Thirty Years of Research, Development and Applica … Swain.pdfThirty Years of Research, Development...
Transcript of Thirty Years of Research, Development and Applica … Swain.pdfThirty Years of Research, Development...
ThirtyYearsofResearch,DevelopmentandApplica�on
forCorrosionandBiofoulingControl
and
EnvironmentallyFriendlyAn�foulingCompounds
GeoffSwainandPei-YuanQian
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFoulingJune24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControl
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
34’Mainship actsascontrolcenter withpower,computer andSCUBA
30x8’ steeltestpanel
StaticImmersionTestBarge
LargeScaleSeawaterTestSitePortCanaveral
1984topresentTounderstandtheprocessesofbiofoulingandcorrosionandtodevelopandapplyinnova�vesolu�onsforcontrolandpreven�on
PortCanaveralTestSite
FloridaIns�tuteofTechnology
Sebas�anInlet
Florida
X
IndianRiverLagoonTestSite
PortCanaveralSta�cImmersion
DynamicImmersionGroomingFacility
FITLabFacili�es
HighSpeedTestCra�HydrodynamicTes�ng
LagoonSta�cImmersion
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
IanDavidsonSERC
DriversEngineeringChallenges
Economics
Environment Regula�ons
Sustainability
AdvancesinTechnologies
CorrosionandBiofoulingControl
19802020
2000
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
IanDavidsonSERC
DriversEngineeringChallenges
Economics
Environment Regula�ons
Sustainability
AdvancesinTechnologies
CorrosionandBiofoulingControl
19802020
2000
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
Invasive
Species
Green
House
GasEmissions
OceanpH
Microplas�cs
Organo�n
EnvironmentallyFriendlyFoulingControl
LessonsLearnt
OffshoreOilandGasConoco
1984to1989
RebarCorrosionLivingSeasEPCOT
1990to1999
EnvironmentallyFriendlyFoulingControlMethodsOfficeofNaval
Research1993toPresent
Pei-YuanQianButenolide
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
EngineeringandEconomicChallenges
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
OffshoreOilandGasConoco1884to1989TheApplica�onofCoa�ngsforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlofOffshoreStructures
RebarCorrosionLivingSeasatEpcot1990to1999Thecauseandpreven�onofrebarcorrosionintheLivingSeas(withNemoandFriends)atEpcot,Disney
OffshoreOilandGasConoco1884to1989
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Coa�ngsforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlintheNorthSeaExtremeSeaandweathercondi�onsHighdemandonthesacrificialcathodicprotec�onsystemsUnan�cipatedbiofoulingesp.bluemusselWiththehighcostofbiofoulingcleaningprogramstherewasrenewedinterestincopperasanan�foulingmaterial.Coa�ngapplica�onisexpensiveandsteelstructuresaretypicallyuncoatedinthefullysubmergedcondi�on.1. Couldahighvolume%coppercoa�ngbeapplieddirectlytoacathodically
protectedsteelstructure?Sacrificialanodesarelessac�veduringtheearlylifeofacoatedstructureandmayfoul.2. Wouldfouledanodesreac�vateifrequiredasthecoa�ngsandcathodic
protec�oncurrentdemandincreasedwith�me?
OffshoreOilandGasConoco1884to1989
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Swain,G.W.J.andThomason,W.,(1990)"CathodicProtec�onandtheUseofCopperAn�foulingSystemsonFixedOffshoreSteelStructures."OffshoreMechanicsandArc�cEngineering9thInterna�onalConference,Houston.February1823,1990.
Swain,G.W.J.,(1987)"Evalua�onofAn�foulingCoa�ngsforFixedOffshoreStructures,"Proceedingsofthe6thInterna�onalSymposiumonOffshoreMechanicsandArc�cEngineering,Houston,Texas,March151987.
Conclusions Highpercentcoppercontainingan�foulingcoa�ngswillcausegalvaniccorrosionwherethereisnoorinsufficientbarriercoat.
