This session

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This session

1. There is nowhere to hide Why the yardstick for educational success is

no longer improvement by national standards but the best performing systems internationally

2. Benchmarking education internationally Where we are – and where we can be

– Where the US and other countries stand in terms of quality and equity of schooling outcomes

– What the best performing countries show can be achieved

3. How we can get there Some policy levers that emerge from

international comparisons

22U

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There is nowhere to hideThe yardstick for success is no longer improvement by national

standards but the best performing education systems

AustraliaAustriaCzech RepublicDenmarkFinlandGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyJapanNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenUnited KingdomUnited States

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

A world of change – college education

Graduate supply

Cost

per

stu

den

t

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



United States

Japan

Sweden

Graduate supply

Cost

per

stu

den

t

Germany

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



Australia

United States (2000)

United States (1995)

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



United States

Australia

Ireland

Sweden

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



United States

Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



Expe

nditu

re p

er s

tude

nt a

t ter

tiary

leve

l (U

SD)



Australia

United States

Rising higher education qualifications seem generally not to have led to an “inflation” of the labour-market value of qualifications.

In all but three of the 20 countries with available data, the earnings benefit increased between 1997 and 2003, in Germany, Italy and Hungary by between 20% and 40%

1919U

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Moving targetsFuture supply of high school graduates

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

China EU India US

2003

2010

2015

2020U

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0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

5,000,000

China EU India US

2003

2010

2015

Future supply of high school graduates

0

2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

10 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

12 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

14 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0

China EU India US

2003

2010

2015

Future supply of college graduates

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How the demand for skills has changedEconomy-wide measures of routine and non-routine task input

(US)

1960 1970 1980 1990 200240

45

50

55

60

65 Routine manual

Nonroutine manual

Routine cognitive

Nonroutine analytic

Nonroutine inter-active

(Levy and Murnane)

Mean t

ask

inp

ut

as

perc

en

tile

s of

the 1

960

task

dis

trib

uti

on

The dilemma of schools:The skills that are easiest to teach and test are also the ones that are easiest to digitise, automate and outsource

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Coverage of world economy 77%81%83%85%86%87%

OECD’s PISA assessment of the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds

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sotaPISA defines science performance

in terms of a student’s:

Scientific knowledge and use/extrapolation of that knowledge to…

… identify scientific issues, … explain scientific phenomena, and … draw evidence-based conclusions about

science-related issues

Understanding of the characteristic features of science as a form of human knowledge and enquiry

Awareness of how science and technology shape our material, intellectual and cultural environments

Willingness to engage with science-related issues

For exampleWhen reading about a health issue, can students separate scientific from non-scientific aspects of the text, apply knowledge and justify personal decisions ?

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For exampleCan students distinguish between evidence-based explanations and personal opinions ?

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For exampleCan individuals recognise and explain the role of technologies as they influence a nation’s economy ? Or are they aware of environmental changes and the effects of those changes on economic/social stability ?

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Interest in science, support for scientific enquiry, responsibility for the environment

This addresses the value students place on science, both in terms of topics and in terms of the scientific approach to understanding the world and solving problems

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Context- Personal

- Social/public- Global

Competencies- Identify scientific issues- Explain phenomena scientifically- Use scientific evidence

Knowledge- Knowledge of science- Knowledge about science

Attitudes-Interest in science-Support for scientific enquiry-Responsibility

IdentifyingRecognising issues that can be investigated scientificallyIdentifying keywords in a scientific investigationRecognising the key features of a scientific investigation

ExplainingApplying knowledge of science in a situationDescribing or interpreting phenomena scientifically or predicting change

Using evidenceInterpreting scientific evidence and drawing conclusionsIdentifying the assumptions, evidence and reasoning behind conclusions

Knowledge of sciencePhysical systems (structure of matter, properties of matter, chemical changes of matter, motions and forces, energy and its transformations, energy and matter)Living systems (cells, humans, populations, ecosystems, biosphere)Earth and space (structures of the earth system, energy in the earth system, change in the earth system, earth’s history, space)Technology systems (Concepts and principles, science and technology)Knowledge about scienceScientific enquiry (purpose, experiments, data, measurement, characteristics of results)Scientific explanations (types, rules, outcomes)

