This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70...

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Page 1: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase
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This building is:1. Amazon headquarters2. Veterans Affairs Medical facility3. Pacific Medical Centers4. Washington State Mental Hospital  

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PacMed Medical Education 8 continuity clinic residents at BH and Madison 4 thematic specialty block rotations for R2/R3s:

Cardiorespiratory Neuromusculoskeletal Dermatology‐Endocrinology Hematology‐Oncology

UW School of Medicine IM Clerkship students GI Fellowship rotation

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Management of Heart Failurein the Outpatient Setting

Christopher H Smith, MD, FACPDirector of Medical Education

Pacific Medical CentersSeattle, Washington

June, 2012

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Which of these patients have CHF?1. 76 year old man with AS presents with increasing fatigue, 

reduced exercise tolerance, and perihilar edema on CXR.2. 64 year old woman with uncontrolled type 2 DM and 

AMI two months ago comes to the office with cough, wheezing, bilateral inspiratory rales and edema.

3. 58 year old woman with poorly controlled HTN and ESRD on HD reports abrupt onset of SOB and a 5 pound weight gain since last dialysis.

4. 83 year old man with chronic A fib c/o lightheadedness and fatigue.  His BP is 110/72, pulse is irregular @ 132 and and he has bilateral wheezing on chest auscultation.

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What is Heart Failure?

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2005 ACC/AHA statement

HF is “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood.”

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DescriptionHeart Failure is a clinical syndrome consisting of:

Signs and symptoms of intravascular and interstitial fluid overload: SOB, rales, edema

‐OR‐ Symptoms of inadequate tissue perfusion:

fatigue or poor exercise tolerance‐OR‐

Asymptomatic LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF < 40%)

Usually associated with an elevation of B‐type natriuretic polypeptide (BNP)

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What are the common causes of HF?

Who is at risk for developing it?

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Etiology Ischemic heart disease 

(CAD is the underlying cause of HF in 2/3 of the patients with LV systolic dysfunction)

Hypertension Diabetes Valvular heart disease Cardiotoxic substances: alcohol, cocaine, anthracycline Thyroid disorders Tachyarrythmias Infiltrative disorders (amyloid, sarcoid)

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Burden of disease

More than 5 million people in the US have CHF 1 million hospitalized annually 300,000 deaths per year Most frequent  cause of hospitalization in those > 65

The direct and indirect costs of heart failure totaled $39.2 B in 2010

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Cost of HF US indirect and direct cost $39.2 billion in 2010

AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2010 and 2011 UpdatesJancks SF. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1418

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20070

200

400

600

Discharges in 1000s

WomenMen

30‐day readmission rate 27%

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How does HF present?

What are typical presenting signs and symptoms?

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Manifestations

Symptoms Dyspnea Orthopnea PND Fatigue Weight gain

Signs Pulmonary congestion: Rales on chest exam CXR findings

Third heart sound Jugular venous distention Dependent edema

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What is in the differential diagnosis?

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What is in the differential diagnosis?

Pulmonary conditions including: Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Pleural effusion COPD

Pericardial diseases Interstitial volume overload due to cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome

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EvaluationA 72 year old man with a history of hypertension and hypothyroidism presents with a cough, fatigue and dyspnea on exertion gradually worse over three weeks.His chest exam is notable for faint rales at both lung bases, 1+ edema at the ankles and a four pound weight gain over the last month.

What tests would you order to determine the cause of his symptoms?

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Think “CCCUTEE”CMP (complete metabolic panel)CBCCXRUrine analysisTSHEKG Echocardiogram (TTE)

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Findings of HF on chest xray Cardiomegaly (heart : thoracic width ratio > 50%) Cephalization of pulmonary vessels Interstitial edema (Kerley B lines) Pleural effusions 

CXR has higher specificity (83%), but lower sensitivity (68%) than BNP or EKG for establishing the diagnosis

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Think “CCCUTEE” CMP CBC CXR Urine analysis TSH EKG  ECHOcardiogram (TTE)

What about BNP?