Thean�foulingac�onofthecopperwillbenegatedwherethecoppercoa�ngisgroundedtothesteel.
CathodicProtec�onandtheUseofCopperAn�foulingSystems
BarrierCoat
Method1mlengthof50mmouterdiametersteelpipeswerecoatedwithahighpercentcoppercontainingan�foulingcoa�ngwithandwithoutabarriercoat.Thepipesweredamagedbya6mmwidescribethatraninastraightlinefor500mmalongthepipe.Allpipeswereprotectedbyanaluminumsacrificialanode.
NoBarrierCoat
OffshoreOilandGasConoco1884to1989
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
TheEffectofBiofoulingonthePerformanceofSacrificialAnodes
Swain,G.W.J.andPatrickMaxwell,J.,(1990)"TheEffectofBiofoulingonthePerformanceofAlZnHgAnodes."Corrosion,March1990
Conclusions Nonac�veanodeswillfoul. Zincanodesfoullessthanaluminum. Zincanodeshaveabe�erefficiencythanaluminum.
Biofouledanodes: willreac�vate. haveincreasedanoderesistance. operateatareducedcurrentoutput. havereducedtheanodeefficiency.
MethodAc�veandinac�veanodeswereimmersedinahighfoulingenvironment.Theanodesweremonitoredforfoulingandtestedfortheirabilitytoprovidecurrenttoanuncoatedsteelstructure.
Ac�veanodeandmusselfoulingonuncoatedsteelstructure
Musselfoulingoninac�veanodeonacoatedsteelstructure
LessonsLearnt
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Whenusingdissimilarmaterialsdonotignorebasic
thermodynamics–anode/cathode.
Caremustbetakenwhenusing“copper”withlessnoble
metals.
Useabarriercoat. Biofoulingwillaltertheresistanceandelectrochemical
reac�onsthatoccuronmetalssurfaces.
Therearenoshortcutswhenworkinginthemarine
environment!
Copper-BasedAn�foulingCoa�ngsonAluminumAlloy5083
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Dr.KevinChasse,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter,CarderockDivision(NSWCCD),USADr.AndrewScardino,DefenseScienceandTechnologyGroup,AustraliaDr.GeoffreySwain,FloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,USA2016Interna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling:19–24June,2016,Toulon,France
Conclusions Copperdeposi�onwasfoundonthealuminumundercoppercontainingAFcoa�ngs. Copperisthermodynamicallystableonaluminumsurfacesandformsdeposits. Coppermaypromotelocalizedcorrosioninabsenceofcathodicprotec�on. Coppermayini�atelocalcorrosioncellsundercoa�ngstopromoteundercu�ng,blisters,andotherflaws/defects.
Mo�va�on Arecentpaperconcludeditsafetouse
copperbasedAF.Bagleyetal2015 Amajorcoa�ngcompanywaspromo�ng
theuseofcopperoxidebasedan�foulingproductsforaluminumhulls.
RoyalAustralianNavyArmidaleClassPatrolBoat(ACPB)
RebarCorrosionLivingSeasatEpcot1990to1999
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Swain,G.W.J.andMuller,E."OxygenConcentra�onCellsandCorrosioninaSeawaterAquarium,".ProceedingsofCorrosion92,No394,1992.
TheLivingSeas(withNemoandFriends)atEPCOTisa61mdiameter,9mdeep,21,600cubicmeterseawateraquariumconstructedfromreinforcedconcrete.Theprematureappearanceofrebarcorrosionpromptedinves�ga�onstoiden�fythecause.
Causes: InsufficientConcreteCover ExposedTieWires InclusionofSteelTrash ChloridePenetra�on
Hypothesis:Rebarcorrosioninthemaintankisdrivenbyanoxygenconcentra�oncellcausedbyozonatedreturnwaterviatheaera�ontower.
