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resources is somewhat out of place, as much of it relates to labor issues from an employer’s perspective.

The chapters in Part 7 look at specific data collection and analytical tech- niques: enroute surveys; Delphi; use of panels; qualitative methods; modeling simulation; and conjoint analysis. Some of the contributors provide sample in- struments and data analysis advice. The list of techniques and applications is certainly not exhaustive, but when combined with earlier material, the range of described techniques is very wide.

The final section offers several marketing-related chapters on the subjects of advertising conversion studies, market segmentation, and the estimation of po- tential international markets. A basic knowledge of marketing is required prior to making use of these articles, as they do not combine to give a unified or complete overview of marketing research.

Some duplication and repetition is inevitable in a book of this kind, and the editors suggest that it is in fact useful to cover some important topics more than once. As it is likely that even textbook users will not undertake a cover-to- cover reading, duplication is not a serious problem. Indeed, given the scope of material presented, educators would have to be cautious in assigning readings to fit particular course requirements.

When faced by such a wealth of information and advice as the reader will find in Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, it is difficult to complain. Criticism of some serious omissions must be weighed against the problem of making the book too long or expensive. Repetition must be seen in the light of the likely eclectic uses of the handbook. The mix of technical and overview chapters is desirable, and so is the addition of personal opinion in places. For those read- ers not finding the technical depth they require regarding certain methods, the chapter-ending bibliographies will assist. The accompanying figures, tables, and sample instruments are valuable, and are clearly printed throughout.

This will be a book of enduring significance, and will not quickly get out of date. However, it is to be hoped that the publisher will periodically issue new and augmented editions so that the Handbook can become the permanent, standard reference so needed in these fields. q o Review Assigned 7 February 1987 Submitted 26 April 1987 Accepted 22 May 1987

Third World People and Tourism:

Approaches to a Dialogue

By Ecumencial Coalition on Third World Tourism, Third World Tourism Ec- umencial European Net. ECTWT (PO B ox 9-25, Bangken, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand). ISBN 974-87442-2-9, 1986, 145 pp (index, photographs), n.p. (cloth).

David Simmons Lincoln College, New Zealand

Third World People and Tourism is a conference summary. It represents the deliberations of the Ecumencial Coalition on Third World Tourism (ECTWT), a Third World based organization, the Third World Ecumenical European Net (NET) a European based organization, and the World Council of Churches, at their Bad Boll consultation (Germany, March 19-22, 1986). The conference drew together some 140 people from 30 countries in Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, North America, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific. Aside from representatives from Church groups, the conference attempted to bring together

39’2 PUBLIC.\TIOSS IS RE\.IE\\

people with professional expertise in tourism and senior industry (government and private sector) representatives. As such, the volume presents a useful alter- native view of tourism at the “grassroots” level.

The text must first be set against a backdrop of both increasing general con- cern, and increasing Church involvement, with the impacts of tourism in Third World destinations. Church groups have now sponsored four major conferences: Penang 1974; Manila 1980; Chiang Mai 1984; and the present at Bad Boll. These conferences have seen a rapid broadening of participation that includes the estab- lishment of ECTWT itself, and increasing links to First World countries. Over this period understanding of, and attitudes toward, tourism have also evolved toward a search for “alternative tourism.” This is described as the “enabling of local people to participate in the decisions and policies being made” and allowing residents to “receive a just share of the benefits” (p. 13). Examples of alternative tourism cited in this book include the use of locally owned, local-style, small scale accommodation; locally owned and managed campsites, and craft production.

The text presents four main themes: statements by “witnesses”; Third World experts’ analyses; costs and benefits of Third World Tourism; and conference plenary and background statements. In many respects the first of these sections makes the strongest contribution. Here “witnesses” from the Philippines, Mau- ritius, Malaysia, and Hawaii tell their personal stories relating to “access to land and water, loss of cultural identity, racial and cultural genocide, prostitution tourism, working conditions, ethnic discrimination, and life style changes” (p. 9). The statements that are presented make compelling reading. While these are emotively expressed and represent entirely personal interpretations, their concern and authenticity is palpable. Some, such as Trask (Hawaii) present a clear threat to an industry that he sees as “imperialistic.” “Everyone is culpable, and the violence that is done against us and my people, against my culture and my sacred land, will be returned in kind.. . . Someday there is going to be a bombing of a hotel. I hope that is very soon.” (p. 38). S ur p risingly, the Conference sponsors do not comment on this threat.