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B‐type Natriuretic Peptide Neurohormone secreted by myocardium in response to stretch

Serum levels increase with increases in ventricular volume and pressure

BNP can be helpful in risk stratification and prognosis NT‐proBNP has a longer half‐life BNP can be elevated due to other conditions and factors (reduced specificity)

Routine monitoring remains controversial

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Factors other than HF that may affect BNP

Renal failureAcute tachycardia

ACS, AMILVH

FemaleOlder age

Obesity

Levels higher Levels lower

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BNP = 1500Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase in diuretics, baseline creatinine 1.0 and now 3.7

65 year old man with diabetes, acute shortness of breath, ECG changes, + troponin

50 year old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy, COPD, several days of increasing dyspnea

Page 25: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

BNP = 1500Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase in diuretics, baseline creatinine 1.0 and now 3.7 BNP due  to acute renal failure

65 year old man with diabetes, acute shortness of breath, ECG changes, + troponin BNP due to acute coronary syndrome/MI

→50 year old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy, COPD, several days of increasing dyspnea→BNP most likely due to acute decompensated HF

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BNP as diagnostic tool Added value to ED clinical assessment for HF as cause of acute dyspnea (using BNP ≥ 100 pg/ml)

Best with intermediate clinical probability

Interpret in context of other, non‐HF factors which will influence levels

Cannot distinguish between systolic HF vs. HF with preserved EF

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What are the types of HF?

Classification of cardiomyopathies based on structure: Dilated

Most common (ischemic and non‐ischemic) Hypertrophic

Due to hypertension or genetic abnormalities

RestrictiveSystemic infiltrative disorders (amyloid, sarcoid, 

hemochromatosis), radiation, rare familial causes

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Classification based on function:(as observed on Echo)

SystolicHeart is dilatedEF less than 50%

HF with preserved EF (HF pEF)Seen in older patients with HTNLess dilation and normal EF“Diastolic dysfunction” on ECHO

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Classification of HF severityNYHA functional class ACC/AHA stage

I No limitations A At high risk for HF, no structuralheart disease

II Symptoms withordinary activity

B Structural heart disease without s/sx HF

III Symptoms with < ordinary activity

C Structural heart disease + sx HF

IV Symptoms at rest D Advanced structural heart disease + sx at rest despite max medical therapy

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HF with Preserved Systolic Function “Diastolic Dysfunction” Valvular Heart Disease

Severe mitral regurgitation Severe mitral stenosis Severe aortic insufficiency Severe, end‐stage aortic stenosis

Uncontrolled arrhythmias: Atrial Fibrillation Incessant PAT, VT>> ”rate‐related cardiomyopathy”

Pericardial constriction Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Amyloidosis Radiation Genetic

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Diastolic DysfunctionGreater incidence of

HTNDiabetesObesity

Equal incidence ofSleep apneaAtrial fibrillation

Lesser incidence ofCoronary disease

Older age

More women

Preserved LVEF

Small LV cavity

More LVH

Variable cardiomegaly

S4 rather than S3

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TreatmentWhich medications and in what order?Does it matter what type of HF?Which drugs have been proven to reduce bad

outcomes (hospitalization and mortality)?

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Pharmacologic therapy

ACE inhibitor/ARBBeta‐blocker

Aldosterone antagonistHydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate

Modify course of disease(reduce mortality, morbidity, etc)

Relieve symptoms

DiureticsDigoxin

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Paradigm for Management of Heart Failure due to systolic dysfunction

Treat Residual Symptoms

Digoxin

Control volume

Diuretic Beta Blocker+

Slow Progression of Disease

ACEinhibition

Aldo Blocker ?+

ISDN/Hydr ?+

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ACE Inhibitors in HFGeneric Name Starting Dose Target Dose ½ Life-hr

Captopril 6.25 mg tid 50 mg tid < 2

Enalapril 2.5 mg bid 10 mg bid 11

Lisinopril 5 mg qd 10-40 mg qd 13

Ramipril 1.25 mg bid 5 mg bid;10 qd 13-17

Quinapril 5 mg bid 10 mg bid 2+

Trandalopril 1 mg qd 4 mg qd 16-24

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Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in HFARB Name Starting Dose Target Dose

Losartan(Cozaar)

25 mg BID or 50 mg once daily

12.5 mg BID or 25 mg once dailyif liver disease

75 mg BID

Candesartan(Atacand)

4 to 8 mg once daily 32 mg once daily

Valsartan(Diovan)

80 mg once daily160 mg once daily

80 mg once daily if liver disease

Irbesartan(Avapro)

150 mg 300 mg once daily

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Clinical challenge: angioedemaYou are seeing a 65 year old woman in the office for asymmetric facial edema involving her upper lip and adjacent cheek noted when she awoke four hours ago.  There is no tongue swelling or dyspnea, history of trauma or known insect bite.  Her meds include lisinopril 20 mg daily which she has taken for 3 years for systolic HF .  She is anxious but not in distress and has normal VS.  There is no facial ecchymosis or laceration, oral mucosal lesion or other abnormality apart from the edema as described.