RebarCorrosionLivingSeasatEpcot1990to1999
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
OxygenConcentra�onCellsandCorrosion Theaera�ontowerwasatahigherredoxpoten�althanthemaintank. Theaera�ontowerbecamecathodictothemaintank. Thiswasdrivingtheprematurerebarcorrosioninthemaintank.
QUAD II QUAD I
AerationTower
Main Tank
0
5
10
15
20
25
Scale (ft)
MAGNESIUM ANODE
A
Wall
Footer
Ride Tunnel
QUAD III QUAD IV
Pedestrian Tunnel
In-Tank Module
Floor Plates48D5
32D5
Swain,G.W.J.andMuller,E."OxygenConcentra�onCellsandCorrosioninaSeawaterAquarium,".ProceedingsofCorrosion92,No394,1992.
RebarCorrosionLivingSeasatEpcot1990to1999
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CorrosionControl
Swain,G.W.J.,Muller,E.,Polly,D."ACathodicProtec�onSystemfortheLivingSeas-EpcotCenter.”MaterialsPerformance,V.33,No.10,p21,October1994.
FinalDesign Sacrificialmagnesiumanodes. Magnesiumisthesecondmostabundantca�oninseawater. Currentoutputcontrolledbyvariableresistors. Therebarwaspolarizedtoapoten�alwhereanodicac�vityceased.Thiswasfoundtobeabout-0.6VrefAg/AgCl.
Thepoten�algradientshadnonega�veimpactsonthemarinelife.
1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
Ray Detects, 5E-09 A/m2
CP Concrete, 3E-06 A/m2
CP Main Tank, 28E-06 A/m2
Magnesium anode 5.7 A/m2
Sharks Repelled, 8.0A/m2
Impressed Current, 250 A/m2
Impressed Current, 5000A/m2
Log Potential Gradients
Requirements Compa�bilitywithMarineLife Compa�bilitywithSeaWaterChemistry EaseofInstalla�on VariableControl Compa�blewithOtherStructures Aesthe�csandCost
LessonsLearnt
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Problemsolvinginthemarineenvironment
requiresunderstandingtheBigPicture.
WhatistheCause?
WhatistheEffect?
WhatistheBestCure?
Whenpossible-workwithnature-don’tfightit!
BiocideFree
Coa�ngs
InertplusCleaning
Non-s�ck FoulingRelease
FoulingReleasePlus
Ac�veMechanisms
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
Coa�ngsplus
Ac�veIngredient
InertMatrix
Abla�veMatrix
SelfPolishing
Silicone
Copper
CopperFree
Non-Toxicand
Biodegradable
Environment,Regula�onsandSustainability
FoulingControlCoa�ngs
EnvironmentallyFriendlyFoulingControlOfficeofNavalResearch1994toPresent
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
BiofoulingresearchneedsfortheUnitedStatesNavy:ProgramhistoryandgoalsRandallSAlberte,StephenSnyder,BernardJZahuranec&MarcWhetstone
Biofouling,1992,Vol.6,pp.91-95
Developmentofanenvironmentally-acceptableAFcoa�ngforNavalpla�ormsisofpar�cularimportanceatthis�meofdecliningNavybudgetsandincreasedawarenessofenvironmentalqualityissues.Effec�veAFcoa�ngscanreducefleetopera�ngcosts,therebyallowingmoreshipstobeoperatedforagivenamountofopera�ngfunds.Effec�vecoa�ngsthatrequirelessfrequentdry-docking(onceevery5-7oreven7-10years)wouldeasetheproblemofshipnon-availabilityduringdry-dockings.Maximizingtheavailability,opera�ngefficiency,andstrategicreadinessandopera�onofeachshipinadown-sizedforcecouldassistfleetcommandersintheir
efforttoavoidlongerdeploymentsofavailableships.Lastly,non-pollu�ngAFcoa�ngswillminimizethehealthandsafetyhazardsassociatedwithapplica�onandremoval,andensureanenvironmentallysoundmeanstoprotectandpreservetheecologicalhealthofmarinecoastalenvironments.TheNavyprogramandthedevelopmentofanewgenera�onofeffec�veAFcoa�ngswillhavecri�calandwidespreadapplica�onsinthemari�meindustries.