In constrast, the second section by Third World experts is relatively weak, for it fails to provide any link to the large body of literature on tourism development. Virtually all the papers are highly personalized and tend to be descriptive. Bather than reporting on research methods or findings, the comments tend to represent the individual author’s longitudinal involovement with tourism and local issues. They tend to reiterate the material presented in the first section. A further dissappointing aspect of this section is that none of the five authors seeks to separate clearly tourism’s effects from wider aspects of Umodernization” and its concomitant social change. Thus tourism and tourists become readily identifiable scapegoats for all forms of social malaise. In the case study of the Phillipines, for example, the growth of prositution is clearly linked to almost a century of military involvement (p. 59), but tourism, at least in the usual sense, is a relatively recent phenomenon.

The third section purports to deal with the costs and benefits of tourism de- velopment in the Thrid World. Again the statements are personalized accounts, but while they deal primarily with costs they do suggest that a more balanced debate is beginning to emerge. The needs for education and training and for increased local control, along with an integration of tourism into wider develop- ment objects, are common themes. “If you do not give tourism another goal than itself, there will be a certain failure emerging” (pa 91).

The final grouping of papers provides a review of the history and mandate of ECTWT and the specific recommendations of the conference. A short collection of poems by one conference participant, in a powerful way, encapsulates the conference message.

The linking of the numerous issues involved to the growing academic literature on tourism development will be a crucial next step for this group. This could

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be facilitated should the ECTWT take up the World Tourism Organization’s invitation (as presented by Keller p. 84) to join their organization. A number of the destination areas discussed here are also included in de Kadt’s (1979) text, and incorporated into his guidelines for responsible tourism development. While the experts’ section lists some useful experiences, none has attempted to test these and other existing guidelines, or offer alternatives to guide decision makers in other development situations.

Taken together, this small volume nonetheless makes a strong impact on the reader. While there remains much one could criticize about the individual papers and perhaps the organization of the conference, its singularly important contri- bution lies in provoking thought and raising questions. More balanced texts on tourism in the Third World can be found elsewhere (Ascher 1985; English 1986). English, for example, offers a broader view than that of the ECTWT when he suggests wltimately [tourism] must achieve its greatest impact on the poor.. . . If the state is unwilling to use revenue in this fashion.. . one must ask whether the blame rests with tourism or with the statem (English 1986:37). This volume does not, however, set out to establish itself as a text but to merely report on a conference. As such, it adds an important alternative dimension to the tourism literature. For the discerning reader, with a broad interest in tourism develop ment, it makes challenging reading. Given the increasing concerns for tourism’s impacts, and the mounting direct threats to the industry, it may well serve as a timely prompt to all involved in tourism policy. IJ q

REFERENCES

Ascher, F. 1985 Tourism: nunsnational Corporations and

UNESCO. de Kadt, E.

1979 Tourism: Passport to Development. Oxford: English, P. E.

Cultural Identities. Paris:

Oxford University Press.

1986 The Great Escape? An Ezamincation of North-South Touriam. Ottawa: The North-South Institute.

Review Assigned 15 March 1987 Submitted 23 April 1987 Acccepted 22 May 1987

PUBLICATION NOTES

l Agriculture and Tourism in Wiscon- sin. Recreation Resources Center (602 State St. Madison WI 53703. USA) i987, 36 pp. ’ This is a report bn the first ag-tourism conference held in Wisconsin. Nine papers on the subject are included in the proceedings.

*Annual Statistical Report 1985. Pa- cific Asia Travel Association (228 Grant Ave, San Francisco CA 94108, USA) 1986, 109 pp, $80.00. This vol- ume presents visitor arrival statistics and other related data and information reported by PATA Active Government members for calendar year 1985 [tables, charts].

l Biazes in Response Over Time in a Seven-day Travel Diary, by T Golob, H Meurs. Transportation (52 Vander- built Ave, New York NY 10017, USA) 1986, 13:163-181. This article dis- cusses biases in the multi-day travel or activity and the correction factors which can be applied to the data [tables, charts, references].

@Bibliography on Economic Analysis for Parks and Recreation. bv H McCarl. D McConnell. Vance Bibsographies (PO Box 229, Monticello IL 61856, USA) ISBN o-89028-459-8, 1985, 28 pp, $4.50. This bibliography has been prepared as part of a research project