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Clinical challenge: angioedemaOptimal management at this time would be to:

1. Give epinephrine 1 amp IM and intubate to protect the airway.

2. Admit to the hospital for observation.3. Discontinue lisinopril and switch to an ARB; 

caution the patient that angioedema may recur.4. Continue lisinopril and refer for allergy 

consultation.

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ACE inhibitor vs. ARB

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin I

Bradykinin

ARB

ACE inhibitor

Inactive breakdownproducts

Angiotensin IIreceptors

Angiotensin converting enzyme

CoughARB• Consider if cough with ACEi• Less risk of angioedema than with ACEi• Similar incidence of renal failure,  K

• Routine combination ACEi + ARB not recommended• Risk of complications (hyperkalemia, renal failure)• May consider if persistent symptoms on ACEi + BB ( hospitalizations?)

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Beta‐blockers

Start when clinically compensated (after diuresis)  Avoid initiating or increasing dose when decompensated 

Hypotension without hypoperfusion is okay Fatigue for a few weeks may follow initiation or dose increase, and is usually self‐limited

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Copyright ©2012 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

Fiuzat, M. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;0:j.jacc.2012.03.023v1-S0735109712011448

All-Cause Death or Hospitalization by Beta-Blocker Dose at Baseline

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Which beta‐blocker? Based on testing in clinical trials

Bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol succinate (CR/XL)

Non‐selective 1, 2 1 selective

Carvedilol (also 1 blocker) Metoprolol, bisoprolol

May have more problems with hypotension

Consider if reactive airway disease

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Both meds for all patients with systolic HF ACE inhibitor + beta‐blocker indicated for all patients with LV systolic dysfunction* Regardless of symptom status (asymptomatic to severely symptomatic) or cause of HF

Combination reduces mortality by 46% v placebo

*Unless contraindications or intolerance: ACEi: angioedema, ↑K+, renal failure, cough Beta‐blocker: bradycardia, high‐degree AV block, severe reactive airway disease

Both: Hypotension (usually symptomatic)

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Aldosterone antagonistsSpironolactone, eplerenone

For NYHA class II* ‐ IV; not currently indicated for class I

Add to combination of ACEi + beta‐blocker + diuretic Eplerenone

*Benefit for mild systolic HF (NYHA class II) Consider if gynecomastia from spironolactone Currently approved for HTN or post‐MI HF

Similar incidence of renal insufficiency, ↑K+

* EMPHASIS. N Engl J Med 2011;364:11

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Hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrateUse for

ACEi/ARB‐intolerant Due to CKD,  K+

Hyd/ISDN ~30% mortality vs placebo (vs ~50% with ACEi vs placebo) 

African‐American pts

NYHA III‐IV On top of standard background med therapy

mortality (43%)

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Morbidity benefit (symptoms,  hospitalizations) No effect on mortality Use for symptomatic patients, or for a‐fib rate control

Lower target serum levels for HF treatment ‐ higher levels (≥ 1.2 ng/mL vs. 0.5‐0.8 ng/mL ) are associated with higher mortality 

If clinically stable on digoxin, don’t routinely withdraw digoxin (may  risk decompensation)

Digoxin

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Clinical challenge: now what? 78 year old man with ischemic CM (EF 25%) comes in with progressive fatigue and edema (sacral, scrotal and 4 + pitting to the mid calf bilaterally).  He is taking lisinopril 40 mg QD, carvedilol 25 mg BID, simvastatin, aspirin, spironolactone 25 mg QD and furosemide 40 mg BID.

Despite doubling his furosemide at the last visit two weeks ago he hasn’t lost weight and is still 15 pounds over his  baseline dry weight.Now what do you do?

