to hibernate, and may change roosting sites frequently during the winter. Seasonal temperature changes probably influence the depth of dormancy. In the roost, they hang from the open ceiling, not in cracks or crevices like other bat species. Big-eared bats do not migrate long distances, but

do move from one roost site to another. In the summer, females roost with their young in nursery colonies in caves, mine tunnels, or sometimes in buildings. Occasionally, tree cavities are used as roosts. Usually, males and nonreproductive females roost alone.

Food.-Big-eared bats are insectivores, feeding primarily on moths. They forage after dark, and capture insects in flight using echolocation to find their prey.

Reproduction.-Female big-eared bats are sexually mature by their first summer, while males breed at 1-2 years of age. Most of the breeding occurs at the winter roost, starting in October and continuing through February. Fertilization is delayed, therefore, the duration of pregnancy varies widely and may range from 56-100 days. In late spring and early summer, each female produces a single offspring. Females and young roost communally in caves or mine tunnels. Within the nursery colony, young cluster together when their mothers leave at night to forage. Upon return, each mother successfully locates her young within the cluster of babies, possibly through vocal or scent recognition. The young are full grown by 1

38


month of age, but are not weaned until about 2 months old. Nursery colonies disband in August.

Management Implications.-Western big-eared bats are extremely sensitive to human activities, and in response to disturbance have been known to permanently abandon roost sites. Recreational activities, especially cave exploration, should be monitored in known and potential bat habitat.

Dlstributlon.-The distribution of western big-eared bats extends throughout western North America, from British Columbia south to southern Mexico, eastward to South Dakota and western Texas. Isolated populations occur in Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. Western big-eared bats are thought to be widely distributed throughout the Northern Region.

Current geographic range of western big-eared bats in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Habitat Maintenance



Landownership Changes 3

TOTAL 68 92 95 107 107

39


COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

USFWS Status: 3C USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on tlie idahio Panliandle, Kootenai, Clearwater,

and Lolo National Forests.

Description.--The Coeur d'Alene salamander is a small terrestrial salamander with a black body and a narrow scallop-edged dark yellow stripe down its back. Adults measure about 4 inches in length. Coeur d'Alene salamanders do not have lungs, as do all members of the plethodontid family; instead, they breath through their thin moist skin. There is some controversy over the taxonomic classification of the Coeur d'Alene salamander. It is unclear whether this is a subspecies or full species. From biochemical research, two geographically separated populations of Van Dyke's salamander can be recognized; one in northwestern Washington [the Washington salamander (P. v. vandykei)] and the other in northern Idaho and western Montana [the Coeur d'Alene salamander (P. v. idahoensis)].

Habitat.-Coeur d'Alene salamanders are found below 5,000 feet in elevation in three main habitats: spring seeps, waterfall spray zones, and streamsides of small cascading creeks. They occur in wet, humid, and cool microhabitats containing fractured bedrock or gravel that provides shelter and retains moisture. Dense tree canopy over cascading creek sites is an important habitat

component because it moderates surface and water temperatures. From November to April, Coeur d'Alene salamanders hibernate belowground in bedrock fractures or beneath boulder piles to avoid freezing temperatures.

Food.-Coeur d'Alene salamanders feed on aquatic and semi-aquatic insects, especially fly larvae. Salamanders are most active at night and during damp weather.

Reproductlon.-Adults are reproductively mature in their fourth year. Mature males can reproduce each year, but mature females reproduce alternate years. Mating generally occurs in the fall (Aug-Oct) and may also take place in the spring (April-May). Females go underground in late spring to lay a cluster of about 6 white eggs in a nest. The female guards the eggs and will emerge aboveground with the young in October.

Management implications.-Removal of overstory vegetation, increase in water temperature, change in the water table or flow, and physical disturbance of talus or rock habitat can affect Coeur d' Alene salamander populations.

40


DIstribution.-ln Idaho and Montana, the Coeur d'Alene salamander's distribution is limited and local. It occurs from the Canadian border to the Selway River and the southern portion of the

Bitterroot Valley. In early 1988, there were 46 known sites in Idaho and 31 in Montana. Populations vary in size.

Current geographic range of Coeur d'Alene salamanders ¡n the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET







Habitat Planning 5



Habitat Maintenance 1 3 3 3




TOTAL 48 45 51 52 34

41


GREATER PRAIRIE CHICKEN Tympanuchus cupido

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Sheyenne National Grassiand, Custer National Forest.

Description.-The Greater Prairie Chicken is a resident of native prairie grasslands. It has a zebra-like pattern of brown and buffy stripes on Its body. The male has orange or reddish air sacs on the side of the neck, a yellow comb above the eyes, and elongated feathers, or pinnae, that are erected to form ear-like structures. Males gather together to perform elaborate courtship displays on lekking, or dancing, grounds. During a display, each male erects his ear-like pinnae and tail feathers, droops his wings, inflates his air sacs, and engorges his yellow eye combs while he jumps up and down, and chases other males. Prairie chicken dancing areas are called 'booming' grounds, because males make a booming sound when deflating their air sacs.

Habitat.-An important component of Prairie Chicken habitat is the presence of residual grass cover. On the Sheyenne National Grassland, areas that contain large amounts of native grasses [switchgrass (Panicum varigatum), in particular] are used as concealment cover, brooding areas, and roosting sites. Usually, courtship grounds are situated on rolling hills with open, short-grasses, and have tall vegetation nearby for concealment.

Hens and their broods use residual grasses or shrublands that provide canopy cover and a herbaceous ground cover. In the summer, Prairie Chickens are extremely mobile and often use shrubs for thermal cover during hot weather. In the winter, they frequently use croplands and shelterbelts. During severe weather, they form large flocks, which contain as many as 60 birds, that burrow into snow drifts at night to roost.

Food.-Praihe Chickens feed on seeds, vegetation, insects, and fruit. In the winter, they eat primarily seeds and waste grains.

Reproduction.-The breeding season occurs from April to July. The female builds a nest depression on the ground and lines it with grass, leaves, and feathers. She lays 9-14 eggs and incubates them for 23-26 days. The young chicks are precocial and leave the nest immediately after hatching. After 2 weeks, the chicks are able to fly. The hen and brood forage together until the young are 6-8 weeks old.

Management implications.-Fire has played an important role in the creation and maintenance of Prairie Chicken habitat. Deferred rotation grazing, prescribed burning, and mowing have been used

42


successfully to reduce rank vegetation and encourage grass and forb production beneficial to Prairie Chickens. Residual grass cover is very important, especially when adjacent to display grounds and nesting habitat, and should be maintained.

Distribution.-The distribution of the Greater Prairie Chicken is local and limited to native

grassland areas in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and northeastern Oklahoma. Isolated populations occur in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Illinois. In the Northern Region, they occur on the Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota.

Current geographic range of Greater Prairie Chickens in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Yearl Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Years








Habitat Maintenance 1 1

Monitoring 3 3 3 3



TOTAL 17 26 25 19 9

43

,,„^^#/^'J^W ( ■ ;

'^vm^i

:yW^

Chapter 2 • Fish

Chapter 2 - Fish

''Health of butterflies (wildlife and plants) is a measure of how close humanity has come to saving the very limb on which it is perched."

Anne & Paul Ehrlich Extinction

45

Chapter 2 - Fish Sensitive

WHITE STURGEON Acipenser transmontanus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Kootenai and idaho Panhandie National Forests.

Description.-White sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish in North America. They are extremely long-lived animals that attain tremendous size. For example, an 82-year-old, 11.5-foot-long, and 900-pound white sturgeon was caught in the Columbia River in 1951. White sturgeon are dark gray in color with a pale belly. Other distinguishing characteristics are the large, sharp plates, or scutes, that form 5 separate rows along the body, the large gills, and the long, upturned upper lobe of the tail fin. The skeleton of a sturgeon is composed of cartilage. The snout is elongated, has 2 pairs of barbels, or whiskers, located in front of the wide, ventral mouth.

Habitat.-White sturgeon are found in large, cold rivers that have pools over 20 feet deep. They migrate locally and are thought to spawn on rocky substrates with swift currents near rapids, at the foot of riffles, or below waterfalls. Spawning occurs when water temperatures are between 48-62 °F. Sturgeon appear not to move over dams, or through reservoirs; therefore, populations are isolated from one another.

Food.-Adults are opportunistic bottom feeders that eat live or dead fish, clams, insects, and crustaceans. Young sturgeon feed on the larvae of aquatic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. Sturgeon locate food by touch, using the whiskers and sensory organs on its snout.

Once food is found, they suck it up with their protrusible mouths.

Reproduction.-The age of first spawning for white sturgeon varies widely, from 9-22 years for males and 13-34 years for females. In the Kootenai River population, females are thought to reach sexual maturity at 27 years of age or when they are about 6 feet in length. Spawning occurs between mid-March and June. Each female is attended by 2 or more males. White sturgeon are broadcast spawners and do not dig a nest. The large, gray egg masses are sticky and adhere to rocks on the river bottom. The number of eggs laid depends on the size of the female and can range from 700,000 to 4 million eggs. Incubation of the eggs lasts 1 -2 weeks and, after hatching, fry are thought to seek out shallow bays. Adult sturgeon do not die after spawning, but they reproduce only once every 4-11 years.

Management impiications.-The Kootenai River white sturgeon population is declining. Reproduction has been limited, possibly due to the loss of juvenile habitat, and the changes in river temperature and flow regime as a result of dams. In 1984, in response to the sturgeon's low recruitment rate, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game instituted catch-and-release fishing regulations. Montana terminated white sturgeon fishing in 1979.

46


Distribution.-The range of the white sturgeon extends along the Pacific Coast from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska south to northern California, where they are anadromous in many parts of the range. Landlocked populations occur in the upper Columbia River drainage. In the

Northern Region, they are found only in the Kootenai River from Kootenai Falls, Montana, downstream through northern Idaho. White sturgeon of the Kootenai River were once anadromous, but have been landlocked for over 10,000 years.

Current geographic range of white sturgeon in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET



Program Management


Habitat Improvement Structures & Nonstructures

Habitat Planning


Information and Education 5 2 1

Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring

Management Plans 10


TOTAL 2 4 10 17 6

47


SHORTHEAD SCULPIN Cottus confusus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Kootenai, Flathead, and Helena National Forests.

Description.-Members of the sculpin family are primarily marine dwellers; one exception is the genus Cottus, which is widely distributed in freshwater regions of the northern hemisphere. Shorthead sculpin are small fish about 2-3 inches in length. They have a large, broad head and mouth, and eyes that are placed near the top of the head. Their scaleless body is light brown-yellow with dark mottlings, and the underside is light with fine speckles. The pectoral fins are large and fan-like, and the dorsal and pelvic fins have spines.

Habitat.-Relatively little is known of the life history of the shorthead sculpin. They are bottom dwellers that inhabit riffle areas of small, cold streams, and large rivers with rubble or gravel bottoms and cool water temperatures.

Food.-Shorthead sculpin feed on aquatic insects, small fish, and fish eggs.

Reproduction.-They are sexually mature at about 2-3 years of age. Spawning occurs in May and June. Females lay an average of 320 eggs in several small clusters under rocks. If their life history is similar to the mottled sculpin, Cottus

bairdi, as is suspected, the male defends the nest during incubation and keeps the eggs free of debris and silt. Hatching occurs in 20-30 days at water temperatures of 50-60 ''F.

Management Implications.-Sculpin have been used as indicators of water quality, such as cool temperatures, high oxygen and low pollution levels. Resource activities that affect water quality, such as removal of riparian cover, sedimentation, or control of water levels, can affect sculpin habitat quality.

Distribution.-Shorthead sculpin occur within the Pacific drainage of North America, including Puget Sound and the Columbia River basin. In the Northern Region, their distribution is limited and local, and includes the Flathead drainage, and the Little Blackfoot and St. Regis Rivers in Montana. They also occur in northern Idaho, where they are more widely distributed in the St. Joe and Coeur d'Alene River systems.

48


Current geographic range of shorthead sculpin in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year 1 Year 2 Years Year 4 Years



Habitat Improvement Structures & Non-Structures




Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 1 2 2



TOTAL 6 6 7 12 12

49


TORRENT SCULPIN Cottus rhotheus

.^^-^^

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Kootenai National Forest.

Description.-Torrent sculpin are small fish, about 4 inches in length. Like all sculpin, they have a large, broad head and mouth, spined fins, large fan-like pectoral fins, and a stout, scaleless body. They are brown to grayish brown above, white on the belly, and mottled with black speckling. Usually, they have 2 forward-slanting dark bands under the second dorsal fin.

Habitat.-Relatively little is known of the life history of torrent sculpin. They are bottom dwellers that hide under rocks in the riffles of cold, clear streams or rivers. Also, they are found along the rocky or sandy shores of large lakes.

Food.-Young torrent sculpin feed on Zooplankton and aquatic insect larvae, in particular, midges and mayflies. Adults feed on aquatic insects and other invertebrates, and fish. Frequently, minnows, such as squawfish and shriners, are eaten.

Reproduction.-Torrent sculpin are sexually mature at 2 years of age. They spawn in the late spring, around June. Females lay from 300-600 adhesive eggs in small clusters under rocks or debris. Males remain at the nest until the eggs hatch in 30-40 days at water temperatures of 48-50 °F.

IVIanagement implications.-Resource activities that affect water quality, such as removal of riparian cover, sedimentation, or control of water levels, can affect sculpin habitat quality.

Distribution.-The distribution of torrent sculpin extends throughout the west coast of North America, into the Columbia River and Puget Sound drainages, and into major river drainages of British Columbia. In the Northern Region, they are common in the Kootenai and Cleanvater Rivers of Idaho, but in Montana are found only in the Kootenai River system.

50

Chapter 2 • Fish Sensitive

Current geographic range of torrent sculpin in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET









Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 1 2 2



TOTAL 5 5 6 13 13

51


LING Lota lota

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests.

Descrlption.-The ling, also called burbot, is the only member of the cod family found in freshwater. It has a stout, eel-like body with a relatively small head, wide gill openings, and a barbel or whisker on its chin. Ling average 15 inches in length, have very long dorsal and anal fins, and a rounded tail fin. The back and sides are dark olive to brown and marbled with black, and the belly is yellowish white.

Habltat.-Ling are found in lakes or large rivers. In summer, they reside in the deep pools of rivers or the cold-water areas of lakes. During the day, they hide among rock piles, submerged logs, and beds of aquatic vegetation.

Food.-Young ling feed on aquatic insects, crustaceans, and small fish. Adults feed almost exclusively on fish. They are night feeders with a voracious appetite, and forage along the bottoms of rivers and lakes.

Reproductlon.-Ling are sexually mature at 3-4 years of age. Spawning occurs during the winter, from November to May. In lakes, ling spawn in 1-10 feet of water over the sand or gravel bottom

of a shallow bay. They also spawn in rivers or tributary streams. Under the ice, and only at night, males and 1 or more females collect in large writhing masses, and release sperm and eggs. Females can lay 50,000-1,500,000 eggs depending on their size. The fertilized eggs settle on the bottom and hatch in about 30 days. No parental care is given to the young. Fry and yearlings are found frequently along rocky shores and the weedy areas of tributary streams.

Management Implications.-Until their decline in 1965, ling were a popular winter game fish in northern Idaho. Human activities that affect water quality can affect the quality of ling habitat.

Distrlbutlon.-Their distribution is circumpolar, extending across Canada and the northern U.S. south to Wyoming, Missouri, and Conneticut. In the Northern Region, ling occur widely in the Missouri, Saskatchewan, and Kootenai River drainages of Montana. In Idaho, ling occur only in the Kootenai River.

52


Current geographic range of ling in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET



Program Management

Habitat Inventory 5 5

Habitat Improvement & Non-Structures

Habitat Planning



Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring

Management Plans 10


TOTAL 0 0 5 7 12

53


SPRING/SUMMER CHINOOK SALMON Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

"'-.'K-

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Ciearwater and Nez Perce National Forests.

Description.-Chinook salmon comprise what is probably the most economically important fishery of the Pacific Northwest. Chinook are anadromous; that is, they travel long distances from their saltwater feeding grounds to spawn in freshwater tributaries. They migrate a remarkable distance, 900-1,200 miles, from the Pacific Ocean to inland spawning grounds. Chinook have large, streamlined bodies that taper in at the head and tail. They have a greenish-blue to black back, silver sides, and white belly. A few black spots dot the back, top of the head, and fins. Breeding males develop enlarged jaws that turn in at the tips.

Habitat.-Chinook salmon can be found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, from the Pacific Ocean to the smallest tributary of the Columbia River. They are grouped by the time of the year they enter a river to spawn. Spring Chinook enter the Columbia River from January through May, and summer Chinook enter in June and July. They do not feed on their spawning migration, which can take up to several months. Chinook spawn in clear streams that contain silt-free, graveled riffles with average water depths of 9-42 inches, and water velocities of 1.5-3 feet per second. For the 1-5 years that adults live in the North Pacific Ocean, they feed off the coast of southeast Alaska, Canada, Washington, and northern Oregon.

Food.-Adult Chinook feed on Zooplankton, crustacens, and fish. Young Chinook feed largely on aquatic and terrestrial insects.

Reproduction.-Adults spawn at 2-5 years of age. Spawning usually starts 2-3 weeks after they reach the spawning grounds. Spring Chinook begin to spawn in early August to mid-September. Summer Chinook spawn from late August to early November. The female digs a number of redds, or gravel nests, about 12 inches deep, that cover an average area of about 4 square yards. Each female is attended by 1 or more males, and lays an average of 5,000 large, orange-red eggs. After spawning, the adults die. Through the fall and winter, the eggs incubate within the gravel, and the length of time it takes them to hatch and emerge varies with water temperature. Usually, incubation takes about 5-6 months. For the first 30 days, the young fish, called ■alevins", remain buried within the gravel until they absorb the yolk sacs attached to their bellies. Alevins are too small to swim the currents, and are extremely vulnerable to prédation at this stage. As fry, they are able to begin feeding. At the smolt stage, chinnok physiologically prepare for their life in a saltwater environment, and begin their migration to the Pacific Ocean. All spring Chinook, and some summer Chinook migrate to the ocean as yearlings. Some remain in the natal area for a few weeks or months, and others spend up to 2 years in the spawning stream.

54


IManagement impiications.-Restoration of Chinook salmon populations requires access to and protection of the spawning grounds. Anadromous fish that spawn in Idaho, such as the Chinook and steelhead, have many obstacles to pass before they return to the spawning grounds. The biggest obstacle is the downstream and upstream passage over 7 major dams in the Columbia system. Additional Chinook are lost to commercial and recreational ocean fisheries. Also, spawning habitat has been lost or degraded from man's past activities; particularly dredge mining, road building, and timber harvest. Siltation of spawning redds from management activities can

reduce the amount of oxygen available to Chinook eggs and fry, which spend an extended amount of time within gravel beds. Silt can also reduce the amount of ovenvinter habitat available to young fish.

Distribution.-Chinook salmon are currently found along the Pacific Coast from Alaska, south to southern California. Originally, they occurred in almost every accessible tributary of the Columbia River. In the Northern Region, spring and summer Chinook salmon spawn in the Cleanvater and Salmon River basins of Idaho.

Current geographic range of chinook salmon in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Habitat Improvement Structures & Nonstructures 125 125 135 135 175








TOTAL 416 421 436 481 526

55


YELLOWSTONE CUTTHROAT TROUT Salmo clarki bouvieri

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Gallatin and Custer National Forests.

Descrlptlon.-Cutthroat can be distinguished from other trout by red slash marks on either side of the lower jaw. Yellowstone cutthroat trout have slender, rounded bodies that average 10-12 inches in length. Like westslope cutthroat, they are usually greenish-blue to steel gray on the back and sides, and yellowish-green to copper on the lower half of the side and belly. Their back and sides, dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins are covered with round black spots. They have larger and fewer black spots on their body than westslope cutthroat.

Habitat.-Like westslope cutthroat, Yellowstone cutthroat occur in clear, cool streams with water temperatures usually under 60 ''F. Cutthroat habitat contains rocky, silt-free riffles for spawning, and slow, deep pools for feeding and resting. They tend to occupy river headwaters and cold, clear, deep lakes with tributary streams suitable for spawning. Overhanging and instream vegetation, undercut banks, logs and large rocks provide cutthroat with hiding and resting cover. In winter, cutthroat hide under boulders, log jams, and other debris when temperatures are near or below 46 **F.

Food.-Yellowstone cutthroat feed primarily on aquatic insects. Terrestrial insects, Zooplankton,

and fish are eaten as they become seasonally or locally available.

Reproduction.-Cutthroat trout reach sexual maturity at about 3-4 years of age. They spawn in the spring, usually in April or May, depending on water temperature. Females construct redds, or nests, in fine stream gravel. They lay an average of 800-1,500 orange-red eggs, and incubation usually lasts 6-8 weeks. The optimum water temperature for incubation is around 50 °F. After hatching, fry remain in the natal area for about 2 weeks and emerge in August. Fry and juveniles occur in stream sections with shallow and slow-velocity flows, where some remain for up to 4 years before migrating to a lake.

Management Implications.-The current geographic range of the cutthroat trout has been greatly reduced. Management activities that affect water quality can produce poor quality trout habitat. The stocking of non-native fish has contributed greatly to the decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations. Non-native fish often outcompete native fish for food and space. Also, other spring spawning trout and cutthroat trout readily hybridize, thereby reducing the number and genetic diversity of pure cutthroat trout populations.

56

Chapter 2 - Fi8h Sensitive

DIstrIbutlon.-Yellowstone cutthroat trout occur in the Yellowstone River drainage of Wyoming and Montana, and the Snake River drainage of Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah. In the Northern

Region, Yellowstone cutthroat are found in the Yellowstone River basin within the Gallatin and Custer National Forests.

Current geographic range of yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year 1 Year 2 Years Year 4 Year 5




Habitat Planning 4 1 4




Monitoring 1 6 1 6



TOTAL 21 38 56 21 31

57


WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT Salmo clarki lewisi

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on aii Nationai Forests except the Custer.

Description.-Cutthroat trout have a number of genetically and geographically distinct forms; visual identification of subspecies is difficult. Cutthroat trout are distinguished from other trout by red slash marks on either side of the lower jaw. Westslope cutthroat trout have slender, rounded bodies that average 10-12 inches in length. Although their body color varies, they are usually greenish-blue to steel gray on the back and sides and yellowish green to copper on the lower half of the side and belly. The cutthroat's back and sides, and dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins are covered with black spots that become more numerous near the tail.

Habitat.-Westslope cutthroat trout occur in clear, cool streams usually with water temperatures under 60 °F. Cutthroat habitat contains rocky, silt-free riffles for spawning and slow, deep pools for feeding and resting. They tend to occupy river headwaters and cold, clear, deep lakes with tributary streams suitable for spawning. In winter, cutthroat hide under boulders, log jams, and other debris when temperatures are near or below 46 T.

Food.-Westslope cutthroat feed primarily on aquatic insects. Terrestrial insects, Zooplankton,

and fish are eaten as they become seasonally or locally available.

Reproduction.-Cutthroat trout reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years of age. They spawn in the spring, usually in April and May, depending on water temperatures. Females construct redds, or nests, in fine stream gravel and lay an average of 800-1,500 eggs. Usually, eggs incubate for 6-8 weeks, but the exact duration varies with water temperature. The optimum water temperature for incubation is around 50 °F. After hatching, fry remain in the natal area for about 2 weeks. Fry and juveniles occur in stream sections with shallow and slow-velocity flows.

Management impiications.-The current geographic range of cutthroat trout has been greatly reduced. Management activities that affect water quality can produce poor quality trout habitat. The stocking of non-native fish has contributed greatly to the decline of westslope cutthroat trout populations. Non-native fish often outcompete native cutthroat for food and space. Also, other spring spawning trout and cutthroat trout readily hybridize, thereby reducing the number and genetic diversity of pure cutthroat trout populations.

58


DIstrlbutlon.-Cutthroat trout are native to all major river drainages of western North America. Westslope cutthroat trout occur in the upper Columbia, Salmon, Cleanvater, South Saskatchewan, and Missouri River drainages. In the Northern Region, their present distribution is

restricted to relict populations in the Kootenai, Clark Fork, and Spokane River systems west of the Continental Divide, and within the headwaters of the South Saskatchewan River, and in the upper Missouri River basin on the east side of the Divide.

Current geographic range of westslope cutthroat trout in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 581 602 678 698 739

59


RAINBOW TROUT Salmo gairdneri

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Kootenai and idaho Panhandie National Forests.

Description.-Rainbow trout exhibit a diverse range of life history strategies and are subdivided into 3 ecological forms: 1) lake-dwelling rainbow trout; 2) stream-dwelling rainbow trout; and 3) anadromous steelhead trout. Adult lake- and stream-dwelling rainbow trout average 12-18 inches in length, and have an elongate, deep, and moderately compressed body. All forms look similar; they are bluish to olive-green on the back and sides, and silver below with a reddish band along the midside. Irregular black spots dot the back, sides, head, and dorsal, caudal, and adipose fins. As is true for all trout, body color varies with habitat, size, and sexual condition.

Habitat.-Rainbow trout inhabit small, headwater streams, large rivers, lakes, or resen/oirs. Stream-dwelling rainbow occur in small to moderately large, shallow rivers with moderate flow and gravel bottoms. Although rainbow can sun/ive in a wide range of temperature regimes, optimal stream temperatures range from 54-66 °F. Good quality trout stream habitat has a pool-to-riffle ratio of 1:1, clear, cold water, silt-free gravel bottoms, well-vegetated banks, and abundant instream cover. Cover is an important component of trout habitat, and ideally should be greater than 25 percent of the total stream area. Undercut banks, river debris piles, large rocks, logs, and deep pools provide trout with hiding and resting cover. Especially in winter, deep pools, with low

velocity flow and extensive cover, shelter trout from adverse weather conditions. Lake-dwelling rainbow trout require access to a tributary, or lake inlet or outlet to reproduce. Optimal lake temperatures range from 45-65 ^'F.

Food.-Rainbow trout feed on aquatic insects, Zooplankton, large crustaceans, snails, and leeches. Also, they eat other fish and fish eggs. They aggressively defend feeding territories.

Reproduction.-Rainbow trout reach sexual maturity at 2-5 years of age. They spawn in the spring from mid-April to late June. During the spawning period, stream temperatures range from 50-60 °F. A female digs a redd, or nest, in the fine gravel of a riffle, which is usually located above a pool. Males court and aggressively defend a female as she digs a depression 3-6 inches deep in the gravel with her tail. When the nest is ready, the female rests near the center of the bed attended by 1 or 2 males. After the eggs are fertilized, the female moves to the upstream edge of the nest and digs up gravel, which covers the eggs. Females spawn in several redds and deposit as many as 800-1,000 eggs in each. The eggs usually hatch in about 3-4 weeks. Fry emerge 2-3 weeks later, around mid-June to mid-August. Lake-dwelling rainbow juveniles often spend 2 summers in natal streams before they migrate to a freshwater lake.

60


Management implications.-Rainbow trout are considered one of the top 5 sport fishes in North America, west of the Rocky Mountains. Although rainbow are currently the most common trout in the region, native populations exist only in the lower Kootenai River drainage. The remainder of the drainages contain non-native stocks from past stocking activities. Viable populations of native rainbow trout contribute greatly to the genetic diversity of the species. Management activities that influence river quality, especially sediment

loads, affect the integrity of rainbow trout spawning habitat.

Distribution.-The natural range of rainbow trout extends along the Pacific Coast from the Gulf of Alaska south to southern California, and inland to the Rocky Mountains. In the Northern Region, rainbow trout are native to the lower Kootenai River drainage of Montana.

Current geographic range of native rainbow trout in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Habitat Improvement Structures & Nonstructures 12 12

Habitat Planning 2 8 8 5


Information and Education 1 5 1 2

Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring 2 2 2 2



TOTAL 23 29 37 42 50

61


STEELHEAD TROUT Salmo gairdneri

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Ciearwater and Nez Perce National Forests.

Description.-Steelhead trout are an anadromous form of rainbow trout, traveling long distances from their saltwater feeding grounds to spawn in freshwater tributaries. They have an elongate, deep, and moderately compressed body that averages 20-30 inches in length and weighs usually about 6-16 pounds. They are bluish to olive-green on the back and sides, and silver below. Irregular black spots dot the back, sides, head, and dorsal, caudal, and adipose fins. As is true for all trout, body color varies with habitat, size, and sexual condition.

IHabitat.-Steelhead trout spend about half their life (2 out of 4 years) in the Pacific Ocean, and when inland inhabit small, headwater streams, and large rivers. Adult steelhead often frequent the larger portions of swift and bouldery rivers. Good quality trout stream habitat contains clear, cold water, silt-free gravel bottoms, well-vegetated banks, and abundant instream cover. Cover is an important component of trout habitat, and ideally should be greater than 25 percent of the total stream area. Undercut banks, river debris piles, large rocks, logs, and deep pools provide trout with hiding and resting cover. Especially in winter, deep pools, with low velocity flow and extensive cover, shelter trout from adverse weather conditions. Moderate water temperatures and periodic high flows aid migrating adults during upstream spawning runs.