ConcepttoCoa�ng
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
FIELDTESTS
SHIPTRIALS
LABORATORYTESTS
MATHEMATICALMODELS
CONCEPT
IMPR
OVE
DAN
TIFO
ULI
NG
PER
FORM
ANCE
INST
ANTA
NEO
US
WEE
KS
WEE
KST
OY
EARS
YEAR
S
Experimenta�on
Qualifica�on
Theory
FieldTests
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Swain,G.W.J.andSchultz,M.P.“TheTes�ngandEvalua�onofNon-ToxicAn�foulingCoa�ngs,”BiofoulingVol.10,pp187-197,1996. Swain,G.W.J,Nelson,W.G.,andPreedeekanit,S.“TheInfluenceofBiofoulingAdhesionandBio�cDisturbanceontheDevelopmentofFoulingCommuni�esonNon-Toxic
Surfaces”BiofoulingVol.12(1–3)pp257–269,1997. Swain,G.W.“FieldEvalua�onsofNon-ToxicAn�foulingCoa�ngs:NewFieldTechnologiesandPerformanceCriteria”,NavalResearchReview,Vol.XLIX.pp46–50,1997. SwainGeoffrey;StephanieHerpe;EmilyRalston;MelissaTribou.Short-termtes�ngofan�foulingsurfaces:theimportanceofcolour.Biofouling,22(6):425-4292006 Hunsucker,K.J.Hunsucker,H.Gardner,G.Swain(2017)Sta�canddynamiccomparisonsfortheevalua�onofshiphullcoa�ngs.MarineTechnologySocietyJournal,
March/April,2017,Volume51,Number2,p.71
Sta�cImmersion
DynamicImmersion
PercentFouling BiofilmAdhesion
BarnacleAdhesion Grooming/Cleaning
Hydrodynamics
DynamicImmersion
StaticImmersion
BiofoulingBiofouling AdhesionPhysical Condition
RoughnessHydrodynamic Properties
Cleaning or Grooming
HydrodynamicEvaluation
Support Vessel
10x3mTestPlateStaticImmersion
LifeCycleTes�ng
BiocideFreeCoa�ngs
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Silicones
Teflon
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Foul
ing
Rele
ase
EngineeringMaterialsandCoa�ngs
NonS�ckAsymptote?
Copper
SPCtributyl�n
FactorsFavoringRelease
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
BradyandSinger,“MechanicalFactorsFavoringReleasefromFoulingReleaseCoa�ngs”.Biofouling2000Vol15(1-3)
y = 4.1215x R² = 0.89768
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
Rel
ativ
e A
dhes
ion
(SE*E)^1/2
21
a2c t
Kw2a=F ⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛π
F -normalforcet -thicknessofcoatinga -radiusofstudwa -Dupre'sworkofadhesion(γS+γL-γSL)K -bulkmodulus(E/3(1-2ν))E -Young’smodulusν -Poissonratio
K.Kendall,Theadhesionandsurfaceenergyofelas�csolidsJ.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,4(1971)1186
PolymerRela�veAdhesion
SurfaceEnergy E(GPa) SQRTSE*E
Polydimethylsiloxane 5 23 0.002 0.21
Polyhexafluoropropylene 21 16.2 0.5 2.85
Polytetrafluoroethylene 16 18.6 0.5 3.05
Polyvinylidenefluoride 18 25 1.2 5.48
Polyethylene 30 33.7 2.1 8.41
Polymethylmethacrylate 48 41.2 2.8 10.74
Polystyrene 40 40 2.9 10.77
Nylon66 52 45.9 3.1 11.93
Deg
ree
of B
iolo
gica
l Fou
ling
Surface Energy
Met
hyla
ted
and
Hyd
roxy
late
d Su
rfac
es
Fluorocarbon Compositions
Common
Com
mercia
l Coa
tings
High Energy M
aterials
Spontaneously Adsorbed Conditioning Films
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILLIC
Baier,R.E.1972.Influenceoftheini�alsurfacecondi�onofmaterialsonbioadhesion,p.633-639.InProc.ThirdInt.Congr.onMarineCorrosionandFouling.Na�onalBureauofStandards,Gaithersburg,Md.