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Diuretics With more severe HF, combination diuretics may be needed and can produce a synergistic effect Loop + thiazide ? ± aldosterone antagonist

When adding thiazide, consider metolazone 2.5 – 5 mg TIW due to long half life.

Close follow‐up with monitoring of daily weight, electrolytes and creatinine is essential

Absorption may be impaired with severe edema Consider bumetanide, torsemide, or IV diuretics

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NYHA I(asymptomatic)

NYHA II(symptoms with moderate activity)

NYHA III(symptoms with mild activity)

NYHA IV(symptoms at rest)

Medical therapy for systolic HF● ACE inhibitor (or ARB)

Hyd/ISDN if ACEi/ARB intolerant● Beta‐blocker

If black, Hyd/ISDN

DigoxinDiuretic(s)

Hyd/ISDN = hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate

Spironolactone(or eplerenone)

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Which (if any) of below medications are indicated for the following patients to prolong survival?

50 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy for 20 years, EF 35%, asymptomatic (NYHA class I)

60 year old man, ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 15%, short of breath at rest (NYHA class IV)

40 year old man, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 20%, symptoms with moderate exertion (NYHA class II)

35 year old African‐American man, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 30%, asymptomatic (NYHA class I)

ACE inhibitor Beta‐blocker• Metoprolol 

succinate• Carvedilol• Bisoprolol

Aldosterone antagonist

• Spironolactone• Eplerenone

Digoxin

Hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate

Diuretic

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Which (if any) of below medications are indicated for the following patients to prolong survival? 50 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy for 20 years, EF 35%, asymptomatic (NYHA class I) ACE inhibitor, Beta‐blocker

60 year old man, ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 15%, short of breath at rest (NYHA class IV) ACE inhibitor, Beta‐blocker, Aldosterone antagonist

40 year old man, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 20%, symptoms with moderate exertion (NYHA class II) ACE inhibitor, Beta‐blocker, Aldosterone antagonist

35 year old African‐American man, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF 30%, asymptomatic (NYHA class I) ACE inhibitor, Beta‐blocker NOT hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate

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What caused this patient’s HF decompensation?

50 year old man, long standing non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, usually asymptomatic (NYHA class I)

Went on a cruise for vacation Forgot some of his medications Sprained ankle hiking, treated with ice and ibuprofen Enjoyed eating at many buffets

Presents to your office because of 8 pound weight gain, new orthopnea, edema, and dyspnea with activity

Exam notable for JVD, crackles, irregularly irregular rhythm, peripheral edema

Page 53: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Inappropriate drug therapyNegative inotropy

Beta‐blocker Dose too high, uptitrated too quickly

Early generation calcium channel blocker Verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem

Fluid retention Thiazolidinedione (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone)

Renal impairment NSAIDs Over‐diuresis

Page 54: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

What caused this patient’s HF decompensation?

50 year old man, long standing non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, usually asymptomatic (NYHA class I)

Went on a cruise for vacation Forgot some of his medications (medication compliance)

Sprained ankle hiking, treated with ice and ibuprofen (inappropriate drug therapy ‐ NSAID)

Enjoyed eating at many buffets (sodium, alcohol?) Presents to your office because of 8 pound weight gain, new orthopnea, edema, and dyspnea with activity

Exam notable for JVD, crackles, irregularly irregular rhythm, peripheral edema (new onset arrhythmia)

Page 55: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

HF with preserved EF

Redfield MM. JAMA 2003;289:194

Prevalence of HF2.2%

EF > 50%

EF ≤ 50%

44%56%

Page 56: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Medical therapy for HFPEF Systolic HF prognosis has improved with use of evidence‐based therapies

But not for HFPEF despite trials of same meds – why? Different mechanisms for remodeling Methodologic issues with trials

Many pts with HFPEF treated with same meds as for systolic HF (ACEi, BB, etc) Similar comorbid conditions (HTN, CAD, etc)

Page 57: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Acute management

Venous congestion (pulm, systemic edema)

Diuretics Consider IV NTG, morphine, O2

for pulm edema

Hypertension Standard therapy – multiple 

agents available If severe, IV nitroprusside

Myocardial ischemia Standard therapy – aspirin, BB, heparin, etc

Tachycardia (atrial fibrillation)

Rate control, prn cardiovert

Page 58: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Chronic management Very few large trials to guide management