Food.-Steelhead trout feed on aquatic insects, Zooplankton, large crustaceans, and snails. Also, they eat other fish and fish eggs. They aggressively defend feeding territories.

Reproduction.-Anadromous steelhead trout reach sexual maturity at about 2-5 years of age. They spawn in the spring from March through early July. A female digs a redd, or nest, in the fine gravel of a riffle, which is usually located above a pool. Males court and aggressively defend a female as she digs a depression 3-6 inches deep in the gravel with her tail. After the eggs are fertilized, the female moves to the upstream edge of the nest and digs up gravel, which covers the eggs. Females spawn in several redds, and deposit as many as 800-1,000 eggs in each. Usually, the eggs hatch in about 3-4 weeks. Fry emerge 2-3 weeks later, around mid-June to mid-August. Juveniles remain in freshwater spawning streams for 1 -4 years before migrating to the Pacific Ocean. In late spring before migration, juveniles, or smolt, physiologically prepare for their saltwater existence. After 1-4 years in the ocean, adult steelhead return to their natal streams to spawn. Unlike Chinook salmon, many steelhead spawners sun/ive, migrate back to the ocean, and return to their natal streams to spawn again.

62


Management implications.-Sport and commercial fisheries in the Pacific Ocean take their toll on steelhead trout populations. Also, steelhead must make it past several major dams and commençai fisheries along the lower Columbia River before they can reach their spawning grounds. Management activities that influence river quality, especially sediment loads (mining,

road building, and logging), affect the integrity of steelhead trout spawning habitat.

Distribution.-The natural range of steelhead trout extends along the Pacific Coast from the Alaska Peninsula south to California, and inland to the Rocky Mountains. In the Northern Region, steelhead trout occur in the Salmon and Cleanvater River drainages of Idaho.

Current geographic range of steelhead trout in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET





HabKat Improvement Structures & Nonstructures 125 125 135 135 155




HabKat Maintenance 30 35 35 40 40




TOTAL 422 427 445 485 530

63


BULL TROUT Salvelinus confluentus

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on aii National Forests except the Custer,

Beaverhead, Lewis and Ciarle, and Gailatin.

Description.-Bull trout have long been confused with Dolly Varden. In 1978, the species formerly called Dolly Varden was split into two separate species. The coastal form was called Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malms, and the inland form was called bull trout, S. confluentus. Bull trout have a rounded and slightly compressed body that averages 16 inches in length. They are olive-green to brown in color with pale yellow spots on the back, and red or orange spots on the sides.

Habitat.-Bull trout are found in cold-water streams, rivers, and lakes. They are adfluvial spawners; that is, they migrate from a lake or large river to spawn in tributary streams. Spawning occurs in clear, headwater streams with a gravel or rubble bottom. They spawn in gravel beds at the tail-end of riffles that contain warm upwelling currents. Upwelling currents prevent ice build-up, and provide the aeration that is important to incubating eggs and overwintering fry.

Food.-Adult bull trout feed primarily on fish, but are opportunistic feeders that have been known to eat small vertebrates such as mice, frogs, and ducklings. Young bull trout feed on aquatic insects.

Reproduction.-Bull trout reach sexual maturity at 4-5 years of age. In the spring, river- and lake-dwelling adults migrate to spawning streams. Spawning occurs from mid-August to November. On the spawning grounds, the female, aggressively attended by a dominant male, digs a number of redds and lays 1,000-9,000 eggs, which are covered with gravel. The redds are usually 12-24 inches in diameter, 12 inches deep, and 20 feet apart. After spawning, the adults return to lakes or large rivers. The eggs hatch around January and the fry remain within the gravel until early spring. Most young bull trout migrate to larger rivers, or lakes by mid-summer, but some remain in the spawning tributaries for 2-3 years.

Management Implications.-Activities that affect water quality, especially those that increase sedimentation, can damage sensitive spawning areas. Incubating eggs and fry that find security within spawning gravels are vulnerable to siltation. Another serious factor contributing to bull trout population declines is hybridization with brook trout. Often, both species share stream habitat, spawn at about the same time, and produce hybrids that are almost always sterile.

64


DIstribution.-The current distribution of Dolly Varden extends from the Bering Sea to northern California. Bull trout occur east of the Cascade Mountain Range of Washington and Oregon. In the Northern Region, bull trout occur

in the Kootenai, Pend Oreille, and Spokane River systems of Idaho, and the Clark Fork and Kootenai River drainages of Montana.

Current geographic range of bull trout in the Northern Region.

Management Activity

Program Management

Habitat Inventory


Habitat Planning


Information and Education

Habitat Maintenance

Monitoring

Management Plans


TOTAL

PROGRAM BUDGET

Year 1

57

66

136

26

82

12

22

Budget ($M)

62

474

Year 2

46

66

136

27

83

12

22

66

12

475

Year 3

51

71

143

30

83

21

32

71

15

522

Year 4

51

66

173

35

88

19

33

76

20

10

571

Year 5

56

71

173

35

93

23

38

65

29

10

609

65


MONTANA ARCTIC GRAYLING Thymallus arcticus montanus

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive on the Beaverhead National Forest.

Description.-The slender, trout-like body of the Arctic grayling is silver-gray with scattered black speckles on the side and a dark stripe along the belly. It can be easily recognized by its large, colorful, sail-like dorsal fin and large scales. Adults average 10 inches in length.

Habltat.-Fluvial, or steam-dwelling, grayling have relatively narrow habitat requirements. The core population in the upper Big Hole River drainage occurs in clear and cool, slow-moving sections of the river and its tributaries, which have sand and gravel bottoms. Shaded streams maintain the cooler temperatures that grayling seem to prefer. Grayling water temperature tolerance is usually between 50 to 65 ""F. Water temperatures greater than 65 °F may limit grayling distribution. In the upper Big Hole River drainage, where grayling are most abundant, the mean depth is 11 inches, mean width is 40 feet, and mean water temperature during the spring/summer season is 57 ''F. Grayling tend to occur naturally in streams that do not freeze over. Spawning sites are located in tributaries and river sections with sandy to coarse rubble, particularly those with fine gravel.

Food.-Grayling feed on crustaceans and aquatic insects, such as midges, caddisflies, and

mayflies. Also, they eat terrestrial flying insects, such as grasshoppers, beetles, and bees.

Reproduction.-Grayling are sexually mature at 2-4 years of age. Their lifespan is approximately 6 years. They spawn in the spring, between late March and early June, depending on the water temperature. In the Big Hole River drainage, most of the spawning occurs in late April and early May. Males congregate on the gravel bottom and defend territories, but do not build redds. Females lay an average of 4,000-7,000 eggs each, which are slightly adhesive and partially buried by the spawning adults. The eggs hatch in 11-22 days. Some of the fry may move into the main river shortly after hatching, while others remain in the spawning streams.

Management implications.-The reduction in the geographic range and number of fluvial Montana Arctic grayling has been caused by a number of factors. Grayling have evolved with native cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish, but not with brook and rainbow trout. Competition for habitat with non-native fish may have significantly contributed to the grayling population decline. Also, habitat deterioration has greatly reduced grayling distribution.

66


Distributlon.-The current distribution of Arctic grayling extends from Alaska, northwestern Canada to Hudson Bay, and south to Michigan, Montana, and British Columbia. Of the two isolated populations in the lower 48 states, the Michigan

population is extinct, and the geographic range of the Montana subspecies, montanus, is greatly reduced. In the Northern Region, the fluvial form of Arctic grayling only occurs in the upper Big Hole River drainage.

Current geographic range of fluvial Montana Arctic grayling in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Habitat Improvement Structures & Nonstructures 15 90




Habitat Maintenance




TOTAL 16 26 105 10 13

67

Chapter 3 - Plants

Chapter 3 - Plants

"All living creatures and all plants are a benefit to something."

Okute, a Teton Sioux, 1911

69

Chapter 3 - Plants Sensitive

SUBALPINE MAIDENHAIR Adiantum pedatum var. novum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Idaho

Descrlptlon.-A member of the common fern family, this plant is distinguished by shiny green fronds and by erect leaf segments, which give it a storied appearance. The fronds grow from short-creeping rhizomes that are covered with brownish scales.

Habitat.-A species of rocky subalpine areas, subalpine maidenhair occurs at sites from 7,900-9,000 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-The undersides of leaves are lined with sori (sacs that contain spore). When

these spores are released, they go through a complex life cycle to produce new ferns. A perennial plant, subalpine maidenhair produces a stout rhizome that allows it to overwinter.

Management Implications.-These isolated populations of subalpine maidenhair are not presently threatened by land-use activities.

DIstrlbutlon.-This variety of subalpine maidenhair is found only in north-central Idaho in the Seven Devils Mountains on the Nez Perce National Forest.

70


Current geographic range of subalpine maidenhair ifidiantum pedatum var. novum) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information, Education, and Training 1 1 1 1 1

Data Base Management

Management Guides 5 5 5

Inventory and Status Review 2 2 2 2 2

Monitoring 2 2 2

Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng.

Structural Habitat Improvement

Non-structural Habitat Improvement

Improvement Maintenance

TOTAL 4 4 11 11 11

71


OREGON BENTGRASS Agrostis oregonensis

.% ^-^-.r

^^i^'^v-^

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho

Description.-A tufted grass, Oregon bentgrass may grow from 1-3 feet in height and has flat, slender, leaf blades, which are rough to the touch. The open, branched inflorescence reaches 4-12 inches in length. Straw, green, or occasionally purple spiklets (clusters of flowers) tip the numerous branches. The paired outer floral parts are short (about 0.06 of an inch long) and surround an inner pair that is much shorter.

IHabitat.-Boggy sites, wet meadows, and streambanks are areas that may contain populations of this plant. It occurs at mid to low elevations in mountainous areas.

Reproduction.-This perennial species fruits in July and August, and dies back to its roots at the end of each season.

Management impiications.-Grasses without rhizomes tend to decrease in areas that are heavily grazed. Since livestock often prefer riparian areas, their affect on sites that contain Oregon bentgrass should be monitored.

Distribution.-Although more common to the west and northwest of this region, Oregon bentgrass extends into the mountainous areas of north-central Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it occurs on the Clean^/ater, St. Joe, and Nez Perce National Forests.

72


Current geographic range of Oregon bentgrass (figrostis oregonensis) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Years



Data Base Management 1 1 1 1 1

Management Guides 2 10


Monitoring 1 2 2 2

Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng. 1 1 1 1 1




TOTAL 16 14 11 21 11

73


TOLMIErS ONION Allium tolmiei var. platyphyllum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho.

Description.-A member of the lily family, this onion has a strongly flattened flowering stem (4-10 inches long) that arises from an egg-shaped bulb. The outer surface of the bulb is covered with gray or brownish layers and the inner layers are white to pink. This plant has 2 basal leaves that are thick and distinctly cun/ed. These leaves can grow up to twice as long as the stem. A cluster of pink flowers tips each stem. Each flower is supported by a stalk that is at least twice the length of the petals, which are 0.4-0.5 of an inch long.

Habitat.-This onion often occurs at the edges of open Douglas fir and ponderosa pine forests. They are found on dry, moderate to steep slopes with stony or rocky soils. Tolmiei's onion is often associated with bluebunch wheatgrass and

Idaho fescue. These sites range in elevation from 1,600-5,300 feet.

Reproduction.-A perennial, Tolmiei's onion grows new shoots from a bulb each year. It flowers from April through July and sets seed later in the season.

Management implications.-lt is not known how this species responds to grazing.

Distribution.-A regionally rare plant, Tolmiei's onion is found only in west-central Idaho and eastern Oregon. It is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region in the state of Idaho, where it occurs in Hell's Canyon on the Nez Perce National Forest.

74


Current geographic range of Tolmiel's onion (A///t/m tolmiei var. platyphyllum) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 2 2 2





TOTAL 11 9 13 13 8

75


TALL SWAMP ONION Allium validum


Descrlptlon.-Tall swamp onion, a member of the lily family, is distinctive for its numerous flattened leaves that arise around a flattened stem. The stem grows 12-28 inches in height from a bulb attached to an elongate rhizome. The outer layers of the bulb are brown with persistent, parallel fibers, and the inner layers are reddish-purple to white. A pair of sheathing bracts appear beneath the cluster of flowers that tip the stem. The pink flowers have petals 0.4 of an inch in length and are shorter than the stamens, which are exerted from the flower.

Habitat.-Swampy meadows, springs, and boggy lake edges are areas that might contain populations of tall swamp onion. Most sites are found in mountainous areas with elevations from 7,800 to 9,200 feet.

Reproductlon.-Tall swamp onion flowers in late June through August and later forms seeds. A perennial plant, it also reproduces vegetatively through rhizomes that grow beneath the soil surface.

Management Impllcatlons.-Currently, only 4 populations of this species have been recorded for the Northern Region. A complete survey of other major drainages should be conducted in order to determine the true range of this plant.

Descrlptlon.-This plant is distributed throughout the Great Basin, principally to the west and south of our region. In the Northern Region, it occurs along the Selway River drainage on the Nez Perce National Forest.

76


Current geographic range of tall swamp onion i^llium validum) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Yean Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Years






Monitoring 2 2





TOTAL 4 4 9 11 6

77


CANDYSTICK Allotropa virgata

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idalio

Description.-Candystick's tall pink- and white-striped stems (4-16 inches in height) make this species stand out in the forest. Linear, lance-shaped, pink to yellow-brown leaves spiral upwards around the stem. The stems are tipped by a 2- to 10-flowered inflorescence. Flowers appear singly above 1 to several bracts. No petals are present, but 5 short, white or brownish sepals (outer floral leaves) make up the flowers. A saprophyte, it obtains nutritients from non-living organic material found in forest soils.

Habitat.-Deep humus or partially decomposed logs are likely places to find candystick. It is generally found beneath mature stands of grand fir and western red cedar, although it also occurs beneath lodgepole pine and subalpine fir. Sites range in elevation from 2,300-6,700 feet.

Reproduction.-A perennial, candystick flowers from May through August. It forms seed capsules l^efore it dies back to the rhizome.

Management implications.-A species of mature forests, candystick depends on the well-developed humus in these areas. Any major activity that changes the overstory or ground cover in these areas is likely to influence this plant.

Distribution.-Candystick occurs primarily west of the Cascades from British Columbia to California with distant populations in Idaho and Montana. It is listed as sensitive in the Northern Region in Idaho, where It occurs on the Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests.

78


Current geographic range of candystick i^lotropa virgata) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 3 4 4





TOTAL 1 18 1 13 17 19 13

79


ALPINE ARNICA Arnica alpina var. tomentosa


Descrlptlon.-Alpine arnica, a member of the sunflower family, has a solitary, leafy stem tipped by a flowering head. The basal leaves are evenly tapered from tip to base with 3-5 veins running along its 0.6 of an inch length. Leaves are paired along the stem (1-3 pairs) and reduced in size. A conspicuous and dense cover of long hairs nearly hides the foliage. The single flowering head consists of an outer ring of 9-12 yellow ray flowers. These surround the yellow tubular flowers that fill the central disk. Green bracts covered with long hairs surround each head.

Habitat.-Bare, rocky, alpine slopes and summits are areas that might contain populations of alpine arnica.

Reproduction..-Alpine arnica flowers in July and August, and later ripens into densely

hairy fruits. The plant dies back to the rhizome to oven/vinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is not known what management activities might affect populations of this plant. These isolated populations of alpine arnica are not presently threatened by land-use activities.

DIstrlbutlon.-A plant of circumboreal distribution, populations of alpine arnica extend south to northern Idaho and southern Montana. In the Northern Region, it is found on the Kaniksu National Forest of Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive.

80


Current geographic range of alpine arnica (firnica alpina var. tomentosa) in northern Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3

Inventory and Status Review 1 1

Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 3 3 5 3 3

81


MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT Asplenium trichomanes

' ^'^{ifX


Description.-A medium-sized member of the common fern family, its evergreen fronds reach 2.8-14 inches in height and have 12-35 pairs of opposite or offset leaflets. The leaflets are slightly longer than wide and have a few, rounded teeth at the margins. These leaflets are connected to the main stem by shiny, reddish-brown stalks. Each stalk has yellow ridges on the underside. The main stem is similar in form and color. The leaflets eventually drop off, but the distinctive stems and stalks persist for some time. Reproductive spore sacs line the bottom of the leaflets.

Habitat.-Maidenhair spleenwort occurs in moist sites on rock crevices and talus slopes. It is found in western red cedar forests with elevations at or near 3,500 feet.

Reproduction.-True seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, it produces spores, which are released from reproductive sacs. These spores start a complex life cycle that will eventually produce new fern plants.

IManagement impiications.-A collection of maidenhair spleenwort was made on the Cleanvater National Forest in 1971; however, this population could not be relocated after the collection site was logged.

Distribution.-Maidenhair spleenwort has a circumboreal distribution. It extends south in the United States to Oregon, Arizona, Texas, and Georgia. In the Northern Region, it is on the sensitive list for Idaho, where it occurs on the Cleanvater National Forest.

82


Current geographic range of maidenhair spleenwort ifisplenium trichomanes) in northern Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 11 9 7 7 18

83


PAYSON'S MILKVETCH Astragalus paysonii

USFWS Status: 3C USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idalio

Description.-ln this member of the pea family, multiple, leafy stems (8-18 inches in height) arise from a taproot. The leaf stem contains 3-9 pairs of leaflets and is tipped by a single leaflet. Small, white flowers, up to 0.3 of an inch long, grow at the tips of the stems. Green sepals (outer floral leaves) surround each flower, but are only half as long as the petals.

Habitat.-Payson's milkvetch is most often found on ridges or in openings within mixed coniferous forests. Elevations at these sites range from 5,800 to 6,680 feet.

Reproduction.-Payson's milkvetch flowers in June and July. It later produces a

pea-pod-shaped fruit covered with short, fine hairs. These fruits eventually become papery and straw-colored when dry. A perennial, it will die back to the taproot to ovenA^inter.

Management implications.-This plant may be found in disturbed areas that have been recently burned or logged.

Distribution.-Regionally rare, this plant is found only in western Wyoming and central Idaho. It is on the Northern Region sensitive list for Idaho, where it occurs in the CleanA^ater Mountains on the Nez Perce National Forest.

84


Current geographic range of payson's milkvetch (astragalus paysonii) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1





TOTAL 4 4 10 10 5

85


DEERFERN Blechnum spicant


Description.-A member of the common fern family, deerfern is characterized by two types of fronds. The fertile fronds, located in the center of each tuft, have narrow leaflets and are slightly longer than the non-reproductive fronds. The leaflets are only 0.06 of an inch wide and up to 2.1 inches long. They also bear reproductive spore sacs beneath the blade. The non-reproductive fronds grow along the outer edges of tufts and have a broad, basal attachment to the leaflets. These fronds do not have spore sacs. Fertile fronds grow from 8-48 inches in length and the non-reproductive fronds only reach 8-32 inches. Both frond types bear 35-70 pairs of leaflets. Frond stems are reddish brown.

l-iabitat.-Sites in Idaho occur in dense red cedar forests generally on moist mineral soils at elevations from 2,900-3,500 feet.

Reproduction.-When released, the spores start a complex life cycle that produces new fern plants. A perennial, deerfern dies back and overwinters as a rhizome.

{Management impiications.-True to its name, deerfern is eatten by deer. It appears to be sensitive to logging activities.

Distribution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, deerfern extends south along the coast to California and is disjunct in northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it occurs on the Cleanvater, St. Joe, and Kaniksu National Forests of Idaho.

86


Current geographic range of deerfern (Blechnum spicant) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








MonKoring 1 1 1 2





TOTAL 12 10 10 20 11

87

Chapter 3 • Plants Sensitive

MINGAN ISLAND MOONWORT Botrychium minganense

^ 'N

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Idaho

Description.-A member of the adder's tongue family, this moonwort consists of a single stalk with a reproductive fruiting body at the tip. The stalk reaches a height of 2.3-7 inches. The fruiting portion consists of 2 short branches with round spores along the margins. A non-reproductive blade is present halfway up the stalk. This blade has 3-6 pairs of yellowish-green, fan-shaped segments that are attached pinnately to a stalk.

Habitat.-This plant occurs near mountain springs or in moist, dense, mature forests of western red cedar, Douglas fir, and western hemlock. It usually occurs at mid elevations in mountainous areas.

Reproduction.-Seeds are not produced in this perennial; instead, the moonwort described above produces spores. After release, these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new moonwort plants.

Management implications.-Because Mingan Island moonwort occurs in shaded forests with deep soils, overstory removal is likely to affect these populations.

Distribution.-A widespread species with a circumboreal distribution. Mingan Island moonwort extends south into the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. In the Northern Region, it has been recorded at Pend'Oreille Lake, Idaho, on the Kaniksu National Forest.

88


Current geographic range of Mingan Island moonwort {Botrychium minganense) In northern Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 10


Monitoring





TOTAL 4 4 3 13 3

89


CASCADE REEDGRASS Calamagrostis tweedyl

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho and lUlontana

Description.-A member of the grass family, Cascade reedgrass has stems that grow up to 40 inches tall with long (up to 5 inches in length), flat, and broad (up to 0.5 of an inch wide) leaves. The foliage is mostly smooth, except for the upper surface of the leaves, which is rough to the touch. A compact inflorescence (3-6 inches long) bears numerous flowers atop the stems.

IHabitat.-Cascade reedgrass is found in montane to subalpine slopes and moist meadows surrounded by and extending into the forest. It usually grows in areas where there is a deep, loose, organic layer of soil. Apparently, open disturbed sites, such as burned or logged ridges and slopes, are good habitats for this plant. The sites range in elevation from 4,200-6,100 feet.

Reproduction.-This perennial species may vegetatively expand or produce new plants through the growth of rhizomes beneath the soil. It also produces a yearly crop of seed.

lUianagement impiications.-lt is not known how this plant responds to grazing. From observation, timber removal and fire appear to create more habitat for the plant; however, this should be substantiated by a study before any conclusions are drawn.

Distribution.-Cascade reedgrass is found in central Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana. In the Northern Region, this species is considered sensitive in both Montana and Idaho, where it occurs in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Lolo and Nez Perce National Forests.

90


Current geographic range of cascade reedgrass (Calamagrostis tweedyi) in Idaho and Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Data Base Management 1 1 1








TOTAL 11 12 33 23 16

91


GREEN-BAND MARIPOSA ULY Calchortus macrocarpus var. maculosus


Descrlptlon.-Green-band mariposa, a member of the lily family, has a stout stem that grows from a small bulb. This plant may reach 8-20 inches in height. At the base of the stem is a single, narrow leaf that is V-shaped in cross-section. Several, narrow bracts may also occur along the stem. The inflorescence consists of 1 to 3 flowers. Each of the 3, broad, white petals has a narrow, green vertical band along its length. A purple band encircles the interior of the flower. Just below this band on each petal is an oblong gland that is covered with long hairs and surrounded by fringed yellow processes. The 3 sepals (outer floral leaves) are green, lance-shaped, and longer than the petals.

Habltat.-This plant grows on dry hills and grasslands with thin rocky soils in the Snake River Canyon. It is usually associated with bluebunch

wheatgrass and Idaho fescue at elevations from 950-4,600 feet.

Reproductlon.-A perennial, green-band mariposa grows each year from a buried bulb. It flowers from May through July and produces triangular fruit capsules, which contain numerous straw-colored seeds.

Management implications.-Habitat for this plant has been lost through cultivation. Green-band mariposa is also palatable to livestock.

Distrlbutlon.-A regionally rare plant, green-band mairposa is found in a small area of Idaho and adjacent Washington. In Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region, it is found in Hells Canyon National Recreation Area on the Nez Perce National Forest.

92


Current geographic range of green-band mariposa lily (Calchortus macrocarpus var. maculosus in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information, Education, and Training 1 1 1 1




Monitoring 1 2 2 2





TOTAL 10 8 13 13 8

93


BROAD-FRUIT MARIPOSA Calochortus nitidus

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho

Description.-Broad-fruit mariposa is a member of the lily family. It is characterized by a single stem with a large, flat, basal leaf that is 0.3-1 inch wide and 4-10 inches long. This leaf tapers toward the base and the tip. Bracts that occur along the stem are much reduced in size. There are 1 to 3, long-stalked, erect flowers that tip the stem. Round-shaped, lavender petals are pointed at the tip with a deep purple crescent halfway down the petal; below this cresent are short, yellow, hair-like projections which form a crescent above a depressed gland. Numerous longer yellow projections occur along each side of the gland.

IHabitat.-Associated with Palouse Prairie, broad-fruit mariposa inhabits open prairie sites with a sparse overstory of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. Understory species include snowberry, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue.

Elevations at these sites range from 1,450 to 5,680 feet.

Reproduction.-Broad-fruit mariposa flowers in June and July. Later in the season, small straw-colored seeds are released from a rounded capsule. The vegetative portion of this plant dies back each season and it overwinters as a bulb.

Management implications.-Most of the Palouse Prairie grasslands have been converted to farmlands; therefore, the habitat of this species has been greatly reduced. Like most mariposa lilies, this plant is sensitive to grazing. A high priority needs to be placed on developing management guidelines for this species.

Distribution.-A regionally rare species, broad-fruit mariposa is found only in eastern Washington and central Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Nez Perce National Forest.

94


Current geographic range of broad-fruit mariposa {Calochortus nitidus) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 2 2 2





TOTAL 13 11 17 17 12

95


CONSTANCE'S BITTERCRESS Cardamine constance!

USFWS Status: 3C USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho.

Description.-An unbranched leafy stem arises from a slender rhizome in this member of the mustard family. Stems grow from 6-12 inches in height. Long-stalked, oval leaves with broadly toothed margins crowd along the stem. Leaves may reach 0.3-0.5 of an inch in length. An inforescence with a few flowers tips each stem. The flowers have 4 pink petals, which are 0.8-1 inch in length. The surrounding sepals are only 0.3 of an inch in length.

Habitat.-Constance's bittercress is most often found under western red cedar near major streams; although, it does not grow in areas of deep shade. These sites range from 1,150-2,800 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Flowers appear in May and June, and the fruit ripen later in the season. This perennial species dies back to the rhizome at the end of the growing season.

Management impiications.-A plant of mesic forests, Constance's bittercress does not flower in deep shade. Light disturbance appears to stimulate its growth; however, this plant should be monitored.

Distribution.-Constance's bittercress is found only in northern Idaho on the Nez Perce, Cleanvater, and Coeur d'Alene National Forests.

96


Current geographic range of Constance's bittercress (Cardamine constancei) in northern Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 3 3 4





TOTAL 14 14 22 17 12

97


CALIFORNIA SEDGE Carex californica


Descrlptlon.-A member of the sedge family, the stems of this plant arise singly or in small tufts from a scaly, creeping rhizome. Stems usually reach 8-28 inches in height. Purplish scale-like leaves cover the lower part of the stem while narrow, flat, and somewhat shiny leaves are scattered along the upper stem. The lower surfaces of these leaves are a pale green and are covered with glands. Spikes consist of from 15-35 flowers and reach 0.8-2 inches in length. Male and female spikes (clusters of flowers) are separate in the inflorescence. Male spikes are found at the tips of stems. Female spikes are generally found lower on the stem. Female flower bracts have a pale or greenish midstripe. These bracts are brown or purple, awned at the tip, and often have clear margins.

Habitat.-California sedge occurs at elevations from 1,200 to 6,400 feet. It may be found in meadows or brushy slopes along major

river drainages. Often these sites are in early successional stages.

Reproductlon.-Vegetative expansion occurs through the extension of rhizomes. This plant flowers from May to early August and forms seeds each year.

Management Impllcatlons.-The extent of populations in Idaho is not yet known. A thorough survey of the Cleanvater, St. Joe, and Nez Perce National Forests is needed. It is not known what types of management activities might affect this plant.

Dlstrlbutlon.-California sedge is found more commonly west of the Cascade Mountains from northern Washington to California. Populations in the Northern Region are far removed from this plant's main distribution. In Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive, the plant is found along the Lochsa and Selway Rivers on the Cleanvater National Forest.

98


Current geographic range of California sedge (Carex californica) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 16 21 17 18 13

99


PACIFIC DOGWOOD Cornus nuttallii


Descrlptlon.-This plant is usually a shrub, but may attain the size of a small tree, 2-10 yards tall. A member of the dogwood family, the bark of a young Pacific dogwood tree is grayish-purple, but ages to a smooth brown. Leaves appear opposite one another along the stem. Oval leaves taper to a sharp point at the tip and to a short stalk (less than 0.5 inch long) at the base. The upper surfaces of the leaves are sparsely covered with hairs, while the lower surfaces are much more densely covered with hairs. Many tiny, greenish-white flowers are tipped in purple. A cluster of these flowers form a central button, which is surrounded by large and showy, white to pinkish, broadly oval bracts that are 0.8-2.8 inches in length.