Interest scienceIndicate curiosity in science and science-related issues and endeavoursDemonstrate willingness to acquire additional scientific knowledge and skills, using variety of resources and methodsDemonstrate willingness to seek information and have an interest in science, including consideration of science-related careers Support for scienceAcknowledge the importance of considering different scientific perspectives and argumentsSupport the use of factual information and rational explanationLogical and careful processes in drawing conclusions

2929U

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sotaAverage performanceof 15-year-olds in science – extrapolate and apply

High science performance

Low science performance

… 18 countries perform below this line

I srael

I talyPortugal Greece

Russian Federation

LuxembourgSlovak Republic,Spain,Iceland Latvia

Croatia

Sweden

DenmarkFrancePoland

Hungary

AustriaBelgiumIreland

Czech Republic SwitzerlandMacao- ChinaGermanyUnited Kingdom

Korea

J apanAustralia

Slovenia

NetherlandsLiechtenstein

New ZealandChinese Taipei

Hong Kong- China

Finland

CanadaEstonia

United States LithuaniaNorway

445

465

485

505

525

545

565

616

3030U

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Context- Personal

- Social/public- Global

Competencies- Identify scientific issues- Explain phenomena scientifically- Use scientific evidence

Knowledge- Knowledge of science- Knowledge about science

Attitudes-Interest in science-Support for scientific enquiry-Responsibility

IdentifyingRecognising issues that can be investigated scientificallyIdentifying keywords in a scientific investigationRecognising the key features of a scientific investigation

ExplainingApplying knowledge of science in a situationDescribing or interpreting phenomena scientifically or predicting change

Using evidenceInterpreting scientific evidence and drawing conclusionsIdentifying the assumptions, evidence and reasoning behind conclusions

OECD Level 6

OECD Level 2 Students can demonstrate

ability to understand and articulate the complex modelling inherent in the design of an investigation.

Students can determine ifscientific measurement can be applied to a given variable in an investigation. Students can appreciate the relationship between a simple model and the phenomenon it is modelling.

Students can draw ona range of abstract scientific knowledge and concepts andthe relationships between these in developing explanations ofprocesses

Students can recall anappropriate, tangible, scientific fact applicable in a simple and straightforward context and can use it to explain or predict an outcome.

Students demonstrateability to compare and differentiate among competing explanations byexamining supporting evidence. They can formulate arguments by synthesising evidence from multiplesources.

Students can point to an obvious feature in a simple table in support of a given statement. They are able to recognise if a set of given characteristics apply to the function of everydayartifacts.

3131U

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Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

Un

ite

d K

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do

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Au

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Ca

na

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OE

CD

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Po

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Me

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Un

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s

Ko

rea

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Below Level 1%

530 563 515 527 531 534 500 474 475 424 410 489 522

Large proportion of top performers

Top and bottom performers in science

Large prop. of poor perf.

These students often confuse key features of a scientific investigation, apply incorrect information, mix personal beliefs with facts in support of a position…

These students can consistently identify, explain and apply scientific knowledge, link different information sources and explanations and use evidence from these to justify decisions, demonstrate advanced scientific thinking in unfamiliar situations…

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Increased likelihood of postsec. particip. at age 19 associated with reading proficiency at age

15 (Canada)after accounting for school engagement, gender, mother

tongue, place of residence, parental, education and family income (reference group Level 1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5

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France=495

- 35 - 25 - 15 - 5 5 15 25 35

Overall science score

I dentifying scientific issues

Explaining phenomena scientifically

Using scientific evidence

Knowledge about science

Earth and space

Living systems

Physical systems

Strengths and weaknesses of countries in science relative to their overall performance

France

OECD (2007), PISA 2006 – Science Competencies for Tomorrow’s World, Figure 2.13

Science competencies

Science knowledge

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France=495 Czech Republic=512

- 35 - 25 - 15 - 5 5 15 25 35






Earth and space

Living systems

Physical systems


Czech Republic


Scientific competencies

Scientific knowledge

20

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United States=489

- 35 - 25 - 15 - 5 5 15 25 35






Earth and space

Living systems

Physical systems


United States


Science competencies

Science knowledge

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sotaAverage performanceof 15-year-olds in science – extrapolate and apply