Reasonable to target risk factors for LV hypertrophy (diabetes, HTN) → ?prevent development of diastolic dysfunction, HF

Once HFPEF present, Control hypertension, heart rate Treat ischemia if present

Page 59: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

ACC‐AHA guidelines (2009): Pts with HF + normal LVEF

Class I: benefit >>> risk, “should be done” Control systolic and diastolic hypertension Control ventricular rate if in atrial fibrillation Diuretics for pulmonary congestion, edema

Class IIa: benefit >> risk, “reasonable to do” Coronary revascularization if CAD + symptoms or ischemia on testing, thought to adversely affect cardiac function

Page 60: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Patient Education

What do you tell your patients with HF so that they can take better care of themselves?

Page 61: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

What caused this patient’s HF decompensation?

50 year old man, long standing non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, usually asymptomatic (NYHA class I)

Went on a cruise for vacation Forgot some of his medications (medication compliance)

Sprained ankle hiking, treated with ice and ibuprofen (inappropriate drug therapy ‐ NSAID)

Enjoyed eating at many buffets (sodium, alcohol?) Presents to your office because of 8 pound weight gain, new orthopnea, edema, and dyspnea with activity

Exam notable for JVD, crackles, irregularly irregular rhythm, peripheral edema (new onset arrhythmia)

Page 62: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

At each visit Reconcile medications

Review guidance for patient and caregiver Diet Medications Activity level Follow up appointments Daily weight monitoring What to do if HF symptoms worsen

Post‐discharge care, rapid clinic follow up

Page 63: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Which of the following is true regarding exercise with systolic HF?

? Patients with systolic HF should in general avoid regular cardiovascular exercise

? Cardiac rehabilitation improves survival in systolic HF

? Patients with systolic HF who participate in exercise are at increased risk for arrhythmic events

? Patients with systolic HF should include maximal isometric exercise in their routine

Page 64: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Exercise training Useful adjunctive treatment of stable outpatients with HF, along with drug therapy

Improved exercise capacity (peak VO2), subjective symptoms, quality of life

ACC/AHA Class I recommendation but no effect on “hard outcomes” – mortality, etc (Level of evidence = B)

Page 65: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Which of the following is true regarding exercise with systolic HF? Patients with systolic HF should in general avoid regular  cardiovascular exercise

Cardiac rehabilitation improves survival in systolic HF

Patients with systolic HF who participate in exercise are at increased risk for arrhythmic events

Patients with systolic HF should include maximal isometric exercise in their routine

→None of the above

Page 66: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Palliative care Consider if 

There are severe functional limitations End‐organ dysfunction due to hypoperfusion Disease progression despite optimal therapy 

Potential treatment options for advanced HF include several invasive procedures (RCT, VAD) which may not be consistent with patient wishes or best interest

Particular issues in late stage HF include persistent dyspnea, malnutrition, renal failure and edema leading to anasarca

Page 67: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

End of Life Care Planning Advanced directives Delegate  surrogate  decision maker Document into Epic Problem List (EMR) POLST (DNAR and limited interventions) Hospice Death with Dignity‐ Compassion and Choices

Page 68: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase
Page 69: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Medical therapy for systolic HFConsider HF? Think CCCUTEE

ACE inhibitor and beta‐blocker indicated for all, regardless of symptom status

For mild ‐ severe HF (NYHA class II‐IV), add aldosterone antagonist

For severe HF (NYHA class III‐IV) and African‐American, above + hydralazine‐isosorbide dinitrate

Use digoxin for symptoms and atrial fibrillation rate control (no survival benefit)

Page 70: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

BNP Interpret in context of other, non‐HF factors which will influence levels

Cannot distinguish between systolic HF vs. HFPEF

Benefits of outpatient management guided by BNP mainly driven by closer follow up and more aggressive titration of medications

Page 71: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

When to consider admissionEvidence of severe acute decompensated HF

Dyspnea at rest

Hemodynamically significant arrhythmia

Acute coronary syndrome

Major electrolyte disturbance

Associated comorbid condition

Repeated ICD firing

Page 72: This building is - University of Washington...BNP = 1500 Who most likely has acute heart failure? 70 year old woman, non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy, lightheaded after recent increase

Internship is challenging and sometimes scary, but it’s also possible to have fun.

Give yourself permission to enjoy it.