Habltat.-Pacific dogwood is usually found along streams in open to fairly dense forests. In

Idaho, it is found in early successional areas with western red cedar at about 2,500 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Pacific dogwood generally flowers in early spring, although some individual trees flower throughout the summer. These plants form bright red, oblong fruits, 0.4 inches in length, with hard pits that are similar to cherries.

Management Impllcatlons.-Extensive mortality in Pacific dogwood populations has been recently observed along the Lochsa River. Studies are being conducted to assess the extent and cause of this mortality.

DIstrlbutlon.-Pacific dogwood is ususally found west of the Cascade mountains from British Columbia to California. A disjunct population occurs along the Lochsa River on the Clearwater National Forest in Idaho.

100


Current geographic range of Pacific dogwood {Cornus nuttallii) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 3 3 3





TOTAL 10 9 15 15 10

101


CLUSTERED LADY'S-SLIPPER Cypripedium fasciculatum

USFWS Status: 3C USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Idaho

Descrlptlon.-Clustered lady's-slipper, a member of the orchid family, has a single stem with a sheathing bract near the ground, a pair of opposite leaves above mid-length, and a cluster of 2-4 flowers at the tip. The stem reaches 2-8 inches in height and is covered with long soft hairs. Broadly oval leaves are pointed at the tips and unstalked. Often 1 or 2 lance-shaped bracts arise just below the inflorescence. The 3 sepals are greenish brown or greenish purple and are often lined or mottled with purple. These sepals are 0.5-1 inch in length. The upper pair of petals are similar in size and color to the sepals. A distinct slipper-shaped lip petal is yellowish-green and tinged with purple. The lip petal often has brownish purple margins.

Habltat.-This orchid is usually found in moist to dry, often rocky sites beneath mature forests of mixed conifers or western red cedar. Elevations at these sites range from 1,450-5,500 feet.

Reproductlon.-Clustered lady's-slipper flowers from April through July. The flowers later ripen into fruit capsules, which when dry release thousands of tiny seeds. This perennial dies back to the rhizome to overwinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-The clustered lady's-slipper is threatened by collectors and horticulturists who try to cultivate these beautiful plants. Public education is an important management activity for these orchids.

DIstrlbutlon.-The clustered lady's-slipper has a wide geographic range, but populations are sparsely distributed within an area that extends from British Columbia to California and east to Colorado and Wyoming. In Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region, it had been found on the Cleanvater, Nez Perce, and St. Joe National Forests.

102


Current geographic range of clustered lady's-slipper {Cypripedium fasciculatum) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 2 2 2





TOTAL 13 14 16 16 11

103


DASYNOTUS Dasynotus daubenmirei


Descrlptlon.-Dasynotus, a member of the borage family, has 1 or more leafy stems, which are 1 -2 feet in height. These sparsely hairy stems are crowded with lance-shaped leaves that are 0.4-0.6 of an inch long. The leaves on the lower of the stem are reduced in size. Coarse stiff hairs cover both sides of the leaves. The inflorescence is composed of a loose terminal cluster of flowers (0.8-1 inch in diameter), which droop from long (0.4-1.1 inches), slender stalks. Each of the 5 white petals has a protruding appendage near the center of the flower.

Habltat.-Dasynotus is usually found in forest openings at mid to high elevations (3,160-6,200 feet). Often associated with pachistima

{Pachistima myrsinites), it generally occurs near mature stands of western red cedar, grand fir, or subalpine fir.

Reproductlon.-Dasynotus flowers in June and July, and later produces hard-shelled, one-seeded fruits. A perennial, dasynotus dies back to the woody rhizome to oven/\^inter.

Management Impllcatlons.-A plant of stand openings, dasynotus grows in areas with soil disturbance; however, management activities should be monitored to insure the stability of plant populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-This plant has been recorded only in the mountains of central Idaho on the Clean/vater and Nez Perce National Forests.

104


Current geographic range of dasynotus (Dasynotus daubenmirei) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET

Managenrient Activity Budget ($M)







Monitoring 1 3 3 3



Non-structural Habitat improvement


TOTAL 10 8 15 15 10

105


WHITE SHOOTING STAR Dodecatheon dentatum


Description.-White shooting star is a member of the primrose family. Its leaves are distinct with heart-shaped bases and widely spaced teeth along the margins set it apart from other shooting stars. Long stalks attach the leaves to the base of the main stem. The main stem reaches a height of 6-16 inches and is tipped by an inflorescence of 2-12 flowers. Each flower consists of 5 petals, which are fused halfway to the base. The corolla (petals) tube is yellowish toward the stalk. The free portions of the petals are white and reflexed exposing the red male and female reproductive parts that form the point of the "shooting star".

Habitat.-Populations of this plant have been found near waterfalls, on streambanks and mossy sites in moist and shaded habitats. It is often found under mature stands of western red cedar, Douglas fir, or grand fir. Sites in Idaho range from 1,800 to 3,100 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-White shooting star flowers from May to July. The fruit are cylinder-shaped, thin-walled capsules that release their enclosed seeds when dry. A perennial, it dies back to the rhizomes to overwinter.

Management impiications.-White shooting star may be sensitive to grazing and trampling; therefore, populations need to be monitored in heavily grazed allotments. Overstory removal could adversely affect populations of this plant because of its dependence on shaded habitats and moist soils.

Distribution.-Distributed mainly to the west, white shooting star occurs along the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains from British Columbia to Oregon. A distant population also occurs in central Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Cleanvater and St. Joe National Forests.

106


Current geographic range of white shooting star {Dodecatheon dentatum) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 15 13 17 9 9

107


HENDERSON'S SHOOTING STAR Dodecatheon hendersonii

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Idaho.

Descrlptlon.-Henderson's shooting star is a member of the primrose family. Its broad, spoon-shaped leaves (0.25-5.5 inches in length) are attached to the base of a leafless flowering stem. The stem is 4-12 inches in height and is tipped by a cluster of 2-15 flowers that are deep magenta to light orchid. Each flower consists of 4-5 petals, which are fused halfway to the base. The free portions of the petals are reflexed and reveal the deep red reproductive parts, which form the point of the "shooting star".

Habltat.-Henderson's shooting star grows in low-lying western red cedar forests (1,600-1,700 feet in elevation) on moist or wet soils. Associated plants include the subalpine maidenhair fern (another plant on the sensitive species list for Idaho) and the common Christmas fern.

Reproductlon.-Henderson's shooting star flowers from March through June, and the fruit

ripens into a capsule of seeds. This perennial plant also produces small bulbs at the base of the stem attached to the rootlets. These bulbs allow the plant to overwinter after the stem has died back and may serve to establish new plants.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is likely that any activity that infuences the water regime within wet sites may affect Henderson's shooting star populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-Henderson's shooting star is found along the west side of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada Mountains from Vancouver Island to southern California. A distant population also occurs in Idaho. Currently, there are only two known populations in the Northern Region, which are located on the Cleanvater and Nez Perce National Forests.

108


Current geographic range of Henderson's shooting star {Dodecatheon hendersonii) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 2 3 3





TOTAL 14 14 18 19 15

109


IDAHO DOUGLASIA Douglasia idahoensis

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho

Description.-ldaho douglasia is a recently documented species in the primrose family. A mat-forming plant, it has leaves that are 0.3-0.4 of an inch in length and less than 0.06 inch in width. Flowering stalks reach only 0.3 of an inch in height. Bracts (5-7) arise below the flower clusters at the tip of the stem. Each flower consists of 5 petals; the upper part of each petal is free and the lower part is fused to form a tube. The flowers are pink and tinged with yellow on the inside of the tube.

Habitat.-This subalpine species has been found in open, gravelly sites, often in soils derived from granite or quartz. These sites are found on mountain ridges or northeast facing slopes. Idaho

douglasia is associated with subalpine fir, whitebark pine, and beargrass. The sites where Idaho douglasia is found range from 7,600-8,200 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-ldaho douglasia forms a fruit capsule with 1 to several reddish brown to blackish seeds. A perennial plant, it dies back to the roots to ovenvinter.

Management implications.-Complete surveys of areas with habitats likely to include this plant are needed to define its range.

Distribution.-ldaho douglasia is listed as sensitive in Idaho and is found on the Nez Perce National Forest in the Northern Region.

110


Current geographic range of Idaho Douglasia {Douglasia idahoensis) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 2 2 2


Structural Habitat improvement



TOTAL 3 6 11 11 6

111


PHANTOM ORCHID Eburophyton austiniae


Description.-This completely white orchid does not have chlorophyll and depends on organic matter in the soil for nutrients. The plant has a single stem that stands 8-20 inches in height. White bract-like leaves sheath the lower half of the stem. The 5-20 flowers of the inflorescence arise alternately along the top half of the stem. Each flower has 2 white petals and 3 sepals (outer floral leaves) of similar shape and size (0.4-0.8 of an inch in length). The lower lip petal is incised at the sides and has a slight, tubular pouch with a patch of yellow.

IHabitat.-This plant grows in moist, organic soils under dense old growth forests of western red cedar, Douglas fir, and grand fir. It often occurs on steeper slopes at elevations from 1,900-4,550 feet.

Reproduction.-Phantom orchid flowers in June and July. Fruit capsules ripened later in the season as the plant turns brown with age. Many thousands of small seeds are released as the capsule dries, but only a few of them ever establish new plants. A perennial, phantom orchid grows from a rhizome each year.

Management impiications.-Overstory removal may affect populations of this plant.

Distribution.-Phantom orchid has been recorded in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains of Washington, Oregon, and California. In the Northern Region, far-removed from the center of the main population, populations of phantom orchid occur on the Clearwater, Nez Perce, and St. Joe National Forests in Idaho.

112


Current geographic range of phantom orchid (Eburophyton austiniae) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 14 13 18 29 13

113


CRINKLE-AWN FESCUE Festuca subuliflora


Description.-The leafy stems of this grass grow in tufts. Long, lax leaves occur along stems that may reach 20-40 inches in height. Short, soft hairs cover the bottoms of the leaves, while the tops are smooth. Spikelets (clusters of flowers) contain from 3-5 flowers. The lower pair of floral parts are narrowly lance-shaped, while the upper pair has only one distinct, long-curved awn at the tip.

IHabitat.-This fescue is often found under a forested canopy. It may occur on moist slopes and in meadows. In Idaho, it occurs around 2,100 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Flowers of crinkle-awn fescue appear from May through June. Seeds set

later in the season. A perennial plant, crinkle-awn fescue grows new shoots from a rootstock each year.

Management impiications.-Only one population is known to exist in the Cleanvater drainage. A complete survey of possible habitats for this plant needs to be completed before any management activities can be evaluated.

Distribution.-Distributed more commonly to the west of our region, crinkle-awn fescue occurs west of the Cascades Mountains from British Columbia to northwest California. In the Northern Region, a distant population is found on the Nez Perce National Forest in Idaho.

114


Current geographic range of crinkle-awn fescue {Festuca subuliflora) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET


Yean Year 2 Years Year 4 Years







Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng. 1 1 1




TOTAL 5 5 12 12 7

115


CREEPING SNOWBERRY Gaultheria hispidula


Descrlptlon.-A member of the heath family, this small plant is characterized by creeping, slender stems. Brownish hairs cover the stems and the undersides of the evergreen leaves. Leaves range from 0.1-0.4 of an inch in length and from 0.06-0.1 of an inch in width. Flowers occur singly above the upper leaves. Each flower is four-lobed, bell-shaped and pink.

Habltat.-Creeping snowberry occurs in alder swamps on sphagnum moss substrates just above the water line. These sites are usually surrounded by mature forests of grand fir and western red cedar and occur at elevations from 2,425-2,850 feet. Creeping snowberry is found with northern starflower (Trientalis arctics) and small cranberry {Vaccinium oxycoccus), which are also on the sensitive list for Idaho.

Reproductlon.-lt flowers in May and June, and later produces a white berry 0.3 of an inch in diameter. An evergreen perennial, the leaves remain on the plant year-round.

Management implications.-It is not known how management activities affect creeping snowberry; however, peat mining could potentially threaten populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-A boreal species, populations of creeping snowberry occur from Labrador to British Columbia and south to northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Kaniksu National Forest.

116


Current geographic range of creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3


Monitoring





TOTAL 3 3 6 3 3

117


HOWELL'S GUMWEED Grindelia tioweiiii

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Idaho and Montana

Description.-The stems of Howell's gumweed, a member of the sunflower family, grow from a woody base to a height of 1 yard. Its basal leaves are lance-shaped, broadest toward the tip, and grow up to 8 inches long. The stem leaves are clasping, entire margined, or with shallow teeth along the margin. These leaves are reduced in size toward the tip of the stem. Stems have both sticky and soft long hairs, while the leaves are sticky and glandular. An open, leafy inflorescence with numerous flowering heads tops the stems. The outer ring of flowers (ray flowers) are bright yellow to 0.4 of an inch in length. The central disk flowers are shorter than the ray flowers, tubular, and yellow. Distinctly sticky, resinous, green bracts surround each head. The tips of these bracts are recun/ed.

Habitat.-A species tolerant of some disturbance, Howell's gumweed can be found along roadsides, in grazed pastures, and on pine plantations. Its natural habitat includes forest

openings, river terraces, and native grasslands. Elevations at these sites range from 2,500-4,800 feet.

Reproduction.-Howeirs gumweed flowers in July and August, and later forms flat-topped seeds each tipped with several bristles. It grows from a taproot each year. It is a short-lived perennial with a life cycle that repeats itself several years before the entire plant dies.

Management Implications.-A number of populations of Howell's gumweed have been found in the Northern Region. Currently, these populations seem to be secure; however, because of its restricted distribution it should be monitored.

Distribution.-A regional endemic, this species has been recorded in northern Idaho within the Clearwater River drainage on the St. Joe National Forest, and in central Montana from the Blackfoot River drainage on the Lolo National Forest. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in both Montana and Idaho.

118


Current geographic range of Howell's gumweed (Grindelia howellii) ¡n Idaho and Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Data Base Management 1 1

Management Guides 5 10 2 3





Non-structural HabKat Improvement


TOTAL 16 22 15 20 18

119


PUZZLING HALIMOLOBOS Halimolobos perplexa var. perplexa

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Idaho

Description.-A member of the mustard family, puzzling halimolobos is a short-lived perennial or biennial, which has several stems that arise from a branched root system. The plant may reach 4-13.5 inches in height. Stems appear grayish because of the numerous, stalked multiple hairs (3-7 hairs per stalk). The basal leaves are abundant and form a rosette. The stem leaves are reduced in size and number. Unstalked stem leaves have finer teeth along the margin than the stalked basal leaves. Flowers are borne alternately on long, upcurved stalks (0.3-0.4 of an inch in length) along the upper portion of the stem. The flower has 4 white to pink petals about 0.3 of an inch in length.

Habltat.-Puzzling halimolobos grows on loose gravel, talus slopes, ridges, rocky roadcuts, and cliffs. It is usually associated with a ponderosa pine and Douglas fir overstory and an Idaho fescue

and bluebunch wheatgrass dominated understory. Sites where this plant occurs range from 2,680-7,000 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.~Flowers appear in May or June, and form long, thin fruits. These fruits eventually reach 0.3-0.8 of an inch in length, but are less than 0.06 of an inch wide. Seeds within each fruit grow in a distinctive single line.

Management implications.-It is not known which activities affect this plant; however, because of its localized distribution, management activities should be carefully evaluated.

DIstrlbutlon.-Puzzling halimolobos is found only along the Little Salmon River. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Nez Perce National Forest.

120


Current geographic range of puzzling halimolobos {Halimolobos perplexa var. perplexa) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 2 2





TOTAL 3 4 10 11 6

121


SOFT RUSH Juncus effusus var. pacificus

USFWS status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Idaho

Description.-A tufted member of the rush family, soft rush has round, finely grooved stems that reach from 8-52 inches in height. The stems are leafless or have a short awn-like vestige of a leaf. Clusters of flowers, 1-6 inches in length, grow at right angles away from the stem. The greenish petals and sepals are lance-shaped and about 1/8 of an inch in length.

Habitat.-lt is found in a variety of habitats from wet areas in the mountains to coastal bogs and tidal flats. In Idaho, it is found in bog-like areas near streams and ponds that are 1,700-3,150 feet in elevation. It is often associated with red alder and small-fruited bulrush.

Reproduction.-A perennial, it produces seeds each year and dies back to stout rhizomes at the end of the growing season.

Management implications.-lt is possible that this plant occurs on other forests in Idaho. A complete survey of likely sites on the Clearwater and St. Joe National Forests would be an important step in any decision on management activities.

Distribution.-Distributed mainly to the west of our region, soft rush has been recorded from summits in the Cascade Mountains to the Pacific coast. A distant population is found in the Northern Region on the Clearwater National Forest of Idaho.

122


Current geographical range of the soft rush (Juncus effusus var. pacificus) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 2

Inventory and Status Review 6 1 1

Monitoring 1 1 2 2





TOTAL 13 9 7 7 8

123


ROLLINGS DESERT-PARSLEY Lomatium rollinsii

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Idaho

Descrlption.-Rollin's desert-parsley is a member of the parsley family. The stem of this plant reaches 8-28 inches in height. Dissected leaves (similar to those of parsley) arise from both the base and the stem. Leaf segments are rarely equal in length and seldom over 0.4 of an inch long. The foliage is minutely roughened and covered with fine hairs. A ring of narrow green bracts appears below the inflorescence. In the inflorescence, groups of stalks radiate from a single point with each stalk tipped by clusters of yellow flowers.

Habltat.-Rollin's desert parsley is found in moist, deep, grass-covered soils, on sand bars, or on rocky slopes. It is often associated with bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg's bluegrass at sites that range from 1,700-3,150 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-lt flowers in April and later develops elliptic fruits 0.2-0.3 of an inch in length. A short, tuberous taproot allows this plant to overwinter.

Management Implications.-It is not known which management activities affect this plant.

DIstrlbutlon.-A regionally rare species, Rollin's desert-parsley has been recorded only from the Snake River Canyon and the lower Salmon River in eastern Oregon, southeast Washington, and west-central Idaho. It is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it occurs along the Snake River Canyon and Hells Canyon on the Nez Perce National Forest.

124


Current geographic range of Rollin's desert-parsley (Lomatium rollinsii) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 3 3 3





TOTAL 11 10 14 16 11

125


NORTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS Lycopodium inundatum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idatio

Description.-Northern bog clubmoss has elongate, creeping stems that give rise to leafy branches, which may reach 4 inches in height. In this member of the clubmoss family, the stems often root at the nodes. Leaves with soft, pointed tips crowd the upright stems. They are barely longer than 0.3 of an inch and less than 0.06 of an inch wide. Reproductive leaves are found at the tips of the upright stems and resemble vegetative leaves, but are broadened at the base by a spore sac.

Habitat.-Northern bog clubmoss is almost exclusively found in sphagnum bogs, and only rarely occurs in other very wet places. Sites where it occurs range from 2,440-2,850 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Clubmosses do not produce true seeds; instead, they produce spores.

When released, these spores start a complex life cycle that will eventually produce new clubmosses. The main stems of this plant are annual; however, a perenniating bud develops at the base, which allows the rest of the plant to overwinter.

Management impiications.-Currently, there are only three known locations for this plant in Idaho. More information is needed on the distribution of bog clubmoss.

Distribution.-This plant has a circumboreal distribution that extends south into southern Washington, northern Idaho, and Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive for Idaho, where it is found on the Kaniksu National Forest.

126


Current geographic range of bog clubmoss {Lycopodium inundatum) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 6


Monitoring





TOTAL 4 4 10 3 3

127


BEADRUBY Maianthemum dilatatum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Idalio

Description.-Beadruby, a member of the lily family, has an elongate inflorescence at the tip of an unbranched stem. At the base of the stem, there are 1 to several, heart-shaped leaves. These leaves reach 2-4.3 inches in length, and have stalks 0.8-3.5 inches long. Leaves that grow along the stem are much reduced in size. The leave have distinct parallel veins. The 4 floral parts are white and less than 0.1 of an inch long. These short-stalked flowers arise alternately along the stem.

Habitat.-Beadruby is found on shaded or moist streambanks, and in open to dense woods. In Idaho, it is found on moist ground or near small streams under western red cedar. These somewhat boggy areas are about 2,480 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This plant flowers in early May and June. It later forms a 1- to 4-seeded red berry. A creeping rhizome permits this perennial to overwinter and to reproduce vegetatively.

Management Implications.-Beadruby depends on subsoil moisture; therefore, it is important that management activities do not disturb the moisture regime.

Distributlon.-Primarily found along the coast from Alaska to northern California, populations of beadruby extend east to central British Columbia and northern Idaho. It is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Kaniksu National Forest.

128


Current geographic range of beadruby {Maianthemum dilatatum) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 5


Monitoring 1

Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng. 1 1




TOTAL 4 4 5 8 3

129


OREGON BLUEBELLS Mertensia bella

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Idaho and Montana

Descrlptlon.-A member of the borage family and allied with common bluebells, this plant is characterized by single stems from 4-16 inches in height and by thin, ovate leaves from 1-3 inches in length. All the leaves have very distinct venation. The lower-most leaves sheath the stems. The upper leaves are stalked, but have progressively shorter attachments toward the top of the stem. The blue, bell-shaped flowers are borne in an open inflorescence. Unlike most bluebells, this species does not have a long, constricted tube near the base of the bell. The lower two-thirds of the petals are fused forming a bell-shaped corolla from 0.3-0.4 of an inch in length. Short, sparsely hairy, green sepals (outer floral leaves) surround each flower.

Habitat.-This species is found with other herbs in wet, open to partially shaded slopes. Oregon bluebells occurs in the upper montane (spruce-fir zone) or lower subalpine zones (about the 6,100-foot elevation in Montana).

Reproductlon.-A perennial, Oregon bluebells grows from a bulb-like root each year and flowers in late May through June. It sets seed before it dies back to the bulb at the end of the growing season.

Management Impllcations.-The only known site in Montana is in an area that has been logged and is adjacent to active mining operations. Since this is the only known location for Oregon bluebells in Montana, the site should be managed to protect this population. Further inventories are needed to determine if there are other locations for this plant.

Distributlon.-Southwest Oregon, central Idaho, and adjacent Montana are the only known areas that harbor populations of this species. Oregon bluebells is on the sensitive list in the Northern Region for both Montana and Idaho. Plant populations have been located in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Cleanvater, Nez Perce, and Lolo National Forests.

130


Current geographic range of Oregon bluebells (Mertensia bella) In Idaho and Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET







Qnventory and Status Review 6 3 8 4 3






TOTAL 16 16 25 24 26

131


BANK MONKEY-FLOWER Mimulus clivicola


Descrlptlon.-Bank monkey-flower, a member of the figwort family, has leaves on the lower portion of the stem that are distinctly smaller than those on the upper portion of the stem. Stems arise singly and may reach 6 inches in height. Unstalked, elliptic leaves arise in pairs along the length of the stem. These leaves are up to 1.3 inches in length and have scattered, small teeth along the margins. Sticky glandular hairs cover the foliage. Short-stalked flowers tip the stem. These flowers are purple and two-lipped. Conspicuous yellow spots mark the interior surfaces of the petals, which are fused to the base.

Habltat.-Bank monkey-flower occurs on moist to dry foothills and valleys. It is often found in sandy soils. Common associates of this plant are ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and Idaho fescue.

Sites occur on relatively steep slopes, which range from 1,500-3,300 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-An annual, bank monkey-flower blossoms from May through July. It produces a lance-shaped fruit capsule of seeds.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is not known which management activities affect this plant.

Dlstrlbutlon.-A regionally rare species, bank monkey-flower is found in northern Idaho, Washington, and south along the Snake River Canyon into Oregon. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it has been recorded on the Cleanvater, St. Joe, and Nez Perce National Forests.

132


Current geographic range of bank monkey-flower (Mimulus clivicola) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 3 3 3 3





TOTAL 13 20 19 16 14

133


TRILLIUM-LEAVED WOOD-SORREL Oxalis trilliifolia


Descrlptlon.-Clover-like leaves on long stalks arise from a scaly rhizome in this member of the wood-sorrel family. These brown, hairy leaf stalks (2-8 inches in length) are tipped by leaves 2-3.5 inches in width. Several leafless stems are tipped by flowers. These stems reach to at least the height of the leaf stalks. From 3-7 long-stalked, white to pinkish flowers tip each stem. Each of the 5 petals is notched at the tip and about 0.5 of an inch in length.

Habltat.-Populations may be found on well-developed alluvial terraces along broad streambeds that are often bordered by mature western red cedar and western hemlock forests. Also, it has been found in old burns with wavy leaved alder.

Reproductlon.-Trillium-leaved wood-sorrel flowers from May through August, then forms

linear capsules full of seed. A perennial, its aboveground portion dies back to the rhizome each year.

Management Impllcatlons.-The effects of fire on this species are not known; however, fire may be a useful tool to maintain or open new habitat for populations of trillium-leaved wood-sorrel.

DIstrlbutlon.-Distributed largely from Washington to California in the coastal mountains and on the west sides of the Cascades Mountains, trillium-leaved wood-sorrel is found also in northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it occurs near Priest Lake on the Kaniksu National Forest.

134


Current geographic range of trillium-leaved wood-sorrel (Oxalis trilliifolia) In Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 9


Monitoring





TOTAL 3 4 11 2 2

135


SLENDER WOOLY-HEADS Psilocarphus tenellus


Descrlptlon.--Slender wooly-heads, a member of the sunflower family, is characterized by prostrate, often matted stems that are covered with loose hairs. Branched, creeping stems bear spoon-shaped leaves, which are 0.2-0.6 of an inch in length and up to 0.2 of an inch in width. Flower heads are composed only of yellow, central disk flowers; the outer ring of ray flowers are absent in this genus. Hairy bracts arise next to (and sometimes surround) each disk flower in the head. Each flower forms a single, hard fruit that contains one seed.

HabHat.-Slender wooly-heads occur in shallow pools that have water in the spring, but are dry by summer.

Reproductlon.-An annual species, slender wooly-heads reproduces strictly by seed.

Management Impllcatlons.-Although not currently recorded on Forest Service land, it is likely to occur there, and a sun/ey of the Nez Perce and Cleanvater National Forests is a first step toward management of these populations. These plants are dependent on the yearly water cycles of these pools, and any activity that might disrupt this regime would affect these populations.

Dlstrlbutlon.-Widely distributed from southwest Oregon to northern Baja California, distant populations also occur in southeast Washington and adjacent Idaho. In the Northern Region, this plant has not been recorded on National Forest land, but occurs adjacent to the Nez Perce and Cleanvater National Forests.

136


Current geographic range of slender wooly-heads {Psilocarphus tenellus) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 2 2 2


Structurai Habitat Improvement



TOTAL 10 10 14 14 9

137


HOWELUS GOOSEBERRY Ribes howellii


Descrlptlon.-A spreading or erect shrub, this member of the current family rarely reaches more than 3 feet in height. The many branched stems are covered with sticky glands. Its maple leaf-shaped leaves are 1.3-3 inches in width, and a little shorter in length. These leaves have deeply toothed margins. Clusters of 5-15, long-stalked flowers occur above the uppermost leaves. The 5 red petals of the flowers are fused halfway to the base with the free portion of the petals flared out.

Habltat.-Howeirs gooseberry occurs in the montane to alpine zones along streambanks, in thickets, on open ridges, and on rock slides. In the subalpine zone it is found under Engelmann's spruce and subalpine fir along with rusty-leaf Menziesia.

Reproductlon.-A perennial, this woody shrub flowers from June through August. It produces a waxy blue-black berry.

Management impiications.-This species may tolerate some types of disturbance; however, any change in management at these sites should be monitored.

DIstrlbutlon.-Established mostly to the northwest of our region, Howell's gooseberry is found from British Columbia south to northern Oregon in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains. A distant population occurs near Priest Lake, Idaho, on the Kaniksu National Forest.

138


Current geographic range of Howell's gooseberry (Ribes howellii) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3

Inventory and Status Review 1 1 1 1

Monitoring 1 1 1





TOTAL 4 3 8 4 3

139


WOLFS CURRANT Ribes wolf a


Description.-Wolf's currant is a small shrub, which reaches 20-114 inches in height, and is a member of the gooseberry family. Mature branches of Wolf's current have 2 layers of bark. The inner layer is brownish-red color and is covered by an outer layer of white bark. Younger branches are red and hairy. Its maple leaf-shaped leaves are 1-2.5 inches in width and have toothed margins. The upper surface of these leaves are a bright green color, while the undersides are light green from the presence of sticky glands. Clusters of 10-20 flowers arise above the uppermost leaves. The flower petals are whitish-green or yellowish-green and are fused halfway to the base with the free lobes flared out. The outer floral leaves (sepals) are fused to the lower portion of the petals, while the lobes above are free and somewhat longer than the petals.