Low average performance

Large socio-economic disparities

High average performance



High social equity


High social equity

Strong socio-economic impact on

student performance

Socially equitable distribution of

learning opportunities



I srael

I talyPortugal Greece

Russian Federation

LuxembourgSlovak Republic,Spain,Iceland Latvia

Croatia

Sweden

DenmarkFrancePoland

Hungary


Czech Republic SwitzerlandMacao- ChinaGermanyUnited Kingdom

Korea

J apanAustralia

Slovenia

NetherlandsLiechtenstein


Hong Kong- China

Finland

CanadaEstonia

United States LithuaniaNorway

445

465

485

505

525

545

565

616

3737U

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Schülerleistungen im Bereich Mathematik






High social equity


High social equity


student performance





I srael

GreecePortugal I talyRussian Federation

LuxembourgSlovak Republic SpainIcelandLatvia

Croatia

Sweden

DenmarkFrancePoland

Hungary


Czech Republic Switzerland Macao- China

Germany United Kingdom

Korea

J apanAustralia

SloveniaNetherlands

Liechtenstein


Hong Kong- China

Finland

CanadaEstonai

United StatesLithuania Norway

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

2122215

4242P

ISA

OE

CD

Pro

gram

me

for

Inte

rnat

iona

l Stu

dent

Ass

essm

ent

Brie

fing

of C

ounc

il

14 N

ovem

ber

2007

How to get thereSome policy levers that emerge from

international comparisons

4343U

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sota Some myths

US coverage of the sampled population is more comprehensive than in other countries

US covered 96% of 15-year-olds enrolled (OECD 97%) US covered 86% of all 15-year-olds (OECD 89%) No impact on mean performance

No relationship between size of countries and average performance

No relationship between proportion of immigrants and average performance

Few difference in students’ reported test motivation

Limited impact of national item preferences .

4545U

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High ambitions and universal

standards

Rigor, focus and coherence

Great systems attract great teachers and

provide access to best practice and quality

professional development

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sota Challenge and support

Weak support

Strong support

Lowchallenge

Highchallenge

Strong performance

Systemic improvement

Poor performance

Improvements idiosyncratic

Conflict

Demoralisation

Poor performance

Stagnation

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High ambitions

Access to best practice and quality professional development

Accountability and intervention in

inverse proportion to success

Devolved responsibility,

the school as the centre of action

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No

Yes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No

Yes

0

41

46

63

Standards based external

examinations School autonomyin selecting teachers for hire

PISA score in science

School autonomy, standards-based examinations and science performance

School autonomy in selecting teachers for hire

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Local responsibility and national prescription

National prescription

Schools leading reform

Schools todayThe industrial

model, detailed prescription of

what schools do

Schools tomorrow?

Building capacity

Finland todayEvery school an effective school

Towards system-wide sustainable reform

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Public and private schools

0 20 40 60 80 100

Luxembourg

J apan

I taly

Switzerland

Finland

Denmark

Czech Republic

Sweden

Hungary

Austria

Portugal

United States

Netherlands

Slovak Republic

Korea

I reland

Spain

Canada

Mexico

New Zealand

Germany

OECD

United Kingdom

Government schools

Government dependent private

Government independent private

- 150 - 100 - 50 0 50 100

Observed perf ormance diff erence

Diff erence af ter accounting f or socio-economic background of students and schools

Private schools perform better

Public schools perform better

%Score point difference

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Pooled international dataset, effects of selected school/system factors on science performance after

accounting for all other factors in the model

OECD (2007), PISA 2006 – Science Competencies from Tomorrow’s World, Table 6.1a

Gross Net30

20

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Approx. one school year

Sco

re p

oin

t d

iffe

ren

ce in

sci

en

ce

Schools practicing ability grouping (gross and net)

Academically selective schools (gross and net)

but no system-wide effect

School results posted publicly (gross and net)

One additional hour of science learning at

school (gross and net)

One additional hour of out-of-school lessons

(gross and net)

One additional hour of self-study or homework

(gross and net)

School activities to promote science

learning(gross and net)

Schools with greater autonomy (resources)

(gross and net)

Each additional 10% of public funding(gross only)

Schools with more competing schools

(gross only)

School principal’s perception that lack of

qualified teachers hinders instruction

(gross only)

School principal’s positive evaluation of quality of educational

materials(gross only)