Dexteretal.1975InfluenceofSubstrateWe�abilityontheA�achmentofMarineBacteriatoVariousSurfaces.AppliedMicrobiologyV30,No.2P.298-308
Anequilibriumtheoryofadhesionbetweenelas�csolids
HardFoulingAdhesion
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Livehardfoulingorganismsareselected. Ashearforceisappliedtothebaseoftheorganism. Theforcerequiredtoremovetheorganismismeasured. Theorganismisretainedandreturnedtothelaboratory. Thebasesurfaceareaismeasuredusingascanner. Theshearstrengthofadhesion(MPa)iscalculatedbydividingtheforceforremoval(Newtons)bytheareaoftheorganismbase(mm2).
Adhesion Strength (MPa)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Silicone (Best)Silicone RTV11
Silicone J501FEP Teflon
UHM PEPolypropylene
LexanAcrylic
Fl. UrethaneEpoxy
UrethaneCP Bronze
Swain,G.W.J.,Griffith,J.,Bultman,D.,andVincent,H.,"TheUseofBarnacleAdhesionMeasurementsfortheFieldEvalua�onofNon-toxicFoulReleaseSurfaces,"Biofouling,1992,V.6,pp.105-114 Swain,G.W.J.,Schultz,M.P.,andVincent,H.L.,"ShearForceMeasurementsofBarnacleAdhesionforFieldEvalua�onofNon-ToxicFoulReleaseSurfaces."In:RecentDevelopmentsinBiofoulingControl.
Eds.Mary-FrancesThompson,RachakondaNagabhushanam,RachakondaSarojini,MiltonFingerman,OxfordandIBHPublishingCo.,1994 Swain,G.W.J.andSchultz,M.P.“TheTes�ngandEvalua�onofNon-ToxicAn�foulingCoa�ngs,”BiofoulingVol.10,pp187-197,1996.
Kendall’sModelandDC3140
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0.05 0.09 0.17 0.22 0.25 0.50 0.60 0.78 1.00 1.20 1.50
Coating Thickness (mm)
Failu
re S
tres
s (M
Pa)
Tensile DataKendall's ModelShear DataBalanus eburneus
AComparisonoftheAdhesionStrengthof12mmDiameterEpoxyStudsandBarnaclestothePredictedAdhesionStrengthusingKendall’sModelonDifferentCoa�ngThickness
Kendall’sModelandBarnacles
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
StressStrainCurvesforPseudoBarnacleandBalanuseburneusto0.25mmThickDC3140Coa�ng.Kavanagh,C.,Quinn,R.andSwain,G.Observa�onsofbarnacledetachmentfromsiliconesusinghigh-speedvideo.TheJournalofAdhesion,81:1-26,2005
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 0.25 0.5 0.75
Stress(M
Pa)
Displacement(mm/mm)
BalanuseburneusPseudoBarnacle
Varia�oninAdhesionStrength
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Kavanagh,C.J.,M.P.Schultz,G.W.Swain,J.Stein,K.TrubyandC.DarkangeloWood.“Varia�oninAdhesionStrengthofBalanuseburneus,CrassostreavirginicaandHydroidesdianthustoFouling-ReleaseCoa�ngs,”Biofouling,Vol17(2)pp.155-167,2001.