Habitat.-Wolf's currant has been found in high elevation, rocky streambeds. These sites range from 5,600-6,650 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-A woody perennial. Wolf's currant flowers in June and July and produces black, glandular berries.

Management implications.-These isolated populations are probably protected from external influences; however, any management activity should include a monitor of these populations.

Distribution.-Although found generally to the south of our region in the Rocky Mountains, distant populations of Wolf's current occur in southeast Washington and northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found in the Seven Devils Mountains on the Nez Perce National Forest.

140


Current geographic range of Wolf's currant (Ribes wolfii) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET









Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng. 1




TOTAL 9 7 24 15 10

141


BARTON'S BLACKBERRY Rubus bartonianus


Descrlptlon.-Although Barton's blackberry is a member of the rose family, this tall slender shrub (6-9 feet in height) has no thorns. Young reddish stems have many branches and are covered with short hairs that age to a straw color and later peel. The maple leaf-shaped leaves are 1-2 inches long and have sharp teeth along the margins. White flowers are borne singly at the tips of the branches. The 5 rose-like petals are 0.5-0.8 inches in length.

HabHat.-Barton's blackberry is found in ephemeral streambeds and along the Snake River. It occurs in shrub communities and is associated with bunchgrasses. These sites range from 1,500-2,000 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-This woody perennial flowers from April through May. It produces long, deep red to brown, raspberry-like fruit.

Management Implications.-It is not known what activities might affect this plant. The fruit provide food for wildlife.

DIstrlbutlon.-Barton's blackberry is located only in Hells Canyon in Idaho and Oregon. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it occurs on the Nez Perce National Forest.

142


Current geographic range of Barton's blackberry {Rubus bartonianus) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 2 2 2





TOTAL 2 5 10 10 5

143


WOOL GRASS Scirpus cyperinus


Description.-A leafy stemmed member of the sedge family, wool grass grows from 24-60 inches in height. The flat, grass-like leaves reach 0.3 of an inch in width. Several green bracts with black bases arise below the terminal cluster of flowers. Each spike (groups of flowers) within the cluster occurs on a slender stalk. Scales within each flower are finely lined with red-brown on a pale to black-green background. Each scale has 6 white bristles, which give the plant a wooly appearance.

Habitat.-Wool grass is found in open to partial shade on wet ground along streams. These sites range from 2,150-3,150 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-A tufted perennial, wool grass flowers and fruits in July and August.

Management impiications.-Suitable habitat is likely to be found on the Cleanvater and Kaniksu National Forests. A survey would help to establish the range of this plant within the Northern Region.

Distribution.-A widely distributed plant, it has been recorded from Newfoundland south to Florida and east to British Columbia. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe National Forests.

144


Current geographic range of wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information, Education, and Training 1


Management Guides 2

Inventory and Status Review 4

Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 8 6 4 4 4

145


LIEBERG'S TAUSCHIA Tauschia tenuissima


Descrlptlon.-This member of the parsley family has all basal leaves and a stem with 4-8 terminal flower clusters. The stem is 1.3-4 inches tall when in flower and up to 12 inches in height when in fruit. This stem arises from a round root, 0.5 of an inch in diameter. The few basal leaves are dissected with the ultimate segments 2 inches in length and less than 0.06 of an inch in width. Flower clusters consist of numerous stalks radiating from a single point and each are tipped by a white-petaled flower.

Habltat.-Lieberg's tauschia is found in meadows and moist bottom lands, often along streams in silty alluvium. These sites occur from 2,620-3,020 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-lt flowers in April and May; then extends its stem by several inches when in fruit. Fruits are at least 0.3 of an inch in length and quite narrow. A perennial, Lieberg's tauschia dies back to its roundish root to overwinter.

Management Implications.- Much of the habitat available to this plant has been greatly reduced through agricultural conversion. In addition, it is not known how this plant responds to grazing.

DIstrlbutlon.-Lieberg's tauschia occurs only in northern Idaho and neighboring Washington. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the St. Joe National Forest.

146


Current geographic range of Lleberg's tauschia {Tauschia tenuissima) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 2 2




improvement Maintenance

TOTAL 13 11 10 16 10

147


SIERRA WOOD-FERN Thelypteris nevadensis


Description.-Fronds arise in clusters that reach 12-32 inches in height in this member of the common fern family. Each leaf frond is covered with short hairs and twice pinnately dissected. The reproductive structures, horse-shoe-shaped spore sacs, are borne on the undersides of the leaf segments, midway between the midveins and the margins.

Habitat.-Sierra wood-fern has been found along streams and in seepage areas under mature forests of western red cedar. It is often associated with wood horsetail at sites near 3,100 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Ferns do not produce true seeds; instead, spores are released from reproductive sacs. These spores start a complex

life cycle that will eventually produce new fern plants. A perennial, fronds of Sierra wood-fern grow each year from creeping rhizomes.

Management impllcatlons.-Currently, there is only one known location for this species in the Northern Region. Management activities might include protection of this single site, while a survey of likely habitats is conducted on the Cleanvater and St. Joe National Forests.

DIstributlon.-Largely distributed on the west side of the Cascade and Sierra Mountain Ranges from Washington to California, a distant population of Sierra wood-fern occurs in northern Idaho on the Clearwater National Forest.

148


Current geographic range of Sierra wood-fern {Thelyptens nevadensis ) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 2


MonKoring 2 2 2 1





TOTAL 13 9 7 8 7

149


STICKY TOFIELDIA Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona

#

USFWS Status: 3B USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in idaho

Description.-Sticky tofieldia, a member of the lily family, is a single-stemmed plant with mostly basal leaves. Stems may reach 4-20 inches in height. The upper portion of the stems are covered with numerous sticky hairs, while the lower portion may have 1 or 2 sheathing leaves. Both basal and stem leaves are long (to 6 inches) and somewhat narrow. Terminal flower clusters consist of many white to greenish flowers. The 6 floral parts are white with a greenish tinge and quite small, only 0.2 of an inch long. Individual flowers are surrounded by green bracts. In this variety, the bracts are usually not fused except near the base.

Habitat.-Sphagnum bogs and mossy seeps are the types of habitats where sticky tofieldia might be found. These areas are usually in stands

of subalpine fir and western hemlock with elevations from 5,000-6,360 feet.

Reproduction.-Flowers appear in July and August. It produces numerous seeds. A perennial, this plant may extend itself vegetatively by rhizomes.

IVIanagement implications.-A plant of moist areas and mature forests, it may be susceptible to habitat loss through overstory removal or any activity that changes the water regime and alters sphagnum-mat development.

Distribution.-Sticky tofieldia is found only in northern Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region. It has been recorded on the Kaniksu, Nez Perce, and Clearwater National Forests.

150


Current geographic range of sticky tofleldia (Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 2 4 4





TOTAL 13 13 16 21 12

151


NORTHERN STARFLOWER Trientalis árctica


Descrlptlon.-Northern starflower is a single-stemmed plant with a whorl of leaves below the inflorescence. This member of the primrose family is characterized by a short, horizontal, tuberous root and stems that reach from 2-8 inches in height. Reddish to purplish sticky hairs cover the upper portions of the stems. Small, oval leaves occur alternately along the lower stem. A whorl of 3-8 larger leaves (0.5-2 inches in length) subtends the inflorescence. The flowers are at least 0.5 of an inch in diameter with sharp-tipped, white petals that are separate to the base.

Habitat.-Northern starflower is found in sphagnum bogs. In Idaho, it is found in association with bog cranberry {Vaccinium oxycoccus) and

creeping snowberry {Gaultheria hispidula), which are also on the sensitive list.

Reproduction.-Flowers appear from May through August. It produces seeds before it dies back to the tuberous root to overwinter.

Management implications.-This plant is known from only a few sites in Idaho, where cranberry picking and peat mining might be potential threats.

Distribution.-Northern starflower is mainly distributed from Alaska to southern Oregon. In the Northern Region, it occurs in Idaho, where it is listed as sensitive on the Kaniksu National Forest.

152


Current geographic range of northern starflower (Trientalis árctica) ¡n Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 9 4 5 4 4

153


WESTERN STARFLOWER Trientalis latifolia


Description.--Similar in form to the northern starflower, the western starflower is distinguished by its short, erect, tuberous root, by a longer stem (4-10 inches in height), and by somewhat smaller pinkish flowers. Oblong leaves (4-8), which are 1-4 inches in length, appear beneath the inflorescence. The leaves along the lower stem are much reduced in size. Long stalks bear individual pink to rose flowers, which are less than 0.5 of an inch in diameter.

Habitat.-Western starflower is found in woods and prairies. In Idaho, it is found in or near forests of western red cedar.

Reproduction.-A perennial plant, western starflower flowers from April through July. It forms seeds before it dies back to its tuberous root.

Management impiications.-lt is not known what activities might affect this plant.

Distribution.-A primarily coastal plant with records from British Columbia to California and east to Alberta, western starflower is found also in northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is found on the Cleanvater and Kaniksu National Forests of Idaho.

154


Current geographic range of western starflower (Trientalis latifolia) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 2


Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 11 9 7 7 7

155


SWAMP CRANBERRY Vacdnium oxycoccus


Description.-Swamp cranberry, a creeping evergreen shrub, is a member of the heath family. Small, oval leaves, 0.3-0.5 of an inch in length, cover the stems. These leaves are shiny green alx)ve and grey below with leaf margins that curl under. Flowers are terminal or lateral along the stems and mounted on slender stalks 1.5 inches in length. A pair of small bracts are borne along the stalk below the flowers. Each flower has 4 deep-pink petals that flare out at the lip.

Habitat.-Sphagnum bogs, and pond and lake margins are the types of habitats where swamp cranberry might be found. It often occurs under an overstory of western hemlock or subalpine fir. Northern starflower {Trientalis árctica) and creeping snowberry {Gaultheria hispidula) are 2 other

species on the sensitive list that occur on these sites. They occur at 2,425-2,900 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Flowers of swamp cranberry appear from May through July and produce deep-red berries.

¡Management impiications.-This species is commonly picked for human consumption; it is not known how this activity affects populations.

Distribution.-This plant has a circumboreal distribution that extends south to Oregon and northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, it occurs in the Priest Lake area on the Kaniksu National Forest of Idaho.

156


Current geographic range of swamp cranberry ^accinium oxycoccus) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3


Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 7 4 4 4 4

157


REDWOODS VIOLET Viola sempervirens


Descrlptlon.-Leaves and short flower stalks arise at the rooting nodes of stolons and rhizomes in this member of the violet family. The heart-shaped leaves are 0.3-2.3 inches wide and have slightly toothed margins. Leaf stalks are dotted with purple and reach 0.8-4 inches in height. Flower stalks are somewhat taller than the leaves and bear a single flower. Flowers are up to 0.5 of an inch long with petals lemon-yellow to gold. The lower 3 petals have thin purple lines along their length, while the lateral pair have a short, curly, yellow beard of hairs.

HabHat.-A plant of moist woods, often found in partial shade, redwoods violet is usually associated with western red cedar and maidenhair fern. Sites range from 1,600-2,320 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Redwoods violet flowers in early spring and summer. It later forms purple-mottled capsules packed with seeds. Stolons and rhizomes allow this perennial plant to spread vegetatively.

Management Impllcatlons.-Usually found in association with mature western red cedar, this plant might be affected by overstory removal.

Dlstrlbutlon.-Primarily found west of the Cascades from British Columbia to California, distinct populations also occur in northern Idaho. In the Northern Region, this species is listed as sensitive in Idaho, where it is found on the Cleanvater and Kaniksu National Forests.

158


Current geographic range of redwoods violet ^iola sempervirens) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET

Management Activity Budget ($M) 1





Management Guides 5


Monitoring





TOTAL 3 4 4 7 2

159

Chapter 3 - Plants SensRIve

FRINGED ONION Allium fibrillum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: SensKive in Montana

Description.-The fringed onion, a member of the lily family, is one of the smallest onions found in northwestern Montana. Like many onions, the stem arises from a bulb and reaches less than 15 inches in height. Concave, narrow green leaves extend past the inflorescence. The inflorescence consists of a whorl of flowers at the tip of the stem. The lance-shaped petals of the flowers are white or sometimes pink, with distinct green veins.

Habitat.-Fringed onion occurs at elevations from 2,000-6,000 feet within the montane zone. It is often found in openings of pine and fir forests and grows in shallow, moist soils.

Reproduction.-lt sends up shoots in the spring and bears flowers in June, and later forms

seeds. Fringed onion is a perennial, which ovenvinters as a bulb.

■Management implications.-The only recent record for this species is at an active mine, which may pose a threat to the population. Any major soil disturbance that uncovers the bulbs would be destructive to plant populations. It is unknown if the plant is palatable to livestock.

Distributlon.-Globally, fringed onion is found in parts of eastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, Idaho, and Montana. There is a historical location of the plant in Glacier National Park. The only recent record in the Northern Region is from the Kootenai National Forest in the west Cabinet Mountains.

160


Current geographic range of fringed onion ifillium fibrillum) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Data Base Management 1 1 1 1

Management Guides 3



Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec, and Eng. 1 1 1 1




TOTAL 11 14 11 11 11

161


SHOWY PUSSYTOES Antennaria pulcherrima

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Montana

Description.-Showy pussytoes is a member of the sunflower family, which is one of the largest families of flowering plants. Groups of flowering stems arise from a basal cluster of lance-shaped leaves, which grow up to 6 inches long. Leaves along the stem are of similar form, but are reduced in size. The foliage is densely covered by white hairs. Like most sunflowers, a cluster of flowers is lx>rne together in a compact head. These individual heads bear numerous white-petaled flowers, which contrast with the leaf-like bracts that surround the heads. The bracts are green at their base and grade to a dark brown or greenish-black at the tip.

Habitat.-Showy pussytoes is found among hummocks or shrubs in swampy or boggy soils in the montane zone. Sites range from 4,000-6,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This is a perennial plant that flowers in May and June.

■Management impiications.~Activities that alter the hydrology of the area in or near these boggy sites may affect showy pussytoes populations.

Distribution.-lt is distributed from Alaska to Newfoundland in the north and follows the mountains south to British Columbia, Utah, and Colorado. It is similar in appearance to a more common species, Antennaria anaphaloides. After some confusion between the two, it has been established that showy pussytoes is less common in the U.S. than was previously thought. In Montana, the species has been collected only in the mountains of the Front Range on the Lewis and Clark National Forest and in the Centennial Valley.

162


Current geographic range of showy pussytoes (^tennaria pulchem'ma) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides




Structural Habitat Improvement 2 2

Non-structural Habitat Improvement 2 2 2

Improvement Maintenance 1

TOTAL 16 19 25 28 35

163


BARR'S MILKVETCH Astragalus barrii

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Montana

Description.-This species is a member of the pea family, but the resemblance is in the shape of the flowers only. The plant grows in dense mats, rarely exceeding 4 inches in height. Its prostrate, woody stems give rise to numerous leaves, which are each made up of 3 leaflets. The foliage is densely covered with short white hairs. From 1-3 iridescent bluish-purple to pinkish-purple flowers arise in clusters throughout the mats, barely exceeding the height of the leaves.

Habltat.-Apparently, this plant is restricted to gullied l(nolls, buttes, and clifftops in thin, barren soil that has eroded from a particular sandstone or siltstone. This rock strata has been revealed by the past erosion of larger streams and rivers. The sites range from 3,300-4,300 feet in elevation. Associated vegetation includes ponderosa pine, juniper, and eastern plains bunchgrasses.

Reproduction.-Barr's milkvetch is a perennial that flowers in May. White, hairy, few-seeded pods ripen by mid-summer.

Management impiications.-Erosion is already high on these sites; therefore, the effects of grazing should be monitored. Most members of the genus Astragalus are intolerant of crowding by other vegetation. Competition from introduced plants may be a potential threat to Barr's milkvetch.

Distribution.-A regional endemic, Barr's milkvetch is known only from southwest South Dakota, northeast Wyoming, and southeast Montana. In Montana, the plant is known from areas in Big Horn, Powder River, and Rosebud Counties, and from a historical collection in Carter County which has not been relocated. In the Northern Region, it occurs on the Ashland District of the Custer National Forest.

164


Current geographic range of Barr's milkvetch (fistragalus barrii) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information, Education, and Training 1 1


Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1


Structurai Habitat Improvement 1 1 1



TOTAL 3 3 6 4 2

165


LEADVILLE MILKVETCH Astragalus molybedenus


Description.-A low-growing, loosely matted plant, the Leadville milkvetch has prostrate to upright stems that bear leaves alternately along its length. Each compound leaf consists of from 9-25 oval leaflets. The milkvetch, a member of the pea family, bears 2-6 purple or occasionally whitish flowers, which are 0.5 of an inch in length. Fused green sepals (outer floral leaves) form a tube around each flower. A dense cover of long, black hairs nearly hides the green of the sepals.

Habitat.-This plant occurs on gravel banks, scree, or talus slopes on limestone, granite, or shale bedrock above timberline (7,350-13,000 feet in elevation).

Reproduction.-Leadville milkvetch flowers from late June to early August. It later forms, oval

seed-pods, which reach about 0.5 of an inch in length. A perennial plant, the root system allows it to oven/vinter.

iManagement impiications.-lts high-altitude, scree slope habitat generally protects it from most human influences.

Distribution.-ln the Northern Region, the Leadville milkvetch's only known population is near Mt. Wright in the Front Range Mountains on the Lewis and Clark National Forest. This site is separated by nearly a thousand miles from the only other known populations that are in the mountains of central Colorado.

166


Current geographic range of Leadville milkvetch (astragalus molybedenus) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information, Education, and Training


Management Guides







TOTAL 9 11 9 9 9

167


SANDWEED Anthysanus pusillus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Montana

Descrlptlon.»A member of the mustard family, the sandweed rarely reaches a height of 4 inches. The stems branch from the base and bear lance-shaped to spoon-shaped leaves alternately along their length. The leaves have toothed margins and range from 0.3-1.3 inches in length with the leaf length diminishing toward the top of the plant. Most of the plant is covered with coarse and branched short hairs. A narrow inflorescence tops each branch and contains many small, white 4-petaled flowers. Individual flowers are borne on delicate recun^ed stalks. Sandweed is often confused with other mustards; however, the fruit produced from the flower is distinct from all others by its covering of hooked hairs.

Habltat.-This plant is usually found on rocky shelves along small drainages in shallow, open soil. This soil is usually moist in the spring

and early summer, but dries out as the season progresses. Sites occur from 4,000-5,000 feet in elevation in the foothill and lower montane zones, where ponderosa pine and Douglas fir are common tree species.

Reproductlon.-This plant is an annual and grows from seed each year.

Management Impllcatlons.-Since there is only one known location for this species in Montana, management should be directed toward the protection of this population.

DIstrlbutlon.-Sandweed is distributed more commonly to the west from southern British Columbia to California and into parts of Idaho and Utah. The only known location for the plant in the Northern Region is in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Bitterroot National Forest.

168


Current geographic range of sandweed i^thysanus pusillus) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information. Education, and Training


Management Guides







TOTAL 4 4 4 4 4

169


PECULIAR MOONWORT Botrychium paradoxum


Description.-This small fern is a member of the adder's-tongue family. Unlike the leafy ferns we are most familiar with, this plant has a leafless stem from 1-6 inches tall, which terminates in two narrow, fleshy and smooth segments. Each of the 0.5-2.5-inch long segments bear small, round spore sacs along its margins.

Habitat.-Peculiar moonwort is found in open meadows or dense stands of tall herbs in the foothill to subalpine zones (4,000-8,000 feet in elevation). Often these areas have been disturbed.

Reproductin.-This perennial plant forms spores instead of true seeds. When released.

these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new moonwort plants.

iUlanagement impiications.-There is little ecological information available for this plant and it is unknown which types of activities might affect it.

Distribution.-Peculiar moonwort has been found in Alberta, Montana, and Utah. Records for this plant are from the Anaconda-Pintlar Range, and from Glacier National Park and its vicinity. In the Northern Region, it occurs on the Deerlodge, and Lewis and Clark National Forests.

170


Current geographic range of peculiar moonwort (Botrychium paradoxum) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Structural Habitat Improvement 1 1 1 1



TOTAL 30 39 42 47 42

171


IDAHO SEDGE Carex Idahoa

f


Description.-A member of the sedge family, this plant forms small, loose bunches. The flowering stems reach up to 14 inches tall. The leaves have rolled margins and are barely 0.3 of an inch wide. The leaves tend to be clustered toward the reddish-tinged base of the stems. In general, the inflorescence consists of 3 spikes (groups of flowers), which are composed of oval-shaped, brown scales that are pointed at the tip. In fruit, the enclosed seed is triangular in cross-section.

Habitat.-Populations of this plant are found in wet meadows in the montane and lower subalpine zones, where elevations range from 6,500-8,500 feet. It often occurs in areas with calcareous soils.

Reproduction.-This perennial may increase its population size vegetatively through the

extension of rhizomes. It also reproduces by seeds, which are produced in July and August.

■Management impiications.-Very little is known of the ecology of this species, but it is likely that any activity that might disturb the water regime of a site may affect the populations.

Distribution.-Small populations of Idaho sedge have been recorded in southwest Montana and adjacent Idaho. In the Northern Region, populations are located in the mountains on the Beaverhead and Deerlodge National Forests in Montana. This species is considered by some authorities to be a variety of Carex parryana, which has a wider distribution.

172


Current geographic range of Idaho sedge {Carex Idahos) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 11 16 25 13 14

173

Chapter 3 - Plants SensKive

PALE SEDGE Carex lívida


Description.-A member of the sedge family, pale sedge grows in small clumps. The distinctive leaves are less than 0.1 of an inch wide with a thin, pale-bluish waxy coat and long-pointed tips. The inflorescence usually consists of 2-3 and sometimes 4 loosely clustered spikes (groups of flowers). The lower spikes are composed of all female flowers on short stalks. A terminal spike is composed entirely of male flowers. Scales of the spikes are light to dark brown with a green midvein.

IHabitat.-Pale sedge occurs in undisturbed bogs and fens in the foothill and montane zones. It is often found in calcareous parent material. Sites range from 4,000-6,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This sedge forms seed from late June to early August. The small clumps

expand vegetatively through the extension of long, slender rhizomes.

lUlanagement impiications.~Pale sedge Is often associated with undisturbed bogs and fens; therefore, activities that alter the local water regime may jeopardize plant populations. A complete survey of possible sites on the Flathead, Lewis and Clark, and Lolo National Forests would better define the range of this species.

Distribution.-Pale sedge has a circumboreal distribution that extends south in North America to Washington, Montana, Michigan, New York, and a distant population in California. It is found in northwest Montana on the Flathead, Lewis and Clark, and Helena National Forests.

174


Current geographic range of pale sedge (Carex lívida) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides


MonKoring 3 3 2 3 3



Non-structural HabKat Improvement


TOTAL 9 9 11 9 9

175


POOR SEDGE Carex paupercula

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in lUlontana

Descriptlon.-Tufts of stems arise from an underground rhizome in this member of the sedge family. These rhizomes are distinctive because they are covered with thick, yellowish-brown, matted, woolly hairs. Dried leaves from previous years are commonly present at the base of the stem along with the new growth of smooth, flat leaves, which are up to 0.1 of an inch wide. The spikes (clusters of flowers) just below the tip of the stem contain female flowers that are borne on nodding stalks. The terminal upright spike is male. The bracts that make up the flowers are pale to dark brown, often with a green midvein.

IHabitat.-Poor sedge is found in the montane zone from 3,000-7,000 feet in elevation. It is found in wet bogs and fens with spike rush and other sedges.

Reproduction.-lt flowers in late May and June, and forms fruits from late July through September. A perennial plant, rhizomes allow poor sedge to vegetatively expand its population and ovenvinter.

■Management implications.-Any major disturbance to the habitat, or alteration of the water regimes on or near the site is likely to influence these populations. One of the three known sites in Montana may be in jeopardy because of peat mining.

Distribution.-Poor sedge is a circumboreal species extending south in North America to Washington and Colorado. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana and occurs at three locations in mountainous areas on the Lolo National Forest.

176


Current geographic range of poor sedge (Carex paupercula) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 14 19 16 23 15

177


ROCKY MOUNTAIN PAINTBRUSH Castilleja covllleana


Descrlptlon.-This paintbrush, a member of the figwort family, is distinguished by the long soft hairs that cover the foliage. The stems of this plant arise in unbranched clusters from a woody base. Leaves that are deeply divided into 3-7 linear lobes are arranged alternately along the stems. The stems grow to 12 inches in height. The flowers and colored bracts of the inflorescence range from bright red to scarlet and sometimes orange.

HabKat.-Rocky Mountain paintbrush is found at higher elevations (6,000-8,000 feet) on rocky slopes, terraces, and summits in the mountains.

Reproduction.-This species flowers from late June to early August and later forms seeds.

Rocky Mountain paintbrush is a perennial. It sprouts new shoots each year and dies back to the woody base at the end of each growing season.

Management implications.-There is no current information on how management activities might influence this species.

Distribution.-Rocky Mountain paintbrush has a very localized distribution and is known only from central Idaho and adjacent Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana and occurs in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Bitterroot National Forest.

178


Current geographic range of Rocky Mountain paintbrush (Castilleja covilleana) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








MonKorIng 1 1





TOTAL 4 8 4 6 6

179


NEW JERSEY TEA Ceanothus herbaceus


Descrlption.-New Jersey tea is a shrub in buckthorn family. This plant reaches a height of 40 inches. It has broad, lance-shaped to oval leaves with teeth along the margins. The 1- to 2-inch long leaves are smooth on the top surface and hairy on the lower surface. These leaves occur alternately along the stem. Numerous small flowers are borne in a compact, rounded inflorescence at the tips of the stems. Five white hood-shaped petals make up each flower.

IHabitat.-New Jersey tea grows at lower elevations (3,500-4,000 feet) in moderately moist, grassy openings of ponderosa pine forests.

Reproduction.- This woody perennial shrub flowers in June.

Management implicatlons.-lt is likely that this plant is palatable to big game. More information on the extent of populations in the Northern Region is needed.

Distributlon.-This species occurs in the eastern half of North America, from southern Canada south into the United States and west to the Great Plains. In the Northern Region, the plant was collected historically in Powder River County on the Ashland District of the Custer National Forest, Montana. This site has not been relocated in the last 40 years.

180


Current geographic range of New Jersey tea {Ceanothus herbaceus) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 4 3 6 5 3

181


NORTHERN GOLDEN-CARPET Chrysosplenium tetrandrum


Description.-The creeping stems of this member of the saxifrage family reach up to 6 inches before they branch and turn up near the tips. The leaves on small slender stalks are mostly basal. The leaf blades are oval to kidney-shaped with rounded teeth along the margins. A few flowers are borne in clusters at the tips of the stems. The flowers lack petals, but have 4 green sepals (outer floral leaves), which are less than 0.06 of an inch long.

Habitat.-Northern golden-carpet is usually found on wet rock ledges, wet banks, and in seeps in the montane zone between 4,000-5,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This perennial plant produces a shoot in spring and flowers in June and July. It forms a two-lobed capsule with seeds

before it dies back at the end of the growing season.

IManagement implications.-This plant has been located only once in Montana, on the Bitterroot National Forest. The habitats where it is found occur on several other National Forests, including the Flathead and the Kootenai. A survey of these areas would reveal the complete range of this plant.

Distribution.-Northern golden-carpet has a circumpolar distribution and occurs south in North America from Alaska to British Columbia, Washington, and Colorado. In the Northern Region, it occurs in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Bitterroot National Forest of Montana, where it is listed as sensitive.

182


Current geographic range of northern golden-carpet {Chrysosplenium tetrandrum) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3







TOTAL 9 12 17 14 14

183


JACKSON'S HOLE THISTLE CInlum subniveum


Descrlptlon.-The Jackson's Hole thistle grows from a taproot and has freely branching stems. These stems reach a height of about 12-28 inches. Stems are covered with long, white hairs while the leaves have sparse woolly-hair. Leaf margins are coarsely lobed and spine-tipped. Solitary flowering heads form at the tips of the branches. Like most members of the sunflower family, each head contains numerous flowers. All thistles in the genus Cirsium have only tubular disk flowers (those flowers most central in the flower head). The flowers are purple to pale pink and the flower head is surrounded by a ring of bracts. The bracts are greenish and tipped with yellow spines, which are up to 0.3 of an inch long.

HabHat.-The Jackson's Hole thistle is found in sagebrush grasslands and meadows in the mountains from 6,000-8,000 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-This perennial flowers in July and August. It sets seed before it dies back to the taproot.

