THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY...
21
THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS. STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
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Transcript of THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY...
THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
Lab # 2
The Heart
The Circulatory
System
Heart
Blood vessels
-Blood
It transports substances from place to place in the body.
It is the liquid medium in which these substance travel.
They ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination.
It is the pump that keeps the blood flowing.
-Cardiovascular System
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
They carry blood away from the heart.
They carry blood back to (toward) the heart.
They connect the arteries with the veins.
Blood Vessels
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
Cardiovascular System Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
It carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
It supplies blood to every organ of the body, including the heart itself.
Aorta Venae cavae
Tissue
Arteriole Venule
Capillary
Lung
CO2
Wastes
O2
Nutrients
Venule Arteriole
O2 rich,CO2 poor blood
O2 poor,CO2 rich blood
Gas Exchange
Capillary
CO2 O2
Venae cavae
Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
PulmonaryCircuit
SystemicCircuit
Gas exchange
Systemic CircuitIt supplies blood to every organ of the body, including the heart itself.
O2 rich blood through ARTERIES
O2 poor blood through VEINS
O2 poor blood through ARTERIES
O2 rich blood through VEINS
Pulmonary CircuitIt carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT VENTRICLE
Aorta
To the rest of the body
Poor oxygen blood
Reach oxygen blood
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins (4)
Internal Anatomy and Organization
Gas exchange
It drains oxygen-poor blood from tissues and organs superior to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
It drains oxygen-poor blood from tissues and organs inferior to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
Coronary sinus (no shown)It drains oxygen-poor blood from the heart tissues to the right atrium.
It carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
They carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Aorta It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the whole body.
Pulmonary veins (4)Inferior vena cava
The Heart Wall
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)It is a serous membrane covering heart. Also includes a thick layer of adipose tissue in some places. The coronary blood vessels travel through this layer.
MyocardiumIt is a layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load.
Myocardium
Endocardium
It is the smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels. It covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
Parietal pericardium
Endocardium
Pericardial cavity Pericardium Visceral pericardium or epicardium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) (b)
GlycogenStriationsIntercalated discs
Cardiac MuscleIt is limited to the heart.
Cells are called myocytes or cardiocytes and they are short, branched, and notched at ends.
Cardiocytes contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen.
Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end and provide electrical and mechanical connection.
They are striated, and involuntary (not under conscious control).
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Chambers of the Heart
Right atrium It receives poor O2 blood returning to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
Right ventricle
It pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Left atrium It receives rich O2 blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
It pumps blood through the aorta artery to every organ of the body
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomy of the Heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Anterior view
Posterior view
Left auricleCoronary or
atrioventricular sulcus
Coronary or atrioventricular
sulcus
Anterior interventricular
sulcus
Posterior interventricular
sulcusInterventricular
septum
Interatrial septum
Trabeculae carneae
Pectinate muscles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Valves The valves ensure a one-way flow, by preventing back flow of the blood
Right AV(tricuspid)
valve
Left AV(bicuspid)
valve
Left AV(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV(tricuspid)
valve
It prevents back flow of blood
from the RV to the RA
It prevents back flow of blood from the LV to
the LA
The Valves
Left AV(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV(tricuspid)
valve
Pulmonary semilunar
valve
Aortic semilunar valve
It prevents back flow of blood
from the aorta to the LV
Aortic semilunar
valveChordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
The valves ensure a one-way flow, by preventing back flow of the blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Valves
Left AV(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV(tricuspid)
valve
Pulmonary semilunar
valveIt prevents back
flow of blood from the
pulmonary trunk to the RV
Pulmonary semilunar
valve
Aortic semilunar
valveChordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
The valves ensure a one-way flow, by preventing back flow of the blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Conduction SystemIt is composed of an internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways through myocardium that generate and conduct rhythmic electrical signals.
It depolarizes spontaneously around 60 times per minute and determines heart rate.
Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Atrioventricular (AV) nodeIt delays the conduction of the impulses to the ventricles, which allows the ventricles to contract after the atria.
Atrioventricular (AV)bundle
It is a group of fibers that transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.
Left bundle branchRight bundle branchPurkinje fibers
Purkinjefibers
They distribute the electrical excitation to the cardiocytes of the ventricles.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cardiac Conduction System
Extra heart beats produced in any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node.
It is the failure of any part of the of the cardiac conducting system to transmit signals.
The Cardiac Rhythm
It is the normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node.Sinus rhythm:
At rest, the sinus rhythm is about 70 to 80 times per minute (rates from 60 to 100 bpm).
Arrhythmia: It is any abnormal cardiac rhythm.
Heart block:
Extra-systoles:
Tachycardia: It is a persistent, resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm.
Bradycardia: It is a persistent, resting adult heart rate below 60 bpm.
Right auricle Left
auricle
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
S A node (pace maker)
Anterior interventricular artery
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Marginal artery
(to the right atrium)
(from the left ventricle)
(from the right ventricle)
Ascending aorta
Left ventricle
Circumflex artery
Anterior viewThe Heart
(to the left atrium)Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Posterior cardiac vein
(to the right atrium)
Posterior interventricular artery
(branch of the right coronary artery)
Coronary sinus
Posterior view
Right pulmonary veins(to the left atrium)
Left pulmonary veins
Right auricle
Left auricle
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
The Heart
Left AV valve or bicuspid valve
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Left bundle branch
Right bundle branch
Pulmonary trunk
Orifices of coronary arteriesAortic semilunar valve
Atrioventricular bundle (of His)
Purkinje fibers
AV node
Superior vena cava
S A node (pace maker)
Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Conducting system
Internal Structures
Ligamentum arteriosum
The Heart
Interventricular septum