KavanaghC.;SwainG.;KovachB.;SteinJ.;Darkangelo-WoodC.;TrubyK.;HolmE.;MontemaranoJ.;MeyerA.;WiebeD.“TheEffectsofSiliconeFluidAddi�vesandSiliconeElastomerMatricesonBarnacleAdhesionStrength.”Biofouling,December2003,vol.19,no.6,pp.381-390(10)
Varia�oninAdhesionStrengthofBalanuseburneus,CrassostreavirginicaandHydroidesdianthustoFouling-ReleaseCoa�ngs
Barnacle Oyster Tubeworm
She
ar A
dhes
ion
Stre
ngth
(kP
a)
0
50
100
150
200
Barnacle Oyster TubewormS
hear
Adh
esio
n S
treng
th (k
Pa)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
RTV11 RTV11+oil
HydrodynamicsofFoulingRelease
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
M.Schultz,CKavanagh,G.Swain.HydrodynamicForcesonBarnacles:Implica�onsonDetachmentfromFouling-ReleaseSurfaces.Biofouling1999,Vol.13(4),pp323-335
Vector=√Fd2+Fl2
Li�Coefficient=0.45DragCoefficient=0.52
Modeltopredictforcesatthebase
HydrodynamicTes�ng
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
WetWell
DragMeter Video
Camera
TestPanel
Measurementsofdragandreal�mevideoofcoa�ngandfouling
Method Placeandalign(25x30cm)test
panelsindragmeter. Placedragmeterinwetwell. Zeroandcheckinstruments. Bringboatto3m/sandholdforone
minute. Increaseto5,10,13and15m/sand
holdforoneminuteateachspeed. Returnto0m/sandthenbackto
15m/sforoneminute. Recordvideooffoulingthroughout.
CenterforCorrosion andBiofoulingControlFlorida InstituteofTechnology, Melbourne FL
NACEEasternAreaConference,St.PeteBeach,FL.October3-5,2016
VideoofFoulingRelease
BarnacleAdhesionandHydrodynamics
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
SwainG.TheMechanicsandHydrodynamicsofFoulingReleaseCoa�ngs.ICMCFNewcastleUK25-29July2010
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Stre
ss(M
Pa)
Velocity(m/s)
Mean
13m/s,80%released
FrequencyDistribu�onforBarnacleAdhesiontoaCommercialSiliconeFoulingReleaseCoa�ng
0102030405060708090
3 6 10 13 15
Perc
entB
arna
cles
Re
leas
ed
Velocity(m/s)
n=2171Mean=0.048MPa
SD=0.018MPa
BarnacleReleaseatIncreasingVeloci�es
Theore�calForceDevelopedonBarnacleatIncreasingVeloci�es
Compara�veDragData
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Velocity (m/s)
Dra
g (N
)
Self-polishing CopperAblative CopperSelf-polishing tbtFouling Release Silicone
SPC-tbt SPC-Cu
ABL-Cu FR-SiSwainGeoffrey,Bre�Kovach,ArthurTouzot,FranckCasse,ChristopherJKavanagh.Measuringtheperformanceoftoday’san�foulingcoa�ngs.JournalofShipProduc�on,Aug2007,V23,n.3,pp.164-171.