Management Impllcatlons.-Some species of Cirsium are palatable to livestock early in the growing season. It is not known what types of management activities might affect this plant.

DIstrlbutlon.-Jackson's Hole thistle is distributed from northeastern Oregon to eastern Nevada, east to northwestern Wyoming, and southwest to Montana. In the Northern Region, this plant is found on the Beaverhead National Forest in the mountains of southwestern Montana.

184


Current geographic range of Jackson's Hole thistle {Cirsium subniveum) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 2

Resource Coord, for Timber, Range, Rec. and Eng. 1 1 1 1 1




TOTAL 5 12 11 6 8

185

Chapter 3 - Plants SensRive

COMMON CLARKIA Clarkia rhomboidea


Description.-Common clarkia has mostly unbranched stems from 6-20 inches tall. The leaves are paired along the stem and are elliptic to lance-shaped. The foliage of this plant is covered with short hairs. Flowers have 4 spoon-shaped petals (0.3 to 0.8 inch long) that are rose-purple and often spotted with purple. The ovary is club-shaped and extends below the petals.

Habitat.-Dry open forests to woods and slopes in the mountains are habitats where common clarkia might be found. It occurs at 6,000 feet in elevation in Montana.

Reproduction.-Common clarkia is an annual and grows from seed each year. It flowers

in July, just when most plants begin to dry, and later forms a slender seed capsule.

¡Management implications.-This plant is found on the Lolo National Forest, but is likely to also occur on the Bitterroot and Kootenai National Forests. More information is needed on the distribution of this plant.

Distribution.-Common clarkia populations are more frequent to the west. It occurs from southern British Columbia to southern California, and east to Montana and Arizona. In the Northern Region, this plant is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is found in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Lolo National Forest.

186


Current geographic range of common ciarkia {Clarkia rhomboidea) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3







TOTAL 8 12 16 15 20

187


YELLOW SPRINGBEAUTY Claytonla lanceolata var. flava


Descrlptlon.-A member of the purslane family, the stems of the yellow springbeauty arise from a bulb-like base (corm). A pair of broadly lance-shaped leaves (up to 6 inches long) originate from the corm. The 3-20 flowers are borne on nodding stalks in a loose inflorescence. Each flower contains 5 bright yellow petals that grow to 0.5 of an inch in length. Two green sepals (outer floral leaves) subtend each flower.

Habltat.-Yellow springbeauty occurs in moist, montane meadows in areas where grasses have not established a thick turf. Common associates include shrubby cinquefoil and American bistort. It is found from 5,000-10,000 feet in elevation in areas where snowmelt may be the major source of moisture.

Reproductlon.-This perennial flowers from April through June. It later sets seed and dies back to the corm to oven^^inter.

Management Impllcatlons.-The yellow springbeauty grows in meadows where the soils do not easily recover from disturbance. Care should be taken so that these areas are not subject to heavy off-road travel or heavy grazing by livestock.

Distrlbutlon.-Yellow springbeauty is found in northwestern Wyoming, southwestern Montana, and east-central Idaho. In the Northern Region, it is found in areas north of Butte, in the Pioneer Mountains, and near Yellowstone National Park on the Deerlodge, Beaverhead, and Gallatin National Forests.

188


Current geographic range of yellow springbeauty (Claytonia lanceolata var. flava) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 3 3 3 3





TOTAL 18 33 17 13 14

189


SMALL YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER Cypripedium ca/ceo/us var. parv'rflorum


Descrlptlon.-This particular member of the orchid family has a leafy stem that reaches a height of 6-16 inches. The elliptical leaves are quite long (2-7 inches), sweeping up and around to sheath the stem. The foliage of the plant is lightly hairy and glandular (covered with sticky secretions). A long, erect, leafy bract cloaks the 1 or 2 yellow flowers. The lip petal is yellow, often with purple spots on the inner surface of the flower, and forms a pouch much like the toe of a slipper. The other two petals are fused to form a single petal that is light green. This petal resembles the 3 wavy-margined, green sepals (outer floral leaves) that subtend the petals.

Habitat.-This orchid occurs in undisturbed lx)gs, seepage areas, damp and mossy woods, and moist forest-meadow borders. It is usually associated with old-growth spruce and fir forests at mid-elevations (from 3,000-6,000 feet).

Reproductlon.-A perennial herb, the shoot of the small yellow lady's-slipper grows from a

rhizome in early spring and flowers in May and June. It forms a small, round capsule with thousands of tiny seeds before it dies back to the rhizome late in the growing season. Few of the seeds ever establish new plants.

■Management Impiicatlons.-This orchid occurs in or near mature forests and populations are greatly reduced when the overstory is removed. Another major threat to most populations comes from the collection of the beautiful flowers. Public education will be necessary to help prevent their loss on National Forests.

DIstrlbution.-The small yellow lady's-slipper is a widespread, but sparsely distributed species. It occurs in North America from British Columbia to Washington and Oregon, and east to the eastern United States. In the Northern Region, it is located in the western mountains of Montana, and in the Swan Valley on the Flathead National Forest.

190


Current geographic range of small yellow lady's-slipper (Cypripedium calceolus var. parvifíorum) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET











Non-structural Habitat Improvement 2 2 2 3


TOTAL 25 32 30 36 41

191


SPARROWS-EGG LADY'S-SLIPPER Cypripedium passerinum


Descrlptlon.-This species of orchid has 3-5 broadly lance-shaped leaves that are up to 6 inches long. The leaves clasp the stem, which grows to 14 inches in height. Long, soft, and somewhat sticky hairs cover the foliage. Usually 1 or sometimes 2 flowers are cloaked by a long leaf-like bract. The lip petal of the flower is white and shaped like the toe of a slipper. The inside of this petal is spotted with purple. The 2 lateral petals are oblong in shape, also white, and reach 1 inch in length. The 3 green sepals (outer floral leaves) are oblong with the top one longer than the bottom two.

Habltat.-As with many orchids, this plant occurs in moist, mossy areas in conifer forests. These sites often have calcareous soils and range from 4,200-5,300 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Flowering in late June and July, this perennial forms capsules that contain thousands of seeds. It dies back to the rhizome to ovenvinter.

Management lmpllcatlons.~As with the other orchids, the collection of plants pose a threat to populations.

Dlstrlbutlon.~Sparrow*s-egg lady's-slipper has a northerly distribution. It occurs principally from Alaska and the Yukon to Hudson's Bay, Quebec, and the area around Lake Superior. The only known locations for this plant in Montana are in Glacier National Park, in the Front Range Mountains, and in the Bob Marshall Wilderness on the Flathead, and Lewis and Clark National Forests.

192


Current geographic range of sparrow's-egg lady's-slipper (Cypripedium passerinum) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Structural Habitat Improvement 2


Improvement Maintenance 1 2 2

TOTAL 36 38 35 40 38

193


LINEAR-LEAVED SUNDEW Drosera Hnearis

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in ¡Montana

Description.-This small insectivorous plant is a member of the sundew family. The linear leaf blades are all basal and grow 1-2 inches in length and less than 0.1 of an inch wide. Long, purplish-red, gland-tipped hairs cover the surface of the leaf blades. These sticky hairs trap insects, which are then digested. The smooth, leafless stems reach 5 inches in height and are topped by an inflorescence with 1-4 flowers. Each flower is made up of 5 small, oval, white petals.

Habitat.-This plant is found on undisturbed sphagnum bogs at mid-elevations (6,000 feet in Montana). These bogs are found in old growth spruce forests. It co-occurs with pale sedge {Carex livida), which is also on the sensitive list for Montana.

Reproduction.-A perennial, this sundew flowers in July and August. It forms a many seeded

capsule and then dies back to the roots. It obtains some nutritients from the insects it traps.

Management implications.-Undisturbed sphagnum tx)gs are rare in Montana. Activities that influence the hydrology of these sites should be carefully evaluated to maintain these populations.

Distribution.-Linear-leaved sundew occurs from boreal Canada south to Maine, Wisconsin, and Montana. Montana is the only state in the Northern Region where this plant has been found. The original population was found at Indian Meadows on the Helena National Forest. Since then several other locations have been found in the Bob Marshall Wilderness on the Flathead National Forest.

194


Current geographic range of linear-leaved sundew {Drosera linearis) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides







TOTAL 9 9 9 9 11

195


GIANT HELLEBORINE Epipactis gigantea


Description.-A tall orchid, giant helleborine grows a leafy stem up to 3 feet high. Abundant leaves, 8 inches long, clasp the tall, usually unbranched stems. Numerous flowers are borne in a leafy bracted inflorescence at the tops of the stems. Flowers have a sac-like lip petal that is reddish-brown. The 2 upper petals are similar in color, but have a greenish tinge. Lance-shaped sepals subtend the flowers and are light green with a brownish tinge.

Habitat.-The limiting factor for this plant is the availability of streambanks, lake margins, springs, and seeps that have warm water. These seeps occur at 2,900-4,100 feet in elevation in Montana.

Reproduction.-A perennial plant, giant helleborine grows from a rhizome each year and flowers throughout July and August. The fruit capsules release thousands of small seeds before the stems die back to the rhizomes to overwinter.

Management Implications.-As with many orchids, this species is associated with seeps and springs. Any activity that changes the hydrology of the drainage where these populations occur should be carefully evaluated as to its effect on giant helleborine populations. Warm-spring areas are often heavily used by humans; therefore, it is important to educate the public about how to help preserve these populations.

Distribution.-Giant helleborine is widely distributed from British Columbia south to Baja, west to the Rocky Mountains and south to Mexico. Populations within these areas are sparsely dispersed. In Montana, populations occur in the Pryor Mountain foothills and in the mountains west of the Continental Divide on the Flathead National Forest.

196


Current geographic range of giant helleborine (Epipactis gigantea) in Idaho.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Structural Habitat Improvement 1 1 1



TOTAL 29 33 48 55 42

197


ROUGH FLEABANE Erigeron asperugineus


Description.-A small member of the sunflower family, rough fleabane grows to 8 inches in height and has 1 or several lax stems. Larger basal leaves are broadly lance-shaped and attached to the stems by long stalks. The leaves that arise alternately along the stem are reduced in size toward the top. The stem leaves are similar to the basal leaves. All the leaves and stems are densely covered with short hairs. The daisy-like flower heads have violet-colored ray flowers. These flowers surround the yellow tubular disk flowers, which are located near the center of the flower head.

Habitat.-Rocky or gravelly slopes and ridges at moderate to high elevations (8,000-9,000 feet) are the types of habitats where rough fleabane might occur.

Reproduction.-This perennial sends up a shoot in spring and flowers in July and August. It later forms numerous seeds each with a ring of bristles attached to the top.

Management impiications.-A complete survey of probable habitats where rough fleabane may be found is necessary in order to learn the range of this plant on National Forest land.

Distribution.-Rough fleabane occurs in central Idaho, northeastern Nevada, and southwestern Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it occurs in the Lima Peaks area on the Beaverhead National Forest.

198


Current geographic range of rough fleabane (Erigeron asperugineus) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 5 7 6 6 7

199


EVERMANN'S FLEABANE Erígeron evermannii


Descrlption.-A tiny member of the sunflower family, Evermann's fleabane grows from a taproot that is equal in length to the plants height (4 inches). This root branches below the soil's surface to give rise to one or more plants. Leaves are all or nearly all basal and up to 1.5 inches in length. The leaves are long, smooth, and shaped like a spoon. Flower heads are solitary at the tips of the stems. The outer ring of flowers in the head are nearly 0.5 of an inch long. These ray flowers are generally white, but they may also be blue. The inner group of flowers are tubular and a bright yellow-orange. A ring of bracts just shorter in length than the outer flowers surrounds each head. These bracts are covered with long, sticky glandular hairs.

Habltat.-This species is found at high altitudes (8,600-10,000 feet in elevation), usually on shifting talus or in dry, rocky meadows in the mountains.

Reproductlon.-Evermann's fleabane is a perennial plant, which flowers in July and August. It later forms seeds that have a ring of unequal-lengthed hairs at the top.

■Management impllcatlons.-Largely protected because of its remote locations, this species is most likely disturbed only by major intrusions such as roads or mining and exploration. A more complete inventory of the Bitterroot and Beaverhead National Forests is necessary to evaluate the population range of Evermann's fleabane in the Northern Region.

Dlstrlbution.-Evermann's fleabane is not widely distributed. It is known only from locations in central Idaho and southwest Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is found on the Bitterroot National Forest in the southern part of the Bitterroot Mountains.

200


Current geographic range of Evermann's fleabane (Engeron evermannii) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 4 8 7 7 6

201


TRAILING FLEABANE Erigeron flagellaris


Description.-Leafy, trailing stems are one of the distinctive traits of this member of the sunflower family. The stems of this plant have short (up to 1 inch), linear leaves that sometimes take root at the base. Upright stems are tipped with flowers and grow to a height of 8 inches. Basal, broadly spoon-shaped leaves surround these flowering stems. This plant's foliage is covered with closely appressed, short hairs. Each flower head contains an outer ring of ray flowers. The ray flowers have white to pink petals up to 0.8 of an inch long that surround the tubular, bright yellow-orange central disk flowers. The green bracts that surround the heads are half again as long as the outer ray flowers and covered with fine hairs and sticky glands.

Habitat.-This species is generally found on open or disturbed soils in meadows of the lower montane zone (about 5,000 feet in Montana). Associated species include both rough fescue and Idaho fescue.

Reproduction.-lt flowers from late June through August, and later forms seeds that are topped by a ring of 10-15 hairs. A perennial species, the leafy stolons may root at the nodes and establish new flowering stems.

Management impiications.-Little is known about the range of this plant. A complete survey of likely sites on the Beaverhead, Deerlodge, and Helena National Forests is necessary before management activities can be assessed.

Distribution.-Trailing fleabane occurs from Wyoming to Nevada, south to Arizona and Texas, with distant populations located in northwestern Montana and southwestern Canada. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where populations are located in the Front Range Mountains on the Lewis and Clark National Forest.

202


Current geographic range of trailing fleabane (Erigeron flagellaris) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 22 26 37 29 35

203


WESTERN BONESET Eupatorium occidentale


Descrlptlon.-A tall plant, which often grows from a woody base, the western boneset is a member of the sunflower family. The stems branch at the base and reach a height of 28 inches. Leaves arise alternately along the stem and are nearly triangular in shape. These leaves reach 1-3 inches in length and have teeth along the blade margins. Reduced in size, leaves at the base of the plant shrivel and drop early in the season. Flower heads are borne in an open, branched inflorescence. The flower heads do not have the outer ring of ray flowers and are composed of 9-21 central disk flowers, which are purple or pink.

Habitat.- Western boneset is found in rocky, mountainous areas at elevations from 6,400-7,000 feet.

Reproductlon.-A perennial plant, western boneset comes to full flower in August. It forms seeds with tufts of fine bristles before it dies back to the rhizome to overwinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is not known what activities are likely to aftect this plant.

DIstrlbutlon.-This species has been collected in central Washington, Montana, California, and Utah. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is found in the Bitterroot Mountains on the Bitterroot and Lolo National Forests.

204


Current geographic range of western boneset {Eupatorium occidentale) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








MonKoring 1 2 1 2 3





TOTAL 8 12 12 17 15

205


NORTHERN BASTARD TOAD-FLAX Geocau/on lividum


Description.-ln this member of the sandalwood family, tufts of 1 to several stems, 4-8 inches in height, arise along buried rhizomes. The lower third of the plant is without leaves at maturity. The leaves on the upper part of the plant are narrow and oval in shape and have a somewhat leathery appearance. Flowers are indistinct and do not have petals, but have 5 green sepals. The flowers are borne in groups of threes.

Habitat.-This inconspicuous plant often occurs with bunchberry and twinflower in moist spruce-fir forests, and on peaty soils in lodgepole pine and western larch forests. It usually grows at lower elevations (3,000-3,300 feet) on the border of boggy areas.

Reproduction.-Within each cluster of flowers, which appear in June, only the central one forms a fruit. This fleshy, red, round berry ripens in July and August. This is also the easiest

time to find the plant. Since the toad-flax is a perennial plant, only the underground rhizome oven^^inters.

Management impiications.-The northern bastard toad-flax usually occurs in or near boggy sites in mature forests, and is probably dependent on the water and soil development found at these sites. Any activity that removes the overstory or alters the hydrology within drainages where this species is found may pose a threat.

Distribution.-The northern bastard toad-flax has a boreal distribution and occurs south into northern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, Michigan, and New York. In the Northern Region, this species is listed as sensitive in Montana and occurs in the northwestern mountains and the Swan Valley of the Flathead and Kootenai National Forests.

206


Current geographic range of northern bastard toad-flax {Geocaulon lividum) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3







TOTAL 9 17 13 13 13

207

Chapter 3 - Plants SenaRlve

DISCOID GOLDENWEED Haplopappu9 macronema var. macronema

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in IMontana

Description.-Discoid goldenweed is a low shrub with leafy stems and a rounded silhouette. It typically reaches a height of 16 inches. The leaves are lance-shaped with wavy margins and are widest above the middle and up to 1 inch in length. Stems of this shrub are covered with dense white hairs and the leaves and the inflorescence have sticky glands. The tips of the stems bear clusters of 1 to 3 flower heads, which contain 10-25 yellow, tubular disk flowers 0.6 of an inch in length. The flowers do not have an outer ring of ray flowers. The bracts surrounding the flower heads are in two layers and are nearly equal in length to the disk flowers.

Habitat.-This shrub is generally found at high elevations in the mountains (at 7,600 feet in Montana), often above timberline on sparsely wooded slopes, rocky slopes, or in coarse talus.

Reproduction.-A woody perennial, discoid goldenweed flowers in late July and August. It

later forms numerous hard fruits topped with fine bristles. The leaves drop late in the season, leaving the woody stems and roots to ovenvinter.

Management impiicatlons.-The only record for this species is a specimen collected in 1920 from an area near Storm Peak in the east Pioneer Mountains. Field surveys are needed to gain more information on the status of this plant in the Northern Region before management activities can be assessed.

Distribution.-California, southeastern Oregon, Utah, Colorado, western Wyoming, central Idaho, and southwestern Montana have one or more records for this species. In the Northern Region, the only record of discoid goldenweed is in the Pioneer Mountains on the Beaverhead National Forest.

208


Current geographic range of discoid goldenweed (Haplopappus macronema var. macronema) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 3


Structural HabKat Improvement



TOTAL 11 18 20 29 27

209


WATER HOWELLIA Howellia aquatilis


Description.-An aquatic plant of the bellflower family, water howellia has extensively branched, submerged or floating stems, which reach up to 39 inches in length. The fragile stems support narrow, linear leaves that grow up to 2 inches long. These leaves are positioned alternate, and sometimes opposite each other. Two types of flowers are produced by these plants. Beneath the water's surface, small inconspicuous flowers arise at the base of the leaves. After the stems reach the water's surface, small white flowers are t)orne on the stem tips in a leafy inflorescence. These flowers have white petals that grow on one side of the stem, which makes them look as if they were cut in half.

Habitat.-Water howellia is found in glacial pothole ponds and oxbow sloughs where water is present in spring, but dries by late summer. It is generally found in shallow water or on the edges of deep ponds. The ponds usually have black

cottonwood, trembling aspen, or other deciduous species near the water's edge, and are located in forests of either Engelmann spruce or lodgepole pine mixed with other pines and firs.

Reproduction.-This annual species reproduces only by seed. The underwater flowers never open; instead, they self-fertilize and form seeds. Flowers on the surface may cross-fertilize and form seeds. Flowers appear from July to August on ponds that dry by late September or October. From monitoring studies, population sizes undergo yearly fluctuations. These fluctuations may be correlated with physical or climatic parameters.

lUlanagement impiication8.~The life history of water howellia is poorly understood. Although there appears to be enough suitable habitat for this plant, it seems to occur in a restricted number of ponds. Studies are needed to identify what mechanisms control reproduction and distribution.

210


In addition, studies are needed to identify the effects of logging practices on existing populations.

Distribution.-Water howellia is extirpated from Oregon and California. Currently, viable populations have been located in Washington, northwestern Montana, and Idaho. In the Northern

Region, populations are located in the Swan Valley of Montana, where it is listed as sensitive on the Flathead National Forest.

Current geographic range of water howellia (Howellia aquatilis) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 12 14 16 15 13

211


LARGE-FRUITED KOBRESIA

Kobresia macrocarpa


Descrlptlon.-This member of the sedge family is largely an arctic species. Large-fruited kobresia has tufts of stems that reach a height of 8 inches. The past year's dried, brown leaves persist at the base of the stems. The current year's wiry, slender leaves (less than 0.03 of an inch in width) reach less than half the length of the stems. A slender, solitary spike (clusters of flowers) is tx)rne at the end of the stem. The spike is 0.5-0.8 of an inch long. Flowers are borne in groups of 1 to 2, and may be either male, female, or tx)th.

Habltat.~An alpine species, large-fruited kobresia is restricted to moist tundra, gravelly lakeshores and areas where frost and sun cause the soils to rise and fall. In Montana, Nit is found at 9,800 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Large-fruited kobresia flowers in June and ripens seed in July and August. A perennial species, the rhizome allows it to ovenvinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-The only known site in the Northern Region is on National Forest land; therefore, appropriate precautions should be taken to maintain and protect this population.

DIstrlbutlon.-This species is found in arctic Asia and Alaska, with distant populations in south-central Montana, northwestern Wyoming, and central Colorado. In the Northern Region, only one site is known from the Beartooth Mountains of the Ouster National Forest.

212


Current geographic range of large-fruited kobresia {Kobresia macrocarpa) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 8 7 10 17 14

213

Chapter 3 - Plants Sensitiva

KEELED BLADDERPOD

L09qu0rella carinata

USFWS Status: 3C USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Montana

Descrlptlon.-Keeled bladderpod, a member of the mustard family, is a low-growing, short-lived plant that has prostrate or ascending stems, which grow up to 6 inches long. Numerous basal, spoon-shaped leaves surround the stem and reach 0.8 inch in length. Stem leaves by comparison are much reduced in size and lance-shaped. A dense cover of appressed, branched hairs gives the herbage a silvery appearance. The inflorescence found at the tips of the stems bears 1-several flowers on short stalks. Flowers of keeled bladderpod plants have four, bright yellow petals (0.4 inches long). This species is best identified in fruit.

Habltat.-Keeled bladderpod is found at a wide range of elevations (4,500-9,500 feet) in exposed soil of fescue grasslands and other open habitats. It occurs at these sites with ponderosa pine and junipers or at higher elevations with limberpine. The soils at these sites are often calcareous.

Reproductlon.-This is a short lived perennial. For several years it will overwinter as an underground taproot. It flowers from May to June and sets seed in July and August. Eventually however,the entire plant will die off.

Management Impllcatlons.-The Beaverhead and Lolo National Forests have potential areas where this species might occur and a thorough inventory would tye appropriate. It is not known what types of activities might affect these plants.

DIstrlbutlon.-A regional endemic, this plant has a narrow distribution and is known only from east-central Idaho, northwest Wyoming, and southwest Montana. In the Northern Region, it has been collected on the Deerlodge National Forest at the upper end of the Clark Fork River drainage.

214


Current geographic range of keeled bladderpod (Lesquerella carinata) in the Northern Region.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 1 1 2





TOTAL 21 13 11 8 9

215


FEW-SEEDED BLADDERPOD Lesquerella humilis


Descriptlon.-A member of the mustard family, this plant has 1 to several unbranched stems 1-2 inches in length. The basal leaves are spoon-shaped and grow up to 2 inches in length. The 3-6 stem leaves are similar in shape to the basal leaves, but are only 0.3 of an inch in length. Old leaf bases remain visible on the root crown above the soil. A dense cover of appressed, branched hairs gives the foliage a silvery appearance. The inflorescence that tips the stems bears from 3-5 flowers. Each 4-petaled, bright yellow flower is 0.3 of an inch long.

Habltat.-Few-seeded bladderpod is found in open rocky areas on granite substrates. It is found in Krummholz zones and subalpine and alpine slopes above 8,800-9,600 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Few-seeded bladderpod is a perennial that flowers in June and July. In July and August, it forms a compressed fruit that is longer than it is wide.

Management Impllcatlons.-Field surveys throughout the Bitterroot Range have failed to reveal other populations. Although they occur in isolated habitats, any proposed projects in these areas should include protection of these sites.

DIstrlbutlon.-This is a recently documented species whose only known locations are from the summits of 3 peaks in the Bitterroot Range on the Bitterroot National Forest of Montana.

216


Current geographic range of few-seeded bladderpod (Lesquerella humilis) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides


Monitoring



Non-structural Habrtat Improvement


TOTAL 2 2 2 2 2

217


GEYER'S BISCUIT-ROOT Lomatium geyeri


Description.-A member of the parsley family, this herb grows a robust stem 6-18 inches in length from a swollen taproot. The leaves are similar in shape to parsley leaves and are dissected 2-3 times into narrow segments. The leaves are stalked and occur basally or on the lower half of the stem. The characteristic inflorescence, a compound umbel, has numerous flowers on short stems that arise from a central point. These clusters are stalked and attach at a single point to form compound umbels. Each tiny flower consists of 5 white petals.

Habitat.-This species is found in areas where the soil is moist in the spring and early summer, and dries by the end of the summer. These sites are usually open slopes or partially shaded areas in the lower montane zone. Plants associated with Geyer's biscuit-root include Douglas fir and various pines.

Reproduction.-An herbaceous perennial, Geyer's biscuit-root flowers in late May and June. It forms smooth, oval fruits before it dies back to its taproot.

Management impiications.-Currently, there is only one collection from Montana; however, it may be more common in the lower Yaak River drainage. More surveys are needed to determine the range of this plant.

Distribution.-Geyer's biscuit-root has been recorded in eastern Washington, southern British Columbia, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. In the Northern Region, this plant is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it has been found in the Yaak River valley on the Kootenai National Forest.

218


Current geographic range of Geyer's biscuit-root (Lomatíum geyeri) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET




Information. Education, and Training 2 1 1 1


Management Guides 3

3 1 1 1 4






TOTAL 7 13 11 11 13

219


PRIMROSE MONKEY-FLOWER Mimulus primuloides

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: SensHlve In Montana

Descrlptlon.-A small member of the figwort family, the primrose monkey-flower forms mats of small rosettes with its leaves crowded at or near the base of the stem. Lance-shaped leaves, which are 1 inch in length and have smooth margins, are positioned opposite one another. The foliage is usually covered with stiff, soft hairs, which are often sticky. The stems grow up to 2 inches in height from branched rhizomes and are topped by a single flower. The bright yellow flowers are tubular-shaped and 0.3-0.8 of an inch long. The fused petals form 2 lips. The mouth of the flower is often dotted with maroon and the lobes of the tube are notched.

Habltat.-Wet meadows, sphagnum or willow bogs, and other moist open areas are likely habitats for this plant. It is found at high elevations in the mountains, from 4,000-6,000 feet in Montana.

Reproductlon.-Primrose monkey-flower flowers from July through September, and later forms fruits. Rhizomes allow this plant to expand vegetatively.

Management Impllcatlons.-Land management practices that would alter the hydrology of these meadow habitats should be carefully evaluated for their potential impacts to primrose monkey-flower populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-A species of the western United States, primrose monkey-flower occurs from Washington to California, and east to central Idaho, southwestern Montana, and Arizona. In the Northern Region, it is found in the Bitterroot and Pioneer Mountains on the Beaverhead and Bitterroot National Forests.

220


Current geographic range of primrose monkey-flower {Mimulus primuloides) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET



Program Management 3 3 3 3





Monitoring 1 1 1 2





TOTAL 9 12 14 17 24

221


ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS Orchis rotundifolia


Descriptlon.-This orchid is characterized by a single stem with a solitary, rounded basal leaf. The stem reaches 8 inches in height. The single, round basal leaf is about 4 inches in length and is mounted on a short stalk. The 2-8 flowers (0.8 of an inch long) all face the same direction. The flowers are made up of white to pinkish sepals. Only the upper sepal is distinctly hood-shaped, but they all have wavy margins. The 2 upper petals of the flowers are lance-shaped and the lower petal forms a broad, fringed lip. These petals are also white or pinkish. The lower lip petal, however, has distinct magenta or purple spots.

Habltat.-A species of moist habitats, round-leaf orchid is found along streams and on the margins of willow bogs where moisture is consistent, but drainage is good. It is often found with other orchids and with sparrow's-egg lady's-slipper, {Cypripedium passerinum), which is also on the sensitive list. These sites are generally

bordered by Engelmann spruce and are often on limestone soils that are about 4,700-5,300 feet in elevation in Montana.

Reproduction.-This plant flowers in late June and July, and later forms a capsule that contains thousands of tiny seeds.

lUlanagement implications.-As stated above, this plant is associated with boggy sites in mature spruce forests that harbor other sensitive species. Management for this species should focus on the maintenance of appropriate moisture and light regimes.