Measured effect

Effect after accounting for the socio-economic

background of students, schools and countries

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Strong ambitions

Access to best practice and quality professional development

Accountability

Devolvedresponsibility,

the school as the centre of action

Integrated educational

opportunities

From prescribed forms of teaching and assessment towards personalised learning

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sota Durchschnittliche

Schülerleistungen im Bereich Mathematik






High social equity


High social equity


student performance




Low science performanceTurkey

AustraliaJ apan

Finland

CanadaNew Zealand

Korea

Czech Republic United KingdomAustria

Germany

Netherlands

SwitzerlandI relandBelgium

PolandSwedenHungary

IcelandFrance Denmark

United States SpainLuxembourg NorwaySlovak Republic

I talyGreecePortugal

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

21222

Early selection and institutional differentiation

High degree of stratification

Low degree of stratification

6

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Money matters - but other things do too

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000400

425

450

475

500

525

550

575

495

410

488

f(x) = 0.000612701270434402 x + 462.612736410929R² = 0.19035445894851

Scienceperformance

Cumulative expenditure (US$ converted using PPPs)

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Port

ug

al

Sp

ain

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Tu

rkey

Belg

ium

Kore

a

Lu

xem

bou

rg

Germ

an

y

Gre

ece

Jap

an

Au

stra

lia

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

New

Zeala

nd

Fra

nce

Neth

erl

an

ds

Den

mark

Italy

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch

Rep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Norw

ay

Icela

nd

Irela

nd

Mexic

o

Fin

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Pola

nd

Slo

vak R

ep

ub

lic

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Salary as % of GDP/capita Instruction time 1/teaching time 1/class sizePort

ug

al

Sp

ain

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Tu

rkey

Belg

ium

Kore

a

Lu

xem

bou

rg

Germ

an

y

Gre

ece

Jap

an

Au

stra

lia

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

New

Zeala

nd

Fra

nce

Neth

erl

an

ds

Den

mark

Italy

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch

Rep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Norw

ay

Icela

nd

Irela

nd

Mexic

o

Fin

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Pola

nd

Slo

vak R

ep

ub

lic

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Difference with OECD average

Spending choices on secondary schoolsContribution of various factors to upper secondary teacher compensation costs

per student as a percentage of GDP per capita (2004)

Percentage points

5656U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota Paradigm shifts

Prescription Informed profession

Uniformity Embracing diversity

Demarcation Collaboration

Provision Outcomes

Bureaucratic – look up Devolved – look outwards

Talk equity Deliver equity

Hit & miss Universal high standards

Received wisdom Data and best practice

The old bureaucratic education system The modern enabling education system

5757U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

Towards next generation of global benchmarks

Challenges to the instrumentsChallenges to the approach

5858U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

Low policy value

High policy value

Low feasibility High feasibility

Money pits

Must haves

Low-hanging fruits

Quick wins

Examine individual, institutional and systemic

factors associated with high performance

Establish the relative standing of countries in terms of quality and equity in basic

school subjects

Extending the range of competencies through which quality is assessed (including ICT)

Measuring growth in learning

Bridging gap between formative and summative

assessment .

Monitor educational progress

5959U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

Why care? Progress

Concerns about skill barriers to economic growth, productivity growth and rates of technological innovation– One additional year of education equals to between

3 and 6% of GDP– Rising tertiary level qualifications seem generally not

to have led to an “inflation” of the labour-market value of qualifications (in all but three of the 20 countries with available data, the earnings benefit increased between 1997 and 2003, in Germany, Italy and Hungary by between 20% and 40%)

Fairness Concerns about the role of skills in creating

social inequity in economic outcomes– Both average and distribution of skill matter

to long-term growth (high percentages of low skill impede growth)

Value for money Concerns about the demand for, and efficiency

and effectiveness of, investments in public goods

6060U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

0

10

20

30

40

1989

1994

1999

2004

2014

2019

2024

2029

2034

2039

2044

2049

2054

2059

2064

The cost of inactionImproved GDP from achieving the goal of being first in the world by 2000

Note: *K-12 education expenitures are assumed to be constant at the level attained in 2005. These data show that economic benefits from a 1989 reform that raised the U.S. to the highest levels of test performance would cover the cost of K-12 education by 2015

Source:Eric Hanushek

Percent addition to GDP

10-year reform20-year reform30-year reformTotal U.S. K-12 spending

6161U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

6262U

niv

ers

ity

of

Min

nes

ota

Ma

rch

, 22

200

9B

rin

gin

g L

esso

ns

fro

m t

he

Wor

ld’s

Top

Per

form

ers

to M

inne

sota

Thank you !

www.oecd.org; www.pisa.oecd.org– All national and international publications– The complete micro-level database

email: [email protected]

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