Sta�cImmersionPanelsa�errunningat30knots
for5minutes
TheChallengetoFoulingRelease
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Velocity (m/s)
Bou
ndar
y La
yer
Thic
knes
s (m
) Oysters(CD=.5;CL=.27)
Barnacles(CD=.5;CL=..5)
AveHeight10-15mm
SlimeFilms(CF=Ks)
Height<1mm
Tubeworms(CD=.65;CL=..5)AveHeight3-6mm
AveHeight20-30mm
HullMaintenance
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
HullGrooming
Proac�ve EnhancedPerformance ReducedGHGEmissions GentleBrushes Coa�ngLongevity MinimumDischarge PreventsInvasiveSpecies
HullCleaning+Capture
Reac�ve FoulingPenalty IncreasedGHGEmissions PowerfulBrushesorWaterJets Coa�ngDamage TreatmentforDischarge RiskofInvasiveSpecies
JohnHearin,KelliZ.Hunsucker,GeoffreySwain,AbrahamStephens,HarrisonGardner,KodyLieberman&MichaelHarper.Analysisoflong-termmechanicalgroomingonlarge-scaletestpanelscoatedwithanan�foulingandafouling-releasecoa�ng.Biofouling,2015Vol.31,No.8,625–638TribouM,andGSwain.Groomingusingrota�ngbrushesasaproac�vemethodtocontrolfouling.Biofouling31,No.4,309-319May2015SwainG.andM.Tribou(2014)Groomingasanop�onforfoulingcontrol.JournalofOceanTechnology,Vol.9,No.4.Tribou,M.andG.Swain.Theuseofproac�vein-watergroomingtoimprovetheperformanceofshiphullan�foulingcoa�ngs.Biofouling26:1,47-56Jan2010.
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
HullGroomingvsCleaning
ComparisonbetweenCleaningandGroomingAbla�veCopperAF
Groomedfor1year
Cleaneda�er22monthssta�cimmersion
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
AsApp
lied
Groom
edW
eekly
For1
Year
Clean
edA�e
r22
Mon
thsImmersio
n
Rt50
(μm
)
Tribou,MandG.Swain.(2017)Theeffectsofgroomingonacopperabla�vecoa�ng:asixyearstudy.Biofouling,2017VOL.33,NO.6,494–504
LessonsLearnt
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Therearemanyfactorsthataffectadhesion,nons�ckorrelease– FoulingOrganismandAdhesiveType
ChemicalBonding,Electrosta�cInterac�ons,MechanicalInterlocking,DiffusionProcesses
– Coa�ngProper�es Elas�cModulus,SurfaceEnergy,Poisson’sRa�o,Coa�ngThickness,Addi�ves
– ModeofFailure RateofLoading,Adhesive,Cohesive,Visco-elas�cFailure
Thehydrodynamicsoffoulingreleasearecomplicatedbythecommunitystructureandboundarylayercondi�ons.
Biofilmsarepar�cularlydifficulttoremove. Ac�veingredientsarerequiredtoimproveperformance. Proac�veHullGroomingmaybeappliedtocontrolfouling.
Coa�ngsplus
Ac�veIngredient
InertMatrix
Abla�veMatrix
SelfPolishing
Silicone
Copper
CopperFree
Non-Toxicand
Biodegradable
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
CRADLETOCRADLE
NEWTECHNOLOGY
Butenolide as a non-toxic, effective and environmentally friendly antifouling
compound Pei-Yuan Qian
Department of Ocean Science & Division of Life Science
Hong Kong University of Science & Technology ((bbooqqiiaannppyy@@uusstt..hhkk))
NON-Toxic antifouling compound: Butenolide
USA Patent Ø Title::Antifouling Furan-2-One Derivatives Ø Patent number: US8177896 B2
Ø Date of Granted: May 15, 2012.
fouling larvae EC50 LC50 LC50/EC50
Balanus amphitrite 0.52 >50 >97
Hydroides elegans 0.017 >2.0 >119
Bugula neritina 0.2 >50 >250
O O
Non-Toxic antifouling compounds - Butenolide
1) Retained the ring structure 2) Increased lipophilicity
Xu et al 2010 Biores Tech
SeaNine 211
Comparison of the synthetic butenolide to a commercial antifoulant – SeaNine 211
O O Cl N
S
Butenolide
� Simpler structure � More complicate structure
� Good activity against Bugula larvae EC50 = 0.2ppm
� Poor activity against Bugula larvae EC50 = 5ppm
� Low toxic, reversible � High toxic, non-reversible
Thiolase
Larvae do not have enough energy to secrete and attach
Fats
Fatty acids
Secrete, attach, metamorphosis
Butenolide
Energy
Thiolase is the target of butenolide
Zhang et al 2012 ACS Chem Biol
Butenolide: detoxification without obvious endocrine disruption DCOIT: obvious endocrine disruption without detoxification
Mechanisms for lower toxicity of butenolide
NON-Toxic antifouling compound: Butenolide
Ø Butenolide was extracted from a deepsea bacterium originally;
Ø Butenolide used in coating was slightly modified through structure-function analysis process and totally synthesized;
Ø Butenolide is very effective against both natural biofilm formation and larval settlement of major foulers in HK water.