Distribution.-Round-leaved orchid has a primarily northern distribution across North America. In the Northern Region, this species is listed as sensitive in Montana and has been located in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, and the Front Range Mountains on the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests.


Current geographic range of round-leaved orchis {Orchis rotundifolia) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Structural Habitat Improvement 2


Improvement Maintenance 1 1 2

TOTAL 27 32 30 36 35

223


COLUMBIA RIVER CRAZYWEED Oxytropis columbiana


Description.-A member of the pea family, Columbia River crazyweed has tufted basal leaves and a leafless stem. The leaves are 3-8 inches in length and are composed of 16 opposite leaflets and one terminal leaflet. These leaflets are lance-shaped and not stalked. Both the stems, which are 12 inches in height, and the leaves are covered with long hairs. Numerous white pea-type flowers tip these stems. The lower flower petal terminates in a small sharp point and has a large purple spot near the tip. Fused green sepals form a tube that surround each of the flowers and attain half of their length.

IHabitat.-A plant of rocky or gravelly, open or partially shaded shores along large rivers and lakes, Columbia River crazyweed occurs in transitional areas between stable land and unstable shoreline substrate. It is found in areas that are 2,900-3,500 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Columbia River crazyweed flowers from late May through early July and later forms seed-pods. A perennial, it grows a new shoot from its rootstock each season.

Management implications.~This plant has been labeled as a variety of another more common species. Further taxonomic information is needed to make a more accurate determination. Currently, the known populations are at sites that may require special management.

Distribution.-This species is found only along the Columbia River in northeastern Washington, and the upper Flathead Valley in northwestern Montana. In the Northern Region, the plant is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is found on the Flathead National Forest.

224


Current geographic range of Columbia River crazyweed (Oxytropis columbiana) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET





Data Base Management 2

Management Guides 3


Monitoring 1 1 1 3





TOTAL 4 6 4 6 15

225


STALKED-POD CRAZYWEED Oxytropis podocarpa


Description.-The dense, cushion form of this member of the pea family is characteristic of many alpine species. The numerous, clustered basal leaves each contain from 9-27 narrow, lance-shaped leaflets. Firm hairs cover the leaves and the stem, giving them a silvery appearance. The leafless stem is tipped by 1 or 2 purple flowers, which are 0.5 of an inch in length. These flowers resemble the flowers of sweet peas. Green fused sepals reach nearly two-thirds the length of the flower.

Habitat.-Stalked-pod crazyweed is a plant of high, alpine ridges and slopes. It is found in talus or rubble, that is often derived from limestone. In Montana, the populations occur at sites that range from 7,300-8,200 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Stalked-pod crazyweed flowers in June. It then forms a roundish, inflated

pod (to 1 inch in length) in July or August. These pods turn papery as they dry. The root is left to ovenvinter after the aboveground parts die back at the end of the season.

Management implications.-This alpine plant is fairly isolated from most human activities at the present; however, populations should be monitored to assure continued viability.

Distribution.~Stalked-pod crazyweed is found throughout the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to Colorado, and east to the Atlantic coast. In Montana, it was historically recorded (1897) in Glacier National Park, but was never relocated there. In the Northern Region, three more recent records are from sites on the Lewis and Clark National Forest in the Front Range Mountains of Montana.

226


Current geographic range of stalked-pod crazyweed {Oxytropis podocarpa) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUIDGET













TOTAL 16 20 19 19 22

227


TAPER-LEAVED BEARDTONGUE Penstemon attenuatus var. militaris


Description.-Tall, loose stems grow from the woody rootstock of taper-leaved beardtongue. A member of the figwort family, it has narrow lance-shaped leaves positioned opposite each other along the stems. These stems may reach 28 inches in height. The basal leaves reach 7 inches in length, while leaves along the stem become progressively reduced in size. Both the leaves and the stems are without hairs. The inflorescence consists of 2 to several clusters of flowers on short stalks. Fused petals that are deep blue form the 2-lipped, tubular flowers. Petals flare out at the lip and the lower edge bears a yellow beard of fuzzy hairs near the inside. The green sepals are oval to broadly lance-shaped with white margins.

Habitat.-Dry meadows or moist, open or wooded slopes at high elevations are habitats that might contain populations of taper-leaved

beardtongue. They have been found at 8,000 feet in elevation in Montana.

Reproduction.-Sprouting shoots from its woody rootstock each year, this perennial flowers in July and sets seed before it dies back to its rootstock.

Management impiications.-A complete sun/ey of suitable habitat on the Bitterroot and possibly the Beaverhead National Forests is necessary to obtain accurate information on its population status in the Northern Region before any assessment of management activities can be made.

Distribution.-This species has a very localized distribution and occurs only in central Idaho and southern Montana. In the Northern Region, the species is listed as sensitive in Montana. A collection was made in 1968 near Saddle Mountain on the Bitterroot National Forest.

228


Current geographic range of taper-leaved beardtongue iPenstemon attenuatus var. militaris) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 1





TOTAL 5 9 8 6 6

229


LEMHI BEARDTONGUE Penstemon lemhiensis

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in lUlontana

Description.-A tall member of the figwort family, this beardtongue grows to 28 inches in height from a branched rootstock. The stalked basal leaves reach 6 inches in length and surround 1 to several stems. The unstalked stem leaves are narrow, lance-shaped, and smooth-margined, and reduced in size as they near the top. The herbage is lightly covered with short hairs and occasionally covered with bluish wax. Clusters of short-stalked flowers arise above the upper leaves. These tubular flowers are large (nearly 1 inch in length). Flowers are bright blue and flare out at the lips. Green sepals with pointed tips are one-third the length of the petals and surround the flower.

Habitat.-Lemhi beardtongue occurs in open sagebrush and grasslands. It is often found in gravelly or rocky soils. It occurs from 4,200-8,100

feet in elevation in the mountains, often near the lower edge of treeline.

Reproduction.-This perennial plant flowers in late June and July and sets seed later in the season. Plants die back to the rootstock to overwinter.

Management impiications.-A more complete survey is necessary to determine the extent of the populations in the Northern Region.

Distribution.-A regionally rare species, Lemhi beardtongue is found only in southwestern Montana and adjacent Idaho. In the Northern Region, this species is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is presently found on the Beaverhead National Forest. A historical record from the Bitterroot National Forest has not been recently verified.

230


Current geographic range of Lemhi beardtongue (Penstemon lemhiensis) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET












Improvement Maintenance 1 1

TOTAL 14 16 18 24 13

231


BLUNT-LEAVED PONDWEED Potamogetón obtusifolius


Descrlptlon.-An aquatic plant and member of the pondweed family, blunt-leaved pondweed has slender, submergent or floating stems up to 39 inches long. The long, linear leaves are up to 4 inches in length and have blunt tips. At or near the surface of the water, flowers are borne in long, stalked spikes (clusters of flowers) above the uppermost leaves. Flowers are very tiny and rudimentary with no petals present.

Habltat.-Blunt-leaved pondweed is found in lakes, sloughs, old oxbows, and ponds at lower elevations (3,100-5,200 feet).

Reproductlon.-This aquatic plant grows vegetatively through the spring, and flowers and

fruits in July and August. A perennial, it dies back to the rhizome to ovenvinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-Most aquatic plants are dependent on a consistent yearly water regime to provide suitable habitat for plant growth. Any management activity that affects the hydrology of an area could influence blunt-leaved pondweed populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-Blunt-leaved pondweed is found more commonly in the northeastern part of the United States and Canada. In the Northern Region, where it is listed as sensitive in Montana, it has been located on the Flathead National Forest.

232


Current geographic range of blunt-leaved pondweed {Potamogetón obtusifolius) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides







TOTAL 6 6 6 6 8

233


JOVE'S BUTTERCUP Ranunculus ¡ovis


Description.-A smooth-leaved member of the buttercup family, this tiny plant only grows to a height of 4 inches. If basal leaves are present, they are long-stalked with the blade divided into 3-5 narrow lobes. Stem leaves are somewhat longer than the basal leaves and clustered together on the stem. The stems branch above the clustered leaves; each tipped by a single flower. Flowers are 0.8 of an inch across and composed of 5 separate petals that are bright yellow.

Habitat.-Sagebrush slopes to open areas in spruce-fir parklands at mid to high elevations are habitats where Jove's buttercup might occur. Elevations of the sites in Montana range from 7,500-9,500 feet.

Reproduction.-This species flowers in June, just after the snow leaves the ground. It later forms tiny egg-shaped, finely hairy, dry fruits. Distinctive clusters of fleshy roots give this perennial the ability to ovenvinter.

iManagement impiications.-lt is possible that the plant may be found on the Beaverhead and Deerlodge National Forests. Additional survey work is needed to determine if there are other locations where this plant occurs.

Distribution.-Jove*s buttercup has a mostly western distribution and is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it is found on the Gallatin National Forest.

234


Current geographic range of Jove's buttercup {Ranunculus jovis) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 2 2 2





TOTAL 9 17 19 12 17

235


BARRATT'S WILLOW Salix barraWana


Description.-A low shrub with freely branched stems, Barratt's willow grows to a height of 3 feet. The leaves are stalked (up to 0.5 of an inch) and the blades are broadly lance-shaped (up to 3 inches). Leaf blades are densely covered with grey hair on the under surfaces and only sparsely covered on the upper surfaces. The young twigs are sticky and covered with long soft hairs. Flowers are borne in a compact inflorescence (catkin) and have no petals or sepals. The seeds in the fruit have fuzzy hairs.

Habitat.-Barratt's willow is found in alpine areas. It sometimes occurs with another plant on Montana's sensitive list, Wolf's willow (Salix wolfH). Populations occur from 6,800-10,500 feét in elevation.

Reproduction.-A woody perennial, Barratt's willow fruits in late July and August.

Management impiications.-ln the Northern Region, distribution information for this plant is incomplete. In addition, little is known about how management activities might affect populations.

Distribution.-A plant of northern North America, Barratt's willow occurs in the Northern Region in Montana, where it is listed as sensitive. A location in the Beartooth Mountains on the Custer National Forest, and a second in Glacier National Park are the only two sites for this plant in the contiguous United States.

236


Current geographic range of Barratt's wNlow {Salix barraWana) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 14 16 14 13 12

237


WOLFS WILLOW Sallx wolfii var. wolfii

^


Description.-A medium-sized willow (2-7 feet tall), Wolfs willow has stems with many branches. Immature twigs are covered with long, soft hairs. The small narrow, oval leaves (up to 1.5 inches) are covered with dense white hairs. Numerous flowers make up the compact Inflorescence (catkin), which later forms smooth or only slightly hairy fruits.

Habitat.-Streambanks and wet meadows are habitats where Wolf's willow might occur. It is sometimes found with Barratt's willow {ßalix barrattiana), another species on the sensitive list in Montana. These sites are usually in upper montane and subalpine areas at elevations of 8,000-9,000 feet.

Reproduction.-Wolf's willow flowers in June and forms fruits by July or August. A woody perennial, only the stems and the roots pass the winter.

Management impiications.-There is little information on how management activities might affect this plant.

Distribution.-Wolf's willow is found mostly to the west and south of our region. In the Northern Region, this species is found in the Anaconda-Pintlar and Gravelly Mountains on the Beaverhead and Deerlodge National Forests.

238


Current geographic range of Wolf's willow {Salix wolfii var. wolfii) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET













TOTAL 29 37 23 21 18

239


YERBA BUENA Satureja douglasii


Description.-A member of the mint family, yerba buena has prostrate, 4-angled stems that reach up to 3 feet in length. These stems often take root at the nodes to produce erect branches. Leaves are positioned opposite one another along the stem. These leaves are ovate (up to 1.5 inches long) and have blunt teeth along the margins. The herbage is inconspicuously and minutely hairy. Flowers are borne singly on nodding stalks above the upper leaves. White or purple-tinged, fused petals make up the tubular flowers. The flowers are 2-lipped and flared at the mouth. Short, stiff hairs cover the outer surface of the small (0.4 of an inch) flowers. The green sepals are united for most of the length of the flower tube.

Habitat.-A plant of partial or deep shade, yerba buena is associated with grand fir in the

gravelly soils of Montana. It is usually found In larger river valleys at elevations that range from 2,200-5,300 feet.

Reproduction.-The shoots flower in July and later form seed. Rhizomes allow this plant to persist through the winter.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is not known how management activities affect this plant.

Distrlbutlon.-Yerba buena is distributed mainly to the west of the Cascade Mountains, from British Columbia to California, but also occurs in Idaho and Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it occurs on the Bitterroot, Lolo, and Kootenai National Forests.

240


Current geographic range of yerba buena {Satureja douglasii) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 5







TOTAL 8 8 9 16 22

241


DWARF SAW-WORT Saussurea densa

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In IMontana

Descriptlon.-Dwarf saw-wort is a dwarf, alpine species of the sunflower family. The short stalk has numerous, 3-inch-long, coarsely toothed leaves crowded along its 8-inch length. The herbage is covered with long, loose tangled hairs, but becomes hairless with age. Flower heads consist of only tubular disk flowers. These violet-purple flowers are surrounded by narrow, sharply pointed bracts, which are 0.4-0.6 of an inch in length.

Habitat.-An alpine species, it occurs on talus slopes and other rocky, open areas above timberline. These sites are usually underlain by limestone bedrock. Populations occur from 7,500-8,500 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-lt flowers in July and later forms hard fruits that are topped by numerous hair-like bristles. A perennial, the plant dies back to the woody rootstock to pass the winter.

Management impiications.-The habitat where dwarf saw-wort occurs appears to be protected by its isolation.

DIstributlon.-This plant has a narrow distribution and is known only from southern British Columbia, Alberta, and northwestern Montana. In the Northern Region, dwarf saw-wort is found in the Front Range Mountains on the Lewis and Clark National Forest.

242


Current geographic range of dwarf saw-wort (Saussurea densa) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides







TOTAL 4 4 4 4 6

243


WEBER'S SAW-WORT Saussurea weberi


Description.-A member of the sunflower family, Weber's saw-wort grows to 8 Inches in height from a woody rootstock. Long leaves (up to 3 inches long) crowd along the stem and are reduced in size toward the flowering tip. Covered with long tangled hairs when young, the foliage becomes hairless with age. In the inflorescence, flower heads are borne in dense clusters, which are encircled by broad bracts with rounded tips. The purple flower heads contain only tubular disk flowers.

Habitat.-A plant of higher elevations, this dwarf species is generally found in herb-dominated alpine meadows. The site in Montana is at approximately 9,300 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Weber's saw-wort flowers late in July or August. It later forms hard fruits

with numerous hair-like bristles attached toward the top. A woody rootstock allows this plant to overwinter.

Management impiications.-The only known population in the Northern Region is located adjacent to a pack trail. In addition to managing this site, additional inventory work needs to be conducted to determine if there are any other sites for this plant.

Distribution.-Weber's saw-wort is found along the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to southwestern Montana. The only known population in Montana is located in the Anaconda-Pintlar Range at Goat Flat. This site is on the Beaverhead and Deerlodge National Forests.

244


Current geographic range of Weber's saw-wort {Saussurea weben) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUCX3ET








Monitoring 2 1 2 2





TOTAL 11 24 11 10 9

245


STORM SAXIFRAGE Saxífraga tempestiva

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in iMontana

Description.-A member of the saxifrage family, this small plant has a basal rosette of linear egg-shaped leaves (0.3-1 inch in length). The leaves surround 1 to few leafless stems. The stems arise from a simple or branched rootstock to reach a total height of 3 inches. A compact cluster of 1 to several flowers tip each stem. The flowers are minute, each containing 5 petals that are less than 0.06 of an inch long. The 5 green sepals extend just beyond the petals.

Habitat.-Storm saxifrage is found in areas at or above timberline, where the soils are moist early in the summer, but dry as the season progresses. It usually occurs in open meadows or on rock ledges at sites that range in elevation from 7,875-10,325 feet.

Reproduction.-This alpine species flowers in June and July and forms a two-lobed seed capsule. A rootstock allows it to persist through the winter.

iUlanagement impiications.-Known only from southwestern Montana, populations of this plant should be protected from external disturbances.

Distribution.-Storm saxifrage is found only in southwestern Montana, where it is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region. The known populations are in the Anaconda-Pintlar, Bitterroot, Pioneer, and Sapphire Mountains on the Beaverhead, Bitterroot, and Deerlodge National Forests.

246


Current geographic range of storm saxifrage (Saxífraga tempestiva) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 2 1 2 2





TOTAL 23 16 13 12 11

247


WATSON'S SELAGINELLA Selaginella watsonii


Description.-A member of the spike moss family, this low-matted plant superficially resembles a true moss. Cushions up to 4 inches in diameter are formed by prostrate stems with erect or ascending branches. Small, sessile leaves crowd around the branches in spirals. The leaves are linear to oval in shape, up to 0.1 of an inch long, and have a white needle-like tip. Specialized reproductive leaves form a four-sided cone at the tips of some of the stems. These leaves bear spore sacs on their undersides.

I-Iabitat.-Watson's selaginella is usually found on exposed, rocky sites at a wide range of elevations in the mountains. The site in Montana occurs at the 9,000-foot-elevation level.

Reproduction.-This plant does not have true seeds, it forms spores. When released, these

spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new spike mosses.

Management impiications.-The only known record for this species in Montana is from Comet Mountain in the Pioneer Mountain Range. This record (1921) has not been verified. A first step would be to relocate this site and survey other probable habitats on the Beaverhead and possibly the Deerlodge National Forests.

Distribution.-The main range of Watson's selaginella is to the south and west of this region. Isolated sites occur in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon and in the Pioneer Mountains of Montana. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it has been recorded on the Beaverhead National Forest.

248


Current geographic range of Watson's selagineila {Selaginella watsonii) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1 1 2





TOTAL 10 13 12 15 23

249


SHOSHONEA Shoshonea puMnata


Description.-A low mat-forming member of the parsley family, shoshonea has short aboveground stems that only reach 1-3 inches in length. The stems are usually cloaked at the base with remnants of the previous year's leaf sheaths. Leaves are 0.3-1 of an inch long and nearly as wide. Each leaf is composed of from 5-11 leaflets that are oblong or oval in shape. The leaf stalks are swollen and papery at their base. The inflorescence is a compound umbel, which is made up of a number of stalks with clusters of flowers (simple umbels) that are connected at a single point. The individual flowers are minute (0.1 of an inch in diameter) and composed of 5 light yellow petals.

Habitat.-Shoshonea is most often found on open, windswept, limestone outcrops, ridgetops, or canyon rims. It often occurs in thin rocky soils.

usually on the edges of limber pine and Douglas fir forests. In Montana, populations occur from 6,800-7,800 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This species flowers in late June through July. It later forms tiny, wingless fruit. Shoshonea is a long-lived, woody perennial with a woody taproot.

Management impiications.-lt is not known what types of management activities might affect this plant.

Distribution.-Shoshonea is a recently described species, found only in south-central Montana and northwestern Wyoming. In Montana, where it is listed as sensitive for the Northern Region, it occurs on the Beartooth District of the Custer National Forest.

250


Jt §L_

Current geographic range of shoshonea {Shoshonea puMnata) ¡n Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 3 3 6 4 2

251


ALPINE MEADOWRUE Thalictrum alpinum


Description.-A dwarf herb in the buttercup family, alpine meadowrue generally has an unbranched stem up to 7 inches in height. Its leaves are twice-pinnately divided into broad, 3-lobed segments that are about 0.3 of an inch long and borne on slender stalks. The plant is hairless, but is covered with a thin bluish wax. A narrow inflorescence tips the stems. The inflorescence bears flowers, which have slender nodding stalks. The flowers do not have petals; instead, they are composed of 5 small, purplish sepals that fall soon after they open. Only the male and female reproductive parts are left on the stalk.

Habltat.-Alpine meadowrue occurs on hummocky ground in moist, alkaline meadows. It is often found beneath shrubby cinquefoil. In Montana, it is found in the montane and subalpine zone from 6,500-7,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This species is distinguished from other meadowrues by having both male and female parts within the same flower. Alpine meadowrue flowers in late May and June. It forms seed by July and August. A perennial, the rhizome allows this plant to overwinter.

Management impiications.-One of the 2 locations of alpine meadowrue in Montana occurs on National Forest land. This is a moist site that receives heavy grazing by livestock, especially in dry years. Grazing management on this site should include protection of this plant population.

Distribution.-Alpine meadowrue has a circumpolar distribution, ranging south along the Sierra Range and the Rockies. In the Northern Region, this plant is listed as sensitive in Montana, where it occurs on the Beaverhead National Forest.

252


Current geographic range of alpine meadowrue {Thalictrum alpinum) In Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET










Structural HabKat Improvement 4



TOTAL 20 25 24 24 25

253


KIDNEY-LEAVED VIOLET Viola renifolia


Description.-A distinctive member of the violet family, this species is without stolons or buried, creeping rhizomes. The leaves and flower stalks arise directly from a short rootstock. Long stalks, from 1-6 inches in length, bear leaf blades. These leaves are round, 1-2 inches wide, coarsely toothed, and broadly heart-shaped at the base. The foliage is sparsely to heavily pubescent. The flowers are white, 0.4-0.6 of an inch long, and are tx)rne on stalks that are somewhat shorter than the leaves. The 3 lower petals have thin, purple lines along their length.

Habitat.-A plant of boggy or swampy forests, this violet grows under a spruce-fir or lodgepole pine overstory in the montane zone. The sites are located at 3,000-5,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Kidney-leaved violet flowers in June and early July and later forms seed. The rootstock of this perennial plant allows it to ovenA^inter.

Management implications.-lt is not known how this species responds to management activities.

Distribution.-Kidney-leaved violet occurs from British Columbia to the northeastern United States and south into the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Sites are located in Montana in the Whitefish and Swan Mountains, and in Glacier National Park. In the Northern Region, there is a collection from the Flathead National Forest.

254


Current geographic range of kidney-leaved violet f/iola renifolia) in Montana.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 3






improvement Maintenance

TOTAL 8 8 10 10 18

255


SILKY ASTER Aster seifceus

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in North Dalcota

Description.-Clusters of wiry, somewhat brittle stems arise from a branched root in this member of the sunflower family. Basal leaves are lance-shaped and stalked, and drop early in the season. Leaves clustered at the tips of the stems are oblong in shape, 0.5-0.8 of an inch in length and less than 0.5 of an inch in width. These leaves persist through fruiting. Both the leaves and the upper portions of the stems are covered with long silky hairs. The branched inflorescence bears numerous flower heads. Green bracts with silky hairs are 0.3-0.4 of an inch in length and surround the flower heads. Each flower head has an outer ring of 14-20 purple-violet or pinkish ray flowers. These ray flowers surround the centrally located yellowish brown to rose-tinged tubular disk flowers.

Habitat.-This species has been found on dry upland savannah and grassland sites in rocky or sandy soils. Sites range from 1,030-1,280 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-A perennial plant, silky aster flowers in September and October. It later forms a hard, one-seeded fruit (achene).

Management impiications.-lt is not known what management activities might affect this plant.

Distribution.-Silky aster is found in the eastern-third of the Great Plains from North Dakota to Texas. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Custer National Forest.

256


Current geographic range of silky aster (^ter sericeus) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 4 3 6 5 3

257


LADYFERN Athyrium filix-femina

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In North Dakota

Descrlptlon.-Tall fronds (8 to 78 inches in height) are arranged in a vase-like tuft in this member of the common fern family. The fronds are composed of 20-35 pairs of leaf segments, each 1.5-9.8 inches in length. These leaf segments are dissected and bear crescent-shaped reproductive structures on their undersides. The dark bases of stalks from previous years persist along the rhizome.

Habltat.-Ladyfern is found in moist areas in open woods and thickets, in bogs, and along streams. It often occurs at the edges of green ash and American elm stands with speckled alder and willows. It often occurs with sensitive fern, Onoclea sensibilis, another species on the sensitive list.

Reproductlon.-Seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, spores are formed in crescent-shaped reproductive structures. These spores start a complex life cycle that will eventually produce new fern plants. A perennial, this fern also grows new fronds each year from its rhizome.

Management Impllcatlons.-lt is not known what types of management activities might affect this plant.

DIstrlbutlon.-Ladyfern has a circumboreal and nearly cosmopolitan distribution. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

258


Current geographic range of ladyfern ifithyrium filix-femina) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 3 3 6 5 2

259


BEDSTRAW BELLFLOWER Campanula aparinoideB

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Nortli Dalcota

Description.-A member of the bellflower family, this plant has reclining, leafy stems that k>ear blue flowers. Stems reach 6-19.5 inches in length and branch upwards. Leaves are spirally arranged around the stems. These leaves are narrowly lance-shaped, 0.3-1.8 inches in length, and less than 0.2 of an inch in width. The leaves become reduced in size as they near the top of the stems. Solitary, blue bell-shaped flowers droop on slender stalks along the upper portions of stems. The petals are less than 0.3 of an inch long, and are fused halfway to the base with the free lobes flaring outward.

Habitat.-Bedstraw bellflower is found in moist meadows and marshes, and occasionally in shallow streams or on wooded slopes. It often occurs in sedge-dominated wetlands with speckled alder, bog birch, and hoary willow. Sites where this plant occurs range from 990 to 1,045 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-lt flowers in July and August and later forms a dry capsule. Capsules are filled with small, shiny, chestnut-brown seeds. Rhizomes allow this perennial species to extend itself vegetatively and oven^^inter.

■Management impiications.-Livestock grazing, which is often concentrated in riparian areas, should be carefully monitored to insure protection of these populations.

Distribution.-Bedstraw bellflower is distributed mainly to the north and east of our region from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, and extends south to Georgia and South Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

260


Current geographic range of bedstraw bellflower {Campanula aparinoides) In North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 4 3 6 5 3

261

Chapter 3 • Plants SensKlve

LOW FLATSEDGE Cyperus diandrus


Description.-A member of the sedge family, this smooth-stemmed plant reaches 3.5-12 inches in height. Long, narrow leaves (0.1 of an inch wide) are equal in length to the stem. These leaves are mostly basal, but may occur along the lower part of the stems. Spikes (clusters of flowers) are subtended by long bracts and contain 10-18 small flowers. Each flower has a single oval scale t>elow with the female reproductive structures (the style) conspicuously exserted. Low flatsedge forms a hard, one-seeded fruit or achene.

Habitat.-Sites that contain low flatsedge are found along the shores and banks of steams and lakes. These sites occur near 1,100 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-An annual species, low flatsedge reproduces strictly by seed.

Management implications.-Livestock grazing, which is often concentrated in riparian areas, should be managed to maintain populations of low flatsedge.

Distribution.-Found principally to the north and east of our region, this plant also occurs in North Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive for North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

262


Current geographic range of low flatsedge (Cyperus diandrus) In North Dakota.

PRCX3RAM BUEX3ET ,






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1



Non-structural Habitat Improvement 1 1


TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

263


SHINING FLATSEDGE Cyperus rívularis


Description.-Short, slender, and mostly basal leaves characterize this member of the sedge family. These leaves are usually shorter than the stems. The stems reach 2.8-13 inches in height and are tipped with elongated, leaf-like bracts. Several spikes (clusters of flowers) sit above these bracts. Spikes are composed of several groups of 10-30 flowers. The lowest spike is sessile, while the rest are attached by short, erect stalks. Oval scales occur below the flowers. These scales are purplish-brown with a pale midrib. Fruits of this plant are hard, lenticular, reddish-brown, and one-seeded achenes.

Habitat.-Shining flatsedge is found in marshes, wet meadows, and along the edges of streams and lakes. It is also known to be tolerant of alkaline soils. Sites range from 1,010-1,065 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Shining flatsedge is an annual species and reproduces strictly by seed.

lUlanagement impiications.-Livestock grazing, which is often concentrated in riparian areas, should be carefully monitored to insure protection of these populations.

Distribution.-Widespread in southern Canada, populations of shining flatsedge are also found in the eastern United States and south into South America. The main population is found to the east of our region. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive for North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

264


Current geographic range of shining flatsedge (Cyperus rivularis) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 4 2 7 3

265


SMALL WHITE LADY'S-SLIPPER Cypripedium candidum

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in North Daicota

Description.-Narrow, oval leaves crowd the middle section of a 1-to-2-flowered stem in this member of the orchid family. Plants are 6-12 inches in height and often form dense clumps. Its 3-4 leaves appear as the plant begins to flower. Short hairs sparsely cover much of the foliage. The greenish yellow flowers are composed of 3 sepals and 3 petals, and are usually streaked with purple. The top sepal is broadly lance-shaped, while the two at the sides are somewhat narrower. All are at least 1 inch in length and have wavy margins. The upper 2 petals are linear, lance-shaped and twisted into a helix. The lip petal is a round slipper-shape with its interior streaked with purple. A short, sterile reproductive projection within the flower is yellow, and spotted with crimson.

Habitat.-Small white lady's-slipper is found in moist prairies, meadows, and marshes in open areas. Sites where it occurs, range from 990-1,200 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This species flowers from May to June. A capsule with thousands of tiny seeds ripens later in the summer. A very small number of these seeds establish new plants. Rhizomes allow this plant to vegetatively reproduce and overwinter.

Management impiications.-Management should include control of livestock distribution on these sites, and the maintenance of a suitable moisture regime.

Distribution.-Distributed more commonly to the east of this region, small white lady's-slipper occurs from Newfoundland to south-eastern Saskatchewan, south to North Dakota, and east to Connecticut. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

266


Current geographic range of small white lady's-slipper {Cypripedium candidum) ¡n North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

267


SHOWY LADY'S-SLIPPER Cypripedium reginae


Description.-A robust orchid, showy lady's-slipper grows from 12-32 inches in height and produces 1 or 2 showy, white flowers each year. Ribbed leaves, 3 to 8 in number, occur along the stems. These leaves are 4-9.5 inches in length, up to 6 inches wide, and pointed at the tip. The foliage is covered with short hairs. Long bracts (up to 5 inches) subtend the short-stalked flowers. Both the sepals and the petals are white. The upper sepal is oval to roundish, and the two lateral sepals are fused and similar in form but smaller than the upper one. The two lateral petals are oval, and the lip petal is shaped like the toe of a slipper. Rose-pink streaks cover the interior of the lip petal. A short, sterile, reproductive projection on the lip petal is white with rose, pink or yellow spots.

Habitat.-Showy lady's-slipper occurs in shady swamps and bogs, and near old oxbows and beaver ponds. Soils at these sites may be

acid to slightly alkaline. It is often associated with speckled alder, bog birch, and red-osier dogwood. These sites range from 985 to 1,060 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Showy lady's-slipper flowers from June through August. It later forms a capsule with numerous tiny seeds. The stout rhizome allows this perennial plant to ovenvinter.

Management impiications.-Showy lady's-slipper is dependent on a natural water regime. Any activity that affects this regime is likely to influence populations of this plant.

Distribution.-Found primarily to the north and east of our region from Saskatchewan to Alabama, this plant also occurs in North Dakota. In the Northern Region, showy lady's-slipper is listed as sensitive for North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

268


Current geographic range of showy lady's-sllpper {Cypripedium reginae) In North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 4 2 7 3

269

Chapter 3 - Plants SenaRive

CRESTED SHIELD-FERN Dryopteris cristata

T,nn^


Description.-Distinctive fronds of 2 forms are clustered on a short, upright rhizome in this member of the common fern family. The centrally located reproductive fronds reach 1-2 feet in length and die back at the end of each season. The outer, spreading vegetative fronds are evergreen. All the fronds are twice dissected into smaller, but not very fine segments. Circular spore-filled sacs are borne on the undersides of reproductive leaves. These sacs are positioned midway between the leaf margins and the midvein.

Habitat.-Moist to boggy woods and wet meadows are the types of sites that might contain crested shield-fern. It sometimes occurs with speckled alder and bog birch. Other ferns on North Dakota's sensitive list are sometimes found at these same sites-marsh fern {Thelypteris palustris), ladyfern (/\thyrium filix-femina), and spinulose wood-fern {Dryopteris spinulosa). Sites where this plant occurs range from 985 to 1,060 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-True seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, numerous spores are formed in the reproductive sacs. After the spores are released, they start a complex life cycle that will produce new fern plants. The rhizome and the evergreen leaves allow this perennial plant to overwinter.

Management impllcations.-Riparian areas where this species is found often receive concentrated livestock use and should be monitored.

DIstribution.-A circumboreal species, crested shield-fern occurs south to Arkansas in the east, and into Montana, Idaho, and North Dakota in the west. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

270


Current geographic range of crested shield-fern {Dryopteris cristata) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

271


SPINULOSE WOOD-FERN Dryopteris sp'mulosa

-:¿^^A>^*i*^

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Nortii Daicota

Description.-The fronds on this member of the common fern family grow to 32 inches in height and are narrowly triangular in shape. The frond blades are twice-pinnately dissected. The ultimate segments have teeth along the margins, which are tipped with soft spines. The lower portion of the stalk is reddish-brown and has scattered scales that are less than 0.5 of an inch in length. The upper portions of the stalk are somewhat straw-colored. Circular-shaped spore sacs (reproductive structures) are found on the undersides of frond segments.

Habitat.-Spinulose wood-fern may occur in heavily vegetated woodlands and along stream courses in boggy areas. It often occurs with speckled alder, bog birch, and willow. Several ferns on the sensitive list for North Dakota, crested shield-fern {Dryopteris cristata) and ladyfern (^thyrium filix-femina), are found at some of these

sites. Elevations at these sites range from 1,000-1,060 feet.

Reproduction.-True seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, spores are formed in reproductive sacs. When released, these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new ferns.

Management implications.-Riparian areas attract livestock. Populations that occur in these areas should be monitored.

Distribution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, populations of spinulose wood-fern extend south in the eastern United States to Kentucky, and in the west to Montana, Oregon, and North Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

272


Current geographic range of spinulose wood-fern (Dryopteris spinulosa) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

273


MARSH HORSETAIL Equlsetum palustre


Description.-A member of one of the older families of plants-the horsetails, marsh horsetail may grow to a height greater than 3 feet. The stem has 8-10 smooth ridges with one-quarter of the interior of the stem hollow. Sheaths at the nodes are dark brown at the base and green alDOve. The sheaths are also flared and tipped by 8-10 teeth. Stems have few to many whorls of branches at the nodes. The branches have 5 or 6 angles and have 5-6 teeth per sheath. These branches may reach 14 inches in length. Cones, the reproductive structures of horsetails, may reach 1 inch in length and are borne on short stalks at the tips of the main stems.

Habitat.-Marsh horsetail is found in shaded areas around lakes, along rivers, or in bogs. It is often found with speckled alder and willows in North Dakota. Several plants on the sensitive list for North Dakota, mountain wood fern {Dryopteris spinulosa) and showy lady's slipper {Cypripedium

reginae), also occur at these sites. These sites are from 985 to 1,035 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Seeds are not produced in the horsetail family; instead, spores are formed in the cones. When released, these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new horsetails. The perennial creeping rhizomes persist many seasons; however, the stems die back each year.

Management implications.-Riparian areas often receive concentrated livestock use. Populations that occur in these areas should be monitored.

Distribution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, populations of marsh horsetail extend south to Pennsylvania, Washington, Montana, and North Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

274


Current geographic range of marsh horsetail {Equisetum palustre) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 4 2 7 3

275


SLENDER COTTONSEDGE Eriophorum gracile


Descrlptlon.-Slender stems that reach 8-24 inches in height are tipped by 2-5 clusters of flowers in this member of the sedge family. Slender leaves, less than 0.06 of an inch in width, sheath the base of a triangular-shaped stem. The lower leaves are half the length of the stem (about 4-12 inches), while the upper stem leaf is often reduced in length. A single, short bract subtends an inflorescence that contains clusters of flowers, which droop from long stalks. Long, white bristles and blackish-green to greenish-brown scales occur with each flower in the cluster. In fruit, these clusters resemble cotton balls.

Habitat.-Moist areas, such as wet meadows and bogs, are the types of sites that might contain populations of slender cottonsedge. In North Dakota, it has been found in old oxbow seeps with cattails and sedges. Although this plant may extend to high elevations in North Dakota, usually

it is found along major river drainages, which range from 1,020 to 1,050 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Flowers appear from May through August depending on the altitude at the site. It later forms numerous hard, one-seeded fruits (achenes). Creeping rhizomes allow this species to expand vegetatively and overwinter.

(Management impiications.-This species is dependent on moist environments.

Dlstrlbution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, populations of slender cottonsedge extend south in the United States to Pennsylvania, Colorado, Idaho, and central California. In the Northern Region, this plant is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

276


Current geographic range of slender cottonsedge (Enophorum gracile) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

277


GREEN-KEELED COTTONSEDGE Eriophorum viridlcarinatum


Description.-A member of the sedge family, green-keeled cottonsedge reaches 8-24 inches in height, and is tipped by 2-8 clusters of flowers. The basal and stem leaves are up to 0.3 of an inch in width, flat toward the base, and V-shaped toward the tip. The uppermost leaf is reduced in length. Several bracts subtend the flower clusters. Each cluster has a long stalk and tends to droop. Long, white bristles and a blackish-green scale are attached to each flower. When in fruit, these clusters resemble cotton balls.

l-iabitat.-Cold swamps, bogs, and wet meadows at mid to high elevations in the mountains may hold populations of green-keeled cottonsedge. At the edge of its distribution, the sites in North Dakota occur along major river drainages. These sites occur near 1,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Green-keeled cottonsedge flowers in June and July, and later forms many hard, one-seeded fruits (achenes). Creeping blackish rhizomes allow this plant to expand vegetatively and ovenvinter.

lUlanagement impiications.-Activities that alter the water regime at these sites may affect these populations.

Distribution.-Distributed from Newfoundland to Alaska, populations of green-keeled cottonsedge extend south to New York, Colorado, northern Idaho, and North Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

278


Current geographic range of green-keeled cottonsedge (Eriophorum viridicarinatum) In North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 4 2 7 3

279


WESTERN WAHOO Euonymut atropurpureut

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in Nortii Dalcota

Description.-Western wahoo, a member of the staff tree family, matures as a single-trunked shrub or small tree. It may reach from 6 to 13 feet in height. It has purple quadrangular-shaped branches, which become green with age. Leaves on short stalks are placed opposite one another along the branches. The blades are oblong-oval, 2-3.5 inches long and have fine teeth along the margins. Fine hairs occur on the undersides of leaves. In the inflorescence, stalks up to 2 inches long bear 7-15 small flowers. Purplish or greenish-purple sepals are fused with only 4 very short, free lobes. The red-purple to brownish-purple flower petals, which are 0.1 of an inch in length, are not fused.

Habitat.-Wooded draws, bluffs, streambanks, and thickets are the types of the areas where western wahoo might occur. In North

Dakota these sites range from 800-990 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-A woody perennial, western wahoo flowers from May through July. Red or yellowish, four-lobed, 0.5 of an inch fruit capsules develop later and open to expose seeds with a red fleshy cover.

Management impiications.-lt is not known which activities affect this plant.

Distribution.-Populations of western wahoo occur from southern Ontario to North Dakota, and south to Florida and Texas. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

280


Current geographic range of western wahoo (Euonymus atropurpúreas) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET




information, Education, and Training 1 1


Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 3 2 7 2

281

Chapter 3 - Plants SensKlve

OAKFERN Gymnocarplum dryopterit


Description.-Fronds that may reach 16 inches in length are sparsely scattered along a rhizome in this member of the common fern family. Frond stalks are nearly equal in length to the dissected blade. The blades are twice-pinnately dissected. The lower-most leaflets are on long stalks and are asymmetric in shape, while the upper leaflets have no stalks. Located on the lower sides of the fronds are circular-shaped reproductive structures that bear spores.

Habitat.-Damp, shaded granite rock ledges and crevices, and rocky wooded slopes are habitats where oakfern might occur.

Reproduction.-True seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, spores are

formed in the reproductive sacs. When released, these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new ferns.

Management implications.-The area where oakfern occurs is currently within an exclosure.

Distribution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, oakfern occurs south in the United States to Virginia. In the west, it is found south to South Dakota and Arizona. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

282


Current geographic range of oakfern {Gymnocarpium dryopteris) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 1


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 2 4 2 5

283


FROSTWEED Helianthemum bicknellii


Description.-A member of the rockrose family, this herb has clusters of numerous stems that are thickly covered with white and grayish hairs. Leaves are linear-oblong, usually up to 1.8 inches in length, and occur along the lower stem. The leaves are much reduced in size as they near the top of the stem. The flowers are of two types. Each inflorescence contains 5-12 early-opening flowers, which have large yellow petals and green sepals. They are densely covered with many hairs, which radiate outward from a central point. Numerous male reproductive filaments are exerted from the flower. These flowers open on sunny days, and lose their petals by the next day. Many smaller flowers appear later in the season. These late-blooming flowers never open; instead, they self-fertile.

Habitat.-Frostweed has been found in dry, sandy soil in open woods or in the plains.

Reproduction.-Both flower types form seed capsules. A large capsule with numerous seeds is formed by the early-opening flowers. A smaller, few-seeded capsule is formed by the self-fertilizing flowers. A perennial species, frostweed's stocky roots allow it to ovenvinter.

Management implications.-lt is not known what types of activities might affect this plant.

Distribution.-Broadly distributed populations of frostweed occur from Maine to North Dakota and south to North Carolina. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

284


Current geographic range of frostweed (Helianthemum bicknellii) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4

inventory and Status Review 1 1 1

Monitoring 1





TOTAL 1 1 5 2 7

285


LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE Uparis loenelli

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In Nortli Dakota

Descrlption.-An inflorescence of white to yellowish-green flowers tips a single stem in this member of the orchid family. Stems arise from a thickened bulb-like root to reach 2.8-8 inches in height. Two fleshy, somewhat shiny, erect, oblong leaves arise from the base. These leaves may reach the length of the stems. A loose inflorescence of from 1 to 12 flowers tips the stems. Flowers consist of 3 broadly lance-shaped sepals, 2 narrow tubular petals, and a recurved lip petal. The lip petal is oblong and has a wavy margin. All the floral parts are greenish-white.

Habitat.-Loesers twayblade is found around springs or bogs and sometimes in moist prairie swales.

Reproduction.-lt flowers from May to August and later forms a long, narrow, oval fruit

capsule. These capsules contain many thousands of tiny seeds. A thickened root allows this perennial plant to pass the winter.

Management Impllcations.-Livestock grazing should be managed to minimize impacts to Loesel's twayblade populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-Distributed from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, and south in the mountains to North Carolina, populations sporadically occur to the west. Loesers twayblade is also known from Europe. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it has been recorded on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

286


Current geographic range of Loesel's twayblade (Liparis loeselii) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUCX3ET








Monitoring 1



Non-structural Habrtat Improvement 1 1


TOTAL 2 2 4 2 8

287


BUCKBEAN Menyanthes trifoliata


Descrlptlon.-This member of the buckbean family is distinctive for its 3 egg-shaped leaflets that are connected to a long stalk (4-12 inches in length). The leaflets are 1.5-4.8 inches long, with the narrowest end near the stalk. Rhizomes are thickened, elongate, and covered with old leaf bases. A leafless floral stem bears two different types of flowers. The first type has male reproductive structures exerted outside the flower and female structures included within the flower. A second type of flower has male reproductive structures included within the flower, while the female structures are exerted. Both flowers open at the same time. Flower petals are white to pinkish and up to 0.5 of an inch in length. Fused except for short, free lobes, the petals are conspicuously fringed along the insides. The green sepals have free lobes nearly to the base of the flower.

HabHat.-Buckbean is found in bogs, swamps, and small lakes, which are often in standing water early in the summer. Associated species at these sites include speckled alder, bog

birch, and sedges. It has also been known to occur with another plant on the sensitive list for North Dakota, showy lady's slipper {Cypripedium reginae). Sites range from 1,035-1,085 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Buckbean flowers from June through August, and later produces a capsule of shiny, yellow-brown seeds. Rhizomes allow this perennial plant to expand vegetatively and to overwinter.

Management Impllcatlons.-Activities that alter the water regime where buckbean grows may affect plant populations.

DIstrlbutlon.-Circumboreal in its distribution, populations of buckbean extend south along both the east and west coasts and in the Rocky Mountains. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

288


Current geographic range of buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 1 1 5 2 7

289


COMMON SENSITIVE FERN Onoclea sensibilis


Description.-Fronds of this member of the common fern family are of 2 types. The vegetative fronds reach 36 inches in height with a blade. The lower leaflets are dissected and have wavy margins. Reproductive fronds are narrowly oblong and distinctly twice-pinnately dissected. These fronds reach 6-24 inches in height. Fronds of both types are scattered along a cylindrical, branched, and creeping rhizome. Spore sacs are enclosed in enrolled leaflets of the fertile fronds.

IHabitat.-lt occurs in both open and shaded areas in boggy woods, swamps, marshes, and ditches. Often found within thickets of speckled alder, it sometimes occurs with ladyfern (^thyrium filiX'femina), another species on the sensitive list for North Dakota. These sites occur from 960-1,500 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-True seeds are not produced in the fern family; instead, numerous spores are formed. These spores start a complex life cycle that will eventually produce new fern plants.

Management impiications.-Riparian areas are often preferred by domestic livestock, and populations in these areas should be monitored.

Distribution.-Distributed from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and then south to Florida and Texas, common sensitive fern also occurs in North Dakota In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland of the Custer National Forest.

290


Current geographic range of common sensitive fern {Onoclea sensibilis) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 1


Monitoring 1 1 1





TOTAL 2 2 5 2 8

291


ADDER'S TONGUE Ophloglossum vulgatum


Description.-A single, or sometimes several, vegetative blade is attached to a stalk in this member of the adder's tongue family. The plants reach 4-12 inches in height. Vegetative blades are narrowly oval and usually 1-4 inches in length. Stems are tipped by narrow erect reproductive structures that contain spores. These structures open along horizontal slits on each side of the stem.

Habitat.-Adder's tongue occurs in moist meadows and marshes, often in areas that are sandy. In North Dakota, it is sometimes found with western prairie fringed orchid {Platanthera praeclara), another species on the sensitive list. Sites occur near 1,000 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-This plant does not produce true seeds; instead, spores are formed in reproductive structures. After their release, these spores start a complex life cycle that will produce new adder's tongues.

Management impiications.-This inconspicuous plant is dependent on moist substrates and may be affected by grazing.

Distribution.-Circumboreal in its distribution, adder's tongue extends south in North America to Florida and Mexico. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it has been recorded on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

292


Current geographic range of adder's tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1


Structural Habrtat Improvement



TOTAL 2 2 5 2 8

293


LIMBER PINE Pinus flexllis


Descrlptlon.-This member of the pine family usually forms a small tree, but may reach from 13-50 feet in height. The young bark is grayish and ages to brown or black. Deep yellowish-green needles are 1.5-2.8 inches in length and in groups of 5. Seed-bearing cones are egg-shaped and 2-4.8 inches in length. Limber pine often grows very small and contorted at treeline or where high winds are prevalent.

IH&bltat.-Usually found in subalpine or alpine zones, limber pine also occurs at lower elevations, where conditions may be harsh and somewhat dry.

Reproductlon.-Male cones open and disperse pollen in the spring and early summer.

Female cones generally take 4 years to mature, eventually opening to release winged and naked seeds.

Management Impllcatlons.-This species is not used for lumber.

DIstrlbutlon.-Limber pine occurs throughout the mountains of western North America, from British Columbia to California, and east north-east to North Dakota and Alberta. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Little Missouri Grasslands of the Custer National Forest.

294


Current geographic range of limber pine {Pinus flexilis) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET








Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 3 2 3 11 8

295


WESTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHID Platanthera praeclara

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive In North Dakota

Descrlptlon.-Numerous, thick leaves sheath the stem of this large (up to 2.5 feet tall) member of the orchid family. Leaves are long (up to 10 inches) and broad (up to 2 inches wide), but become reduced in size upwards along the stem. Up to 20 large flowers line the upper stem. Both the petals and the sepals are white. The sepals are tinged with green and 3 of them are round. The upper sepal is somewhat hood-like, while the lateral pair are flat and more narrower in shape. The upper pair of petals are lightly fringed along their flat edges. Distinctly 3-lobed, the lip petal is deeply fringed and has a cun/ed nectary that may reach 2 inches in length.

Habltat.-This orchid occurs most often at the bases of the sandhills, but it has been found in prairie swales and sometimes in the uplands. In all cases, these sites are high in moisture from subsurface water. It often occurs in wooly sedge, northern reedgrass, and Baltic rush habitat types.

Reproductlon.-Flowers appear in July and August. These are nocturnally fragrant and produce a high volume of nectar. A known pollinator of this species is the hawkmoth. After fertilization, capsules ripen and release thousands of tiny seeds. Tuberous roots allow this perennial plant to overwinter. Individuals are suspected to be long-lived.

Management Impllcatlons.-Western prairie fringed orchid occupies moist, sedge prairie swales that generally have low shrub cover. It is thought that fire has played a role in the maintenance of the somewhat open habitat of this species. Little is known about the ecology of this species and how it responds to management activities. The management of this orchid's habitat is complicated by a variety of land uses including grazing, mowing, and irrigation practices. In addition, leafy spurge invasions and shrub encroachment may have negative impacts on populations. Studies have

296


been initiated on the Sheyenne National Grassland to assess the effects of management activities on the prairie fringed orchid.

Dlstrlbutlon.-Western prairie fringed orchid is distributed from Minnesota to North Dakota,

and south to Iowa, Kansas, and South Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Ouster National Forest.

Current geographic range of western prairie fringed orchid {Platanthera praeclara) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 20




structural Habitat Improvement



TOTAL 24 27 54 27 15

297


BALSAM POPLAR Populut balsamlfera var. trichocarpa


Description.-A hardwood tree that may grow to 160 feet in height, balsam poplar has leaves that are broadly egg-shaped and widest t>elow the middle. Leaves are 2-6 inches in length and 1.3-3.5 inches in width. The upper surfaces of the leaves are green, while the lower surfaces are whitish and smooth. The bark is a smooth grayish-red when young, but becomes furrowed with age. Male and female clusters of pendulous flowers (catkins) occur on separate trees. The flowers appear before the leaves in spring.

Habitat.-Riparian habitats in boreal or montane conifer forests are the types of areas where balsam poplar might be found.

Reproduction.-Flowers appear from March through June, and capsules of seeds ripen from May through July. The presence of separate male

or female trees requires that cross-fertilization occur for seeds to be produced. A woody perennial species, it may sprout new plants from a widespread root system.

Management impiications.-Young poplars cannot establish in the shade of a mature forest. Disturbance is often necessary for recruitment of new seedlings.

Distribution.-Balsam poplar is widely distributed and occurs from Alaska to northern Baja California and then eastward to a north-south line through North Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Little Missouri portion of the Custer National Forest.

298


Current geographic range of balsam poplar (Populas balsamifera var. trichocarpa) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET



Program Management 1 1 1





Monitoring 1 1





TOTAL 3 3 3 12 9

299


VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN MINT Pycnanthemum virginianum


Descrlptlon.-ln this member of the mint family, leaves are narrowly lance-shaped and occur along a 4-angled stem. The stems reach 16-36 inches in height and are hairy only at the edges. Leaves are 1-2.3 inches long with a sparse cover of hairs on the undersides of the blades. Roundish to lance-shaped, sharp-pointed bracts arise below dense clusters of small flowers. Flower clusters tip each stem. The funnel-formed, two-lipped flowers are covered with hairs both inside and out. The petals are white to pale lavender and the lower lip is spotted with purple. Sepals are fused with the free lobes appearing as triangular teeth. The outer surface of the sepals have a dense cover of grey hairs.

HabHat.-Virginia Mountain mint is found in moist woods, meadows, and sloughs. In North Dakota, it is often found in low grass prairies where

soil moisture is high. Sites range from 945-1,070 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-This plant flowers late in the growing season from July through September. It forms a 3-sided brown fruit in the fall. A perennial plant, it grows from rhizomes each year.

Management Impllcatlons.-Riparian habitats are often preferred by livestock and populations in these areas should be monitored.

Dlstributlon.-Found principally to the east of our region, populations of Virginia Mountain mint occur from Quebec to North Dakota, and south to Oklahoma and Tennessee. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Ouster National Forest.

300


Current geographic range of Virginia Mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 1 5 3 7

301


BOG WILLOW Sallx pedicellaris

USFWS Status: None USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in North Daicota

Description.-A slender, erect shrub, bog willow has dark brown smooth bark on Its branches and stems. The twigs are grayish brown and bear oblong to lance-shaped leaves. Leaves are green above and waxy white below. The leaves may reach 0.8-1.5 inches in length and have slightly rolled margins. Male or female clusters of erect flowers (catkins) are borne on separate plants.

Habitat.-Swamps, sphagnum bogs, and wet meadows are sites where bog willow might occur. In North Dakota, it is found in association with bog birch, speckled alder, and hoary willow. Sites range from 1,010-1,040 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Catkins appear with the leaves in spring from May to early June. Female

plants bear capsules of seeds produced through cross-fertilization. A perennial plant, it grows from rhizomes and young shoots establish easily.

lUlanagement impiications.-Riparian areas attract livestock and populations in these areas should be monitored.

Distribution.-Populations are distributed from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south to New Jersey, North Dakota, northern Idaho, and Oregon. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

302


Current geographic range of bog willow {Salix pedicellaris) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 1 5 3 7

303


THREE-TOOTHED RAGWORT Senecio tridenticulatus


Descrlptlon.-Single, or sometimes several, stems 4-12 inches in height arise from a branched taproot in this member of the sunflower family. Long stalked basal leaves are lance-shaped and taper to the base. Leaves may reach from 0.8-1.5 inches in length and have rounded teeth along the margins. Leaves along the stem are similar in shape, but reduced in size. The inflorescence consists of 4-12 heads, each encircled by 13 (sometimes 21) bracts. Flower clusters consist of from 8-13 yellow ray flowers, which surround the central tubular disk flowers.

Habltat.-Three-toothed ragwort may be found in open prairie and foothills regions. In North Dakota, it is often found on the upper slopes of sand dunes. Sites range from 1,000-1,095 feet in elevation.

Reproductlon.-Three-toothed ragwort flowers from May through June, and later forms many, hard one-seeded fruits (achenes). The taproot allows this perennial to ovenvinter.

Management Implications.-Sandy sites are subject to erosion by livestock and these sites should be monitored.

Distrlbutlon.-Populations of three-toothed ragwort are distributed from Manitoba to Texas, and west to the Rocky Mountains. Although widespread in its distribution, it has very localized populations. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it is found on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Ouster National Forest.

304


Current geographic range of three-toothed ragwort (Senecio tridenticulatus) in North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 1 5 3 7

305


MARSH FERN nelypterls palustrit


Description.-Fronds of 2 types are scattered along lengthy rhizomes in this member of the common fern family. The non-reproductive fronds reach 38 inches in height and have broadly lance-shaped once-dissected blades. Blade segments are opposite and have thin soft hairs on the bottom surfaces. Reproductive fronds reach 58 inches in height and are more lance-shaped. Roundish reproductive structures (spore sacs) may be found on the undersides of these fronds.

Habitat.-Marsh fern may occur in the sandy soils of ditches, prairie ravines, marshes, or moist sandhills. It often occurs beneath bog birch and speckled alder. In some areas, it occurs with ladyfern (^thyrium filix-femina), crested shield-fern {Dryopteris cristata), and spinulose wood-fern {Dryopteris spinulosa), which are other species on the sensitive list. Sites range from 985-1,030 feet in elevation.

Reproduction.-Seeds are not produced in this family; instead, spores are formed in the spore sacs. When released, these spores start a complex life cycle that will eventually produce new ferns. New fronds also grow each year from the rhizome.

IManagement impiications.-Sites where marsh fern is found often contain other species on the sensitive list for North Dakota and should be monitored to ensure that diversity is maintained.

Distribution.-Marsh fern is broadly distributed in North America from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to Florida, and also occurs in Eurasia. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in North Dakota, where it occurs on the Sheyenne National Grassland portion of the Custer National Forest.

306


Current geographic range of marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris) ¡n North Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 1 ^5 1 3 7

307


VISHER'S BUCKWHEAT Eriogonum visheri

USFWS Status: C2 USFS Region 1 Status: Sensitive in North Dalcota

Descrlptlon.-An erect-brariehed plant, this member of the buckwheat family has prominent basal leaves and somewhat reduced stem leaves. Visher's buckwheat reaches 6-20 Inches in height. The 1 to several, round (up to 0.6 of an inch) basal leaves have stalks 1-1.5 Inches in length. Stem leaves are oblong with reduced stalks and are restricted to the lower nodos of the plant. Thö main stem extends upward several inches before it branches into the finer divisions of the open inflorescence. Fused bracts surround 1 to several small, yellow flowers. These flower clusters occur at the nodes.

Habitat.-This species inhabits mostly barren exposures within badlands habitats. Eroded buttes, canyons, arroyos, or shallow dry washes at the upper ends of streams are potential habitats. Soils at these sites contain heavy clays, and are high in salt and low in organic matter and nutrients. At these sites, total vegetative cover is usually less than 10 percent. Most sites are within major river valleys and occur from 2,100-2,800 feet in elevation. Species most commonly found with

Visher's buckwheat are matchbrush, silverscale saltbush, and an introduced species-Russian-thistle.

Reproduction.-An annual, Visher's buckwheat reproduces only by seed. It flowers from July through September. Estimated seed production ranges from 100 to 3,000 seeds per plant.