Butenolideinself-polishingcopolymer
8months
10months
6months
12months
DP0DP5DP10ControlDB5Coating
DP5Coating
MP55Coating
MT55Coating
MP552Coating
AZnCoating
Biodegradablepolymer Self-polishingcopolymerTime/month
3
6
8
Piperine Butenolide
Time/month
6
DR610-based MP552-based DR106-basedDR610-based
8
10
12
D220-basedMP552-based
Take-home message::Butenolide as the most promising antifouling compound
Ø Butenolide showed high activity, excellent performance in field test for >18 month in tropic waters;
Ø Non-toxic, degradable in seawater, environmentally safe;
Ø Cheap and easy to synthesize;
Ø Well-known molecular mechanisms with known molecular targets;
Ø Well mixed with polymer, stable and controllable release rate;;
Ø Self-polished polymers and biodegradable polymers with butenolide as biocides are environmentally friendly new coating with very promising market potential – Ready for large scale testing and production.
Ø DCOIT is not really environmentally safe antifouling agent as it has strong endocrine disruptive effects.
Sustainability
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
Managementand
Sustainability
BiogeographicRegion
Aqua�cSe�ng
WaterColumn
Structure
Substrate
DesignLife
FoulingTolerance
EnvironmentalEnrichment
FoulingControl
AdvancesinTechnology
IncreaseWeight
IncreaseDiameter
DragCoefficient
Iner�aCoefficient
VortexInducedVibra�ons
Corrosion
Biodegrada�on
Inspec�on
InvasiveSpecies
Biofouling
Opera�ons
Swain,G.(2017)Aguidetodevelopingabiofoulingmanagementplan.MarineTechnologySocietyJournal,March/April,2017,Volume51,Number2,pp.105–110
BiofoulingManagement
FoulingTolerance
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
7.5litertanksfilledwithlagoonseawater.Onetankhad4OysterShellsfouledwith:AborescentBryozoan,Encrus�ngBryozoan,Colonial
Tunicate,SeaSquirt,CalcareousTubeworm,SedimentaryTubeworm,Mussel,Barnacle,Amphipods
TheBenefitsofFouing
IanDavidsonSERC
FutureTechnologiesNewAn�fouling
Technologies
InvasiveSpecies
IcePhobicCoa�ngs
MacroandIntegra�veBiology
HydrodynamicandDynamic
Tes�ng
PolicyandRegula�ons
CorrosionManagementofVesselFouling
BeyondShips
Biomimicry,Bioinspira�onandNaturalAn�fouling
Newanaly�calMethods
Bioadhesion
MarineBiofilmsonNaturalandAr�ficialSurfaces
FutureTechnologies–13TopicSessions!
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
Acknowledgements
CenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlFloridaIns�tuteofTechnology,MelbourneFL
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
19thInterna�onalCongressonMarineCorrosionandFouling
June24–29,2018
ComiteInterna�onalPermanentPourLaRecherchesurlaPreserva�ondesMateriauxenMilieuMarinOfficeofNavalResearchIndustrySponsorsColleagues
ResearchTeamCenterforCorrosionandBiofoulingControlKelliHunsuckerEmilyRalston
Designlife100+yearsNodrydocking
NofoulingNoCorrosion
CradletoCradle
RhincodontypusDistribu�on:AlltropicalandtemperateseasSpeed:SlowMoving(3knots)Size:Length0-12mandMass>36tonnes
ThankYou