■Management implications.-AII the occurrences are on private or publicly managed rangelands. Grazing does not negatively affect populations. Exotic weed species may be able to outcompete Visher's buckwheat. Populations should continue to be monitored in an effort to better understand the ecology of this plant.

Distribution.-Visher's buckwheat occurs only in North Dakota and South Dakota. In the Northern Region, it is listed as sensitive in South Dakota, where it is found on the Custer National Forest.

308


Current geographic range of VIsher's buckwheat (Eriogonum vishen) ¡n South Dakota.

PROGRAM BUDGET






Management Guides 4


Monitoring 1





TOTAL 2 1 5 3 7

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Appendix - B Forest Lists

Beaverhead National Forest

Common Name

Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Spotted Bat Trumpeter Swan Ferruginous Hawk Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl

Westslope Cutthroat Trout MT Arctic Grayling

Showy Pussytoes Peculiar Moonwort Idaho Sedge Rocky Mountain Paintbrush Jackson's Hole Thistle Yellow Springbeauty Giant Helleborine Rough Fleabane Evermann's Fleabane Trailing Fleabane Western Boneset Discoid Goldenweed Keeled Bladderpod Primrose Monkey-flower Stalked-pod Crazyweed Taper-leaved Beard Tongue Lemhi Penstemon Jove's Buttercup Wolf's Willow Weber's Saw-wort Storm Saxifrage Watson's Selaginella Alpine Meadowrue

Scientific Name

Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Euderma maculatum Cygnus buccinator Buteo regalis Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus

Salmo clarki lewisis Thymallus arcticus montanus

Antennaria pulcherrima Botrychium paradoxum Carex idahoa Castilleja covilleana Cirsium subniveum Ciaytonia lanceolata var. flava Epipactis gigantea Erigeron asperugineus Erigeron evermannil Erigeron flagellaris Eupatorium occidentale Haplopappus macronema var. macronema Lesquerella carinata Mimulus primuloides Oxytropis podocarpa Penstemon attenuatus var. militaris Penstemon lemhiensis Ranunculus jovis Salix wotfii var. wolfii Saussurea weberi Saxífraga tempestiva Selaginella watsonii Thalictrum alpinum

Occurrence

X X X X ?

X X ?

X

X X

? ?

X ?

X ? ? X ? ?

? X ? X ? ?

X ?

X X X X X

Legend: X = known occurrence; ? = suspected occurrence

Appendix B -1


Bitterroot National Forest

Common Name Scientific Name Occurrence

NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus ¡rremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X ?

Chinook Salmon Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmo clarki iewisi Salvelinus confluentus

X X X

Sandweed Rocky Mountain Paintbrush Northern Golden-carpet Common Clarkia Small Yellow Lady's-slipper Giant Helleborine Rough Fleabane Evermann's Fleabane Western Boneset Discoid Goldenweed Few-seeded Bladderpod Oregon Bluebell Primrose Monkey-flower Taper-leaved Beard Tongue Lemhi Penstemon Wolf's Willow Yerba Buena Storm Saxifrage Watson's Selaginella

Athysanus pusillus Castilleja covilleana Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Clarkia rhomboidea Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum Epipactis gigantea Erigeron asperugineus Erigeron evermannii Eupatorium occidentale Haplopappus macronema var. macronema Lesquerella humilis Mertensia bella Mimulus primuloides Penstemon attenuatus var. militaris Penstemon lemhiensis Salix wolfii var. wolfii Satureja douglasii Saxífraga tempestiva Selaginella watsonii

X X X ?

X ? ? X X ? X ? X X ? ? X X ?

Legend: X = known occurrence; ? = suspected occurrence.

Appendix B - 2


Clearwater National Forest

Common Name

NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Wolverine (ID only) Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout Chinook Salmon Steelhead

Oregon Bentgrass Tolmie's Onion Candystick Maidenhair Spleenwort Deerfern Green-band Mariposa Lily Broad-fruit Mariposa Constance's Bittercress California Sedge Pacific Dogwood Clustered Lady's-slipper Dasynotus White Shooting Star Henderson's Shooting Star Phantom Orchid Soft Rush Rollins' Desert-parsely Oregon Bluebell Bank Monkey-flower Slender Wooly-heads Wool Grass Leiberg's Tauschia Sierra Wood-fern Sticky Tofieldia Western Starflower Redwoods Violet

Scientific Name

Canis lupus Irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Guio guio Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Plethodon vandykel ¡dahoensis

Salmo clarki lewisi Salvelinus confluentus Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmo gairdneri

Agrostís oregonensis Allium tolmlel var. platyphyllum Allotropa virgata Asplenlum trichomanes Blechnum spicant Calochortus macrocarpus var. maculosus Calochortus nitidus Cardamine constance! Carex californica Cornus nuttailii Cypripedium fasciculatum Dasynotus daubenmirei Dodecatheon dentatum Dodecatheon hendersonii Eburophyton austiniae Juncus effusus var. pacificus Lomatium rollinsii Mertensia bella Mimulus clivicola Psilocarphus tenellus Scirpus cyperinus Tauschia tenuissima Thelypteris nevadensis Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona Trientalis latifolia Viola sempervirens

Occurrence

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X ? X X X 7 ? X X X X X X X X X 7 X X 7 7 7

X X X X


Appendix B - 3


Custer National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Whooping Crane Interior Least Tern Black-footed Ferret Piping Plover Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Spotted Bat Bighorn Sheep (ND only) Ferruginous Hawk Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Sage Grouse Greater Prairie Chicken

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Grus americana Sterna antillarum athalassos Mustela nigripes Charadrius melodus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Euderma maculatum Ovis canadensis californiana Buteo regalis Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Centrocercus urophasianus Tympanuchus cupido

X X X X X X X X X X X X ?

? X X

Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Salmo dark! bouvieri

Barr's Milkvetch New Jersey Tea Giant Helleborine Large-fruited Kobresia Barratt Willow Wolf's Willow Shoshonea Silky Aster Ladyfern Bedstraw Beilflower Low Flatsedge Shining Flatsedge Small White Lady's-slipper Showy Lady's-slipper Crested Shield-fern Splnulose Wood-fern Marsh Horsetail Slender Cottonsedge Green-keeled Cottonsedge Western Wahoo Oakfern Frostweed Loesel's Twayblade Buckbean Common Sensitive Fern Adder's-tongue Limber Pine West. Prairie Fringed Orchid Black Cottonwood Virginia Mountian Mint Bog Willow Three-toothed Ragwort Marsh Fern Visher's Buckwheat

Astragalus barril Ceanothus herbaceus Epipactis gigantea Kobresia macrocarpa Salix barrattiana Salix wotfii var. wolfii Shoshonea pulvinata Aster sericeus Athyrium filix-femina Campanula aparinoides Cyperus diandrus Cyperus rivularis Cypripedium candidum Cypripedium reginae Dryopteris cristata Dryopteris spinulosa Equisetum palustre Eriophorum gracile Eriophorum viridicarinatum Euonymus atropurpureus Gymnocarpium dryopteris Helianthemum bicknellii Liparis loeselii Menyanthes trifoliata Onoclea sensibilis Ophioglossum vulgatum Pinus flexilis Platanthera praeclara Populus balsamifera var. trichocarpa Pycnanthemum virginianum Salix pedicellaris Senecio tridenticulatus Thelypteris palustris Eriogonum visheri

X X ? X X ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X


Appendix B - 4


Deerlodge National Forest


Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Spotted Bat Ferruginous Hawk Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl

Falco peregrinus Haiiaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Euderma maculatum Buteo regalis Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus

X X X X ? X ? X

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout

Salmo clarki lewisi Salvelinus confluentus

X X

Showy Pussytoes Peculiar Moonwort Idaho Sedge Yellow Springbeauty Giant Helleborine Trailing Fleabane Discoid Goidenweed Keeled Bladderpod Primrose Monkey-flower Stalked-pod Crazyweed Lemhi Penstemon Jove's Buttercup Wolfs Willow Weber's Saw-wort Storm Saxifrage Watson's Selaginella Alpine Meadowrue

Antennaria pulcherrima Botrychium paradoxum Carex idahoa Claytonia lanceolata var. flava Epipactis gigantea Erigeron flagellaris Haplopappus macronema var. macronema Lesquereila carinata Mimuius primuloides Oxytropis podocarpa Penstemon lemhiensis Ranunculus jovis Salix wolfii var. wolfii Saussurea weberi Saxífraga tempestiva Selaginella watsonii Thalictrum alpinum

? X X X ? ? ? X ? ? ? ? X X X ? ?


Appendix B - 5


Flathead National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Common Loon Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrin us Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Gavia immer Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X X 9

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout Shorthead Sculpin

Salmo clarki lewisi Salvelinus confluentus Cottus confusus

X X X

Fringed Onion Leadville Milkvetch Peculiar Moonwort Pale Sedge Poor Sedge Northern Golden-carpet Small Yellow Lady's-slipper Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Linear-leaved Sundew Giant Helleborine Northern Bastard Toad-flax Howell's Gumweed Water Howellia Geyer's Biscuit-root Round-leaved Orchis Columbia River Crazy Weed Stalked-pod Crazyweed Blunt-leaved Pondweed Barrett Willow Dwarf Saw-wort Kidney-leaved Violet

Allium fibrillum Astragalus molybdenus Botrychium paradoxum Carex iivida Carex paupercula Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum Cypripedium passerinum Drosera linearis Epipactis gigantea Geocauion lividum Grindelia howellii Howellia aquatilis Lomatium geyeri Orchis rotundifolia Oxytropis columbiana Oxytropis podocarpa Potamogetón obtusifolius Salix barrattiana Saussurea densa Viola renifolia

? 7 7 7 7 7 X X 7 X X 7 X 7

X X 7

X 7 7 X


Appendix B - 6


Gallatin National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Spotted Bat Trumpeter Swan Ferruginous Hawk Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Euderma maculatum Cygnus buccinator Buteo regalis Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus

X X X X X ?

X X X ?

Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Westslope Cutthroat Trout MT Arctic Grayling

Salmo clarkí bouvieri Salmo clarki lewis! Thymallus arcticus montanus

X X X

Jackson's Hole Thistle Yellow Springbeauty Giant Helleborine Discoid Goldenweed Large-fruited Kobresia Jove's Buttercup Barratt Willow Wolf's Willow Alpine Meadowrue

Cirsium subniveum Claytonia lanceolata var. flava Epipactis gigantea Hapiopappus macronema var. macronema Kobresia macrocarpa Ranunculus jovis Salix barrattiana Salix wolfil var. wolfii Thalictrum alpinum

? X ? ? ? X ? ? ?


Appendix B - 7


Helena National Forest


NRM Wolf Canis lupus irremotus X Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrlnus X Bald Eagle Hallaeetus leucocephalus X Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos X Western Big-eared Bat Plecotus townsendil X Spotted Bat Euderma maculatum ? Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalls X Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrlonlcus X

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Salmo clarkl lewlsl X Bull Trout Salvellnus confluentus X Shorthead Sculpin Cottus confusus X

Leadvllle Mllkvetch Astragalus molybdenus ? Peculiar Moonwort Botrychium paradoxum ? Pale Sedge Carex lívida X Poor Sedge Carex paupercula ? Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Cyprlpedlum passerinum ? Linear-leaved Sundew Drosera linearis X Giant Helleborine Epipactis gigantea ? Trailing Fleabane Erigeron flageilaris ? Round-leaved Orchis Orchis rotundifolia ? Stalked-pod Crazyweed Oxytropis podocarpa ? Alpine Meadowrue Thalictrum alpinum ?


Appendix B - 8


Idaho Panhandle National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Woodland Caribou Grizzly Bear Wolverine (ID only) Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Common Loon Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Rangifer tarandus caribou Ursus arctos Guio guio Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Gavia immer Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X X X X X

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Rainbow Trout Bull Trout White Sturgeon Ling

Salmo clarki lewisi Salmo gairdneri Salvelinus confluentus Acipenser transmontanus Lota lota

X X X X X

Oregon Bentgrass Candystick Alpine Arnica Maidenhair Spleenwort Deerfern Mingan Island Moonwort Broad-fruit Mariposa Constance's Bittercress California Sedge Clustered Lady's-slipper White Shooting Star Henderson's Shooting Star Phantom Orchid Creeping Snowberry Howell's Gumweed Soft Rush Northern Bog Clubmoss Beadruby Bank Monkey-flower Trillium-leaved Wood-sorrel Howell's Gooseberry Wool Grass Leiberg's Tauschia Sierra Wood-fern Sticky Tofieldia Northern Starflower Western Starflower Swamp Cranberry Redwoods Violet

Agrostis oregonensis Allotropa virgata Arnica alpina var. tomentosa Asplenium trichomanes Blechnum spicant Botrychium minganense Calochortus nitidus Cardamina constance! Carex californica Cypripedium fasciculatum Dodecatheon dentatum Dodecatheon hendersonii Eburophyton austiniae Gaultheria hispidula Grindelia howellii Juncus effusus var. pacificus Lycopodium inundatum Maianthemum dilatatum Mimulus clivicola Oxalis trillilfolia Ribes howellii Scirpus cyperinus Tauschia tenuissima Thelypteris nevadensis Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona Trientalis árctica Trientalis latifolia Vaccinium oxycoccos Viola sempervirens

X ? X ? X X ? X ? X X ? X X X ? X X X X X X X ? X X X X ?


Appendix B - 9


Kootenai National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Woodland Caribou Grizzly Bear Wolverine (ID only) Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Common Loon Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Rangifer tarandus caribou Ursus arctos Guio guio Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Gavia immer Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X X X X X

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Rainbow Trout Bull Trout Shorthead Sculpin Torrent Sculpin White Sturgeon

Salmo clarki lewisi Salmo gairdneri Salvelinus confluentus Cottus confusus Cottus rhotheus Acipenser transmontanus

X X X X X X

Fringed Onion Cascade Reedgrass Northern Golden-carpet Common Clarkia Small Yellow Lady's-slipper Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Giant Helleborine Western Boneset Northern Bastard Toad-flax Howell's Gumweed Water Howellia Geyer's Biscuit-root Round-leaved Orchis Columbia River Crazy Weed Yerba Buena Kidney-leaved Violet

Allium fibrillum Calamagrostis tweedyi Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Clarkia rhomboidea Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum Cypripedium passerinum Epipactis gigantea Eupatorium occidentale Geocaulon lividum Grindelia howellii Howellia aquatilis Lomatium geyeri Orchis rotundifolia Oxytropis columbiana Satureja douglasii Viola renifolia

X ? ? ? X ? ? ? X ? ? X ? ? 7 7


Appendix B -10


Lewis & Clark National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Ferruginous Hawk Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Hallaeetus leucocephaius Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Buteo regalis Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus

X X X X X X ? ?

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Salmo clarki lewisi X

Showy Pussytoes Leadville Miikvetch Peculiar Moonwort Poor Sedge Small Yellow Lady's-slipper Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Linear-leaved Sundew Giant Helleborine Trailing Fleabane Round-leaved Orchis Stalked-pod Crazyweed Blunt-leaved Pondweed Barratt Willow Dwarf Saw-wort Alpine Meadowrue Kidney-leaved Violet

Antennaria pulcherrima Astragalus molybdenus Botrychium paradoxum Carex paupercuia Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum Cypripedium passerinum Drosera linearis Epipactis gigantea Erigeron flagellaris Orchis rotundifolia Oxytropis podocarpa Potamogetón obtusifolius Salix barrattiana Saussurea densa Thalictrum alpinum Viola renifolia

X X X ? X X ? ? X X X ? ? X ? ?


Appendix B -11


Lolo National Forest


NRM Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Common Loon Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrin us Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Gavia immer Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X X X

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout

Salmo clarki lewisi Salvelinus confluentus

X X

Fringed Onion Sandweed Peculiar Moonwort Cascade Reedgrass Idaho Sedge Pale Sedge Poor Sedge Northern Golden-carpet Common Clarkia Small Yellow Lady's-slipper Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Giant Helleborine Western Boneset Northern Bastard Toad-flax Howell's Gumweed Water Howellia Keeled Bladderpod Oregon Bluebell Round-leaved Orchis Blunt-leaved Pondweed Yerba Buena Kidney-leaved Violet

Allium fibrillum Athysanus pusillus Botrychium paradoxum Calamagrostis tweedyi Carex idahoa Carex livida Carex paupercula Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Clarkia rhomboidea Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum Cypripedium passerinum Epipactis gigantea Eupatorium occidentale Geocaulon lividum Grindelia howellii Howellia aquatilis Lesquerella carinata Mertensia bella Orchis rotundifolia Potamogetón obtusifolius Satureja douglasii Viola renifolia

? ? ? X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? X ? X ? ? X ? ? X ?


Appendix B -12


Nez Perce National Forest


Rocky Mountain Wolf Peregrine Falcon Bald Eagle Grizzly Bear Wolverine (ID only) Western Big-eared Bat Harlequin Duck Boreal Owl Coeur d'Alene Salamander

Canis lupus irremotus Falco peregrinus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Ursus arctos Guio guio Plecotus townsendii Histrionicus histrionicus Aegolius funereus Plethodon vandykei idahoensis

X X X X X X X X ?

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Bull Trout Chinook Salmon Steelhead

Salmo clarki lewisi Salvelinus confluentus Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmo gairdneri

X X X X

Subalpine Maidenhair Oregon Bentgrass Tolmie's Onion Tall Swamp Onion Candystick Payson's Milkvetch Deerfern Cascade Reedgrass Green-band Mariposa Lily Broad-fruit Mariposa Constance's Bittercress California Sedge Pacific Dogwood Clustered Lady's-slipper Dasynotus Henderson's Shooting Star Idaho Douglasia Phantom Orchid Crinkle-awn Fescue Puzzling Halimolobos Rollins' Desert-parsely Oregon Bluebell Bank Monkey-flower Slender Wooly-heads Wolf's Currant Bartonberry Leiberg's Tauschia Sticky Tofieldia

Adiantum pedatum var. novum Agrostis oregonensis Allium tolmiei var. platyphyllum Allium validum Allotropa virgata Astragalus paysonii Blechnum spicant Calamagrostis tweedyi Calochortus macrocarpus var. maculosus Calochortus nitidus Cardamine constancei Carex californica Cornus nuttallii Cypripedium fasciculatum Dasynotus daubenmirei Dodecatheon hendersonii Douglasia idahoensis Eburophyton austiniae Festuca subuliflora Halimolobos perplexa var. perplexa Lomatium rollinsii Mertensia bella Mimulus clivicola Psilocarphus tenellus Ribes wolfii Rubus bartonianus Tauschia tenuissima Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona

X X X X X X ? X X X X ? ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X ? X


Appendix B -13

Appendix C - References

REFERENCES

Endangered Species

Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf {Canis lupus irremotus) Peterson, R. O. 1986. The Gray Wolf. Pp. 951-967 in A. S. Enos, R. L Silvestro,

and W. J. Chandler (eds.), The Audubon Wildlife Report 1986. The National Audubon Society, New York.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987. Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sen/ice, Denver, Colorado. 119 pp.

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Snow, C. 1972. Habitat management series for endangered species: American and Arctic

Peregrine Falcon. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 35 pp.

Craig, G. 1986. Peregrine Falcon. Pp. 807-824 in A. S. Enos, R. L Silvestro, and W. J. Chandler (eds.). The Audubon Wildlife Report 1986. The National Audubon Society, New York.

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Green, N. 1985. The Bald Eagle. Pp. 508-527 in A. S. Enos, and R. L Silvestro

(eds.). The Audubon Wildlife Report 1985. The National Audubon Society, New York.

Snow, C. 1973. Habitat management series for endangered species. Report No. 5: Southern and Northern Bald Eagle. Bureau of Land Management. 58 pp.

Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes) Schroeder, M. 1987. The black-footed ferret. Pp. 447-455 in R. L Silvestro (ed.),

The Audubon Wildlife Report 1987. The National Audubon Society, New York.

Snow, C. 1972. Habitat management for endangered species: Black-footed ferret {Mustela nigripes). Report No. 2. Bureau of Land Management. 23 pp.

Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Scott, M. D. and G. Sen/heen. 1985. Caribou ecology: July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1985.

Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Job Completion Report Pittman-Robertson Project No. W-160-R-11. 136 pp.

Scott, M. D. 1985. The Woodland Caribou. Pp. 495-507 in Enos, A. S., and R. L Silvestro, (eds.). The Audubon Wildlife Report 1985. The National Audubon Society, New York.

Interior Least Tern {Sterna antillarum athalassos) Burger, J. 1984. Colony stability in Least Terns. Condor 86:61-67.

Whitman, P. L 1988. Biology and conservation of the endangered Interior Least Tern: A literature review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88(3). 22 pp.

Appendix C -1


Threatened Species

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) Haig, S. M. and L W. Oring. 1985. Distribution and status of the Piping Plover

throughout the annual cycle. Journ. Field Ornithol. 56:334-345.

Haig, S. M. and L W. Oring. 1987. The Piping Plover. Pp. 509-519 in R. L Silvestre (ed.), The Audubon Wildlife Report 1987, The National Audubon Society, New York.

Grizziy Bear (Ursus arctos) Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee. 1987. Grizzly Bear Compendium. The National

Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C. 540 pp.

Servheen, C. 1985. The grizzly bear. Pp. 401-415 in A. S. Enos, and R. L Silvestre (eds.). Ttie Audubon Wildlife Report 1985. The National Audubon Society, New York.

Sensitive Species

Boreal Owl (AegoUus funereus) Hayward, G. D., P. H. Hayward, E. O. Garton, and R. Escaño. 1987. Revised breeding

distribution of the Boreal Owl in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Condor 89:431-432.

Hayward, G. D., P. H. Hayward, and E. O. Garton. 1987. Movements and home range use by Boreal Owls in central Idaho. Pp. 175-184 in R. W. Nero, R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Northern Forest Owls: Symposium proceedings. Feb. 3-7; Winnipeg, Manitoba. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-142. Fort Collins, Co.

Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) Schmutz, J. K. and R. W. Fyfe. 1987. Migration and mortality of Alberta Ferruginous

Hawks. Condor 89: 169-174.

Snow, C. 1974. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species: Ferruginous Hawk. Report No. 13. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 23 pp.

Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Autenrieth, R. E. 1986. Sage Grouse. Pp. 951-967 in A. S. Enos, R. L Silvestre,


Braun, C. E., T Britt, and R. O. Wallestad. 1977. Guidelines for maintenance of Sage Grouse habitats. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 5:99-106.

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) Gale, R. S., E. O. Garton, and I. J. Ball. (In press). The history, ecology, and

management of the Rocky Mountain Population of Trumpeter Swans. 313 pp.

Hampton, P. D. 1981. The wintering and nesting behavior of the Trumpeter Swan. M.S. Thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 185 pp.

Appendix C - 2


Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum) Watkins, L C. 1977. Euderma maculatum. Mammalian Species No. 77, Amer.

Soc. Mamm. 4 pp.

Leonard, M. L and M. B. Fenton. 1983. Habitat use by spotted bats {Euderma maculatum, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): roosting and foraging behavior. Can. Journ. Zoo!. 61:1487-1491.

Common Loon (Gavia immer) Mclntyre, J. W. 1986. Common Loon. Pp. 678-695 in A. S. Enos, R. L Silvestro,


Strong, P. I., J. A. Bissonette, and J. S. Fair. 1987. Reuse of nesting and nursery areas by Common Loons. Journ. Wildl. Manage. 51:123-127.

Wolverine (Guio guio) Hornocker, M. G. and H. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern

Montana. Can. Journ. Zool. 59:1286-1301.

Nowak, R. M. 1973. Return of the wolverine. Nati. Parks Conserv. Mag. 47:20-23.

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) Kuchel, C. R. 1977. Some aspects of the behavior and ecology of Harlequin Ducks

breeding in Glacier National Park. M. S. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 163 pp.

Wallen, R. L and C. R. Groves. 1988. Status and distribution of Harlequin Ducks {Histrionicus histrionicus) in northern Idaho. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Boise. 25 pp.

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensls callfornlana) Jones, J. K., Jr., D. M. Armstrong, R. S. Hoffman, and C. Jones. 1983.

Mammals of the Northern Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 477 pp.

Wishart, W. 1978. Bighorn sheep. Pp. 161-171 in J. L Schmidt and D. L Gilbert (eds.). Big game of North America: ecology and management. Wildl. Manage. Inst., Harrisburg.

Western Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii) Jones, J. K., Jr., D. M. Armstrong, R. S. Hoffman, and C. Jones. 1983. Mammals

of the Northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 477 pp.

Kunz, T. H. and R. A. Martin. 1982. Plecotus townsendii. Mammalian Species No. 175, Amer. Soc. Mamm. 6 pp.

Appendix C - 3


Coeur d'Alene Salamander (Plethodon vandykei idahoensis) Groves, C. 1988. Status and distribution of the Coeur d'Alene salamander {Plethodon

vandykei idahoensis) in Idaho. Unpublished nongame report to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise. 39 pp.

Wilson, A. G. and E. M. Simon. 1987. Status of the Coeur d'Alene salamander {Plethodon vandykei idahoensis) in Montana. Unpublished report to the Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 98 pp.

Greater Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) Bjugstad, A. J. (ed.) 1988. Prairie Chickens on the Sheyenne National Grasslands:

Symposium proceedings. Sept. 18, 1987; Crookston, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-159. Fort Collins, Co. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn For. and Range Exper. Station. 73 pp.

Buhnerkemper, J. E., W. R. Edwards, D. R. Vance, and R. L Westemeier. 1984. Effects of residual vegetation on Prairie Chicken nest placement and success. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 12:382-386.

Birds - General Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook: A Field

Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. Fireside Book, Simon and Schuster Inc., New York. 785 pp.

Farrand, J., Jr. (ed.) 1983. The Audubon Society Master Guide to Birding, Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 440 pp.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1979. Birds of the Great Plains: Breeding Species and their Distribution. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London. 539 pp.

Fish - General Allendorf, F. W., D. M. Espeland, D. T. Scow, and S. Phelps. 1980. Coexistence

of native and introduced rainbow trout in the Kootenai River Drainage. Proc. Mont. Acad. Sei. 39:28-36.

Brown, C. J. D. 1971. Fishes of Montana. Big Sky Books. Montana State University, Bozeman. 207 pp.

Curtis, R. 1986. The life of a salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Northwest Energy News 5:13-16.

Graham, P. 1981. Status of white sturgeon in the Kootenai River. Unpublished report for the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Kalispell, MT 26 pp.

Appendix C - 4


Hickman, T., and R. F. Raleigh. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: Cutthroat trout. U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Serv. FWS/OBS-82/10.5. 38 pp.

Liknes, G. A. and W. R. Gould. 1987. The distribution, habitat and population characteristics of fluvial arctic grayling {Thymallus arcticus) in Montana. Northwest Science 61:122-129.

Phelps, S. R. and Allendorf, F. W. 1982. Genetic comparison of Upper Missouri cutthroat trout to other Salmo clarki lewisi populations. Proc. Mont. Acad. Sei. 41:14-22.

Phinney, L A. 1986. Chinook salmon of the Columbia River Basin. Pp. 715-741 in A. S. Enos, R. L Silvestro, and W. J. Chandler (eds.), The Audubon Wildlife Report 1986, The National Audubon Society, New York.

Raleigh, R. F., T. Hickman, R. C. Solomon, and P. C. Nelson. 1984. Habitat suitability information: Rainbow trout. U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Serv. FWS/OBS-82/10.60. 64 pp.

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada, Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 184. 966 pp.

Simpson, J. C. and R. L Wallace. 1978. Fishes of Idaho, Northwest Naturalist Book. University of Idaho Press, Moscow. 237 pp.

Weisel, G. F. 1957. Fish Guide for Intermountain Montana, University of Montana Press, Missoula. 88 pp.

Plants - General Hitchcock, C. L, A. Cronquist, M. Ownby, and J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular

Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 1-5. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

USDA Forest Service Northern Region. 1988. Sensitive Plant Field Guides for northern Idaho and Montana, Range, Air, Watershed, and Ecology. Missoula.

McGregor, R. L and T. M. Barkley (eds.) 1986. Flora of the Great Plains, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. 1,392 pp.

Dorn, R. D. 1984. Vascular Plant of Montana, Mountain West Publishing, Cheyenne. 276 pp.

Lesica, P., G. Moore, K. M. Peterson, and J. H. Rumley. 1984. Monograph No. 2, Vol. 43. Mont. Acad. Sei. Suppl. Proc. 61 pp.

Appendix C - 5

Appendix - D Budget Summary

Threatened, Endangered, & Sensitive Species Budget Summary 12


Threatened, Endangered & Sensitive Wiidiife 2694 3154 3024 2962 2831

Sensitive Fisli 2016 2083 2357 2401 2591

Sensitive Piants 1137 1280 1487 1534 1371

TOTAL 5847 6517 6868 6897 6793

"I Budget presented in thousand-dollar increments. 2 Budget summary includes $150 M for wildlife, $50 M for fisheries, and $50 M for plants per year for Regional Office program management.

Appendix D -1 ^ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989-691